Boys outperform girls on the final two-digit number test in this sample¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r1 · q3
Currency · newest study 2015 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

Reading the evidence codes

q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.

This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.

q3 i? Gender was related to final math test scores (β=0.23, t(113)=2.45, p=0.016), with boys (M=8.40, SD=2.39) outperforming girls (M=7.27, SD=2.73). → Margina Ruiter & Sofie Loyens & Fred Paas 2015

Evidence¶

Margina Ruiter & Sofie Loyens & Fred Paas 2015¶

Margina Ruiter & Sofie Loyens & Fred Paas. (2015). Watch Your Step Children! Learning Two-Digit Numbers Through Mirror-Based Observation of Self-Initiated Body Movements. Educ Psychol Rev (2015) 27:457–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9324-4

q3 · i? · associational · r1

Secondary correlational analysis of age and gender across all conditions in the randomized experiment; only gender was related to test scores. The unstandardised β is not a standardised effect size, so no magnitude is coded.

"Only gender was related to the final math test scores, β=0.23, t(113)=2.45, p=0.016, with boys ( M=8.40, SD=2.39), outperforming girls (M=7.27, SD=2.73)"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

Gender — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause

The mathematics sex difference favoring boys is more consistently found among higher-achieving nations, with considerable variability among lower-scoring countries — a broader claim this one bears on
Across nations, boys outperform girls in mathematics by a small average margin while girls outperform boys in reading by a margin three times larger — a broader claim this one bears on
Boys received more process praise and scored higher in 4th grade math than girls in this sample — related
Girls outperform boys on effortful control, teacher-rated social competence, and achievement in this sample — related
Boys scored significantly higher than girls on IQ in the sample (p=.001) — related
Math anxiety levels do not differ significantly by gender among third graders — related

Page metadata

Field	Value
`type`	`claim`
`id`	`gender-gap-final-math-test-first-graders`
`title`	`Boys outperform girls on the final two-digit number test in this sample`
`description`	`Boys outperform girls on the final two-digit number test in this sample`
`status`	`review`
`evidence_strength`	`weak`
`newest_evidence`	`2015`
`generated`	by `process:wiki-ingest` on `2026-10-22`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
`sources`	1 — `margina-ruiter-sofie-loyens-fred-paas-2015`

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