Three-phase framework of teacher roles in collaborative learning: before, during, and after¶

Theory · All theories
Evidence · no claims cited

Description¶

The primer organizes the teacher's role in collaborative learning around three phases attributed to Kaendler et al. (2015): preparation before collaboration, facilitation during collaboration, and reflection after collaboration. As the primer states, "Collaborative learning activities work best when a teacher plans in advance how to facilitate three key phases." Before collaboration, teachers prepare students with communication and relation skills and build classroom culture; during collaboration, teachers monitor and guide groups and check that students have learned; after collaboration, teacher and students reflect on the activity. The framework structures the whole primer and its companion toolkit.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

• Teachers must plan in advance how to facilitate each of the three phases for collaborative learning activities to work best

Constraints¶

• The primer notes it takes time, openness, and flexibility to learn how to support collaborative learning

Target Learners¶

• K-12 STEM students working in collaborative groups

Target Learning Objectives¶

• Deepened subject-matter understanding and collaboration skills through well-facilitated group work

Claims¶

Related Theories¶

• Distinction between cooperative learning and collaborative learning as two approaches to students working in groups
• Accountable talk: three accountabilities — to knowledge, reasoning, and community
• Three-phase SRL scaffolding framework (planning, task execution, post-task reflection) operationalized across iterative design cycles
• Three-phase process for community engagement: Before, During, and After

Examples¶

• Structure reflection after collaboration for both students and teachers using prompts, exit tickets, journals, rubrics, plus-and-delta, and gallery walks
• Ritualize collaborative activities so students become fluent in the skills the ritual requires
• Three-Phase Lesson

Key Sources¶

• Judi Fusco, Sarah DiMaria, Beverly Yeadon, Linette Victor, Sarah Hampton, Janet Kolodner, London Jenks, Susan Yoon. (2024). Teacher's Roles in Supporting Collaborative Learning. Digital Promise. https://digitalpromise.dspacedirect.org/items/6dc71c9f-b523-4c36-9da8-d98b364e17e0