For inference questions, lower reading skill, higher self-efficacy, and higher self-reported monitoring strategies were associated with stronger overestimation, with openness associated only for predictions¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (3 entries) · associational r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2022 · checked against its sources 2026-10-22 (automated, 3 of 3 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? For inference questions, a lower reading skill was associated with stronger overestimations than higher reading skill, and results were similar for prediction and postdiction bias. → Stefanie Golke 2022 q3 i? In the regressions, higher self-efficacy was associated with stronger overestimation for inference questions, and higher openness was too, but only for prediction bias (the authors' "contributed" is statistical, not causal). → Stefanie Golke 2022 (2) q3 i? A higher amount of self-reported general monitoring strategies was related to stronger overestimations for inference questions, contrary to the expectation that lower levels would overestimate more. → Stefanie Golke 2022 (3)

Evidence¶

Stefanie Golke 2022¶

Stefanie Golke, Tim Steininger, & Jörg Wittwer. (2022). What Makes Learners Overestimate Their Text Comprehension? The Impact of Learner Characteristics on Judgment Bias. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09687-0

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Regression results for inference-question bias in the N = 255 sample: "the results for the prediction bias and postdiction bias were similar," and as expected "a lower reading skill was associated with stronger overestimations than higher reading skill."

"Regarding the inference questions, the results for the prediction bias and postdiction bias were similar. As expected, a lower reading skill was associated with stronger overestimations than higher reading skill"

Stefanie Golke 2022 (2)¶

Stefanie Golke, Tim Steininger, & Jörg Wittwer. (2022). What Makes Learners Overestimate Their Text Comprehension? The Impact of Learner Characteristics on Judgment Bias. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09687-0

q3 · i? · associational · r2

In the inference-question regressions, "a higher compared with a lower self-efficacy" contributed to stronger overestimations, and openness did so "although only for the prediction bias."

"a higher compared with a lower self-efficacy and, although only for the prediction bias, a higher compared to a lower openness contributed to stronger overestimations"

Stefanie Golke 2022 (3)¶

Stefanie Golke, Tim Steininger, & Jörg Wittwer. (2022). What Makes Learners Overestimate Their Text Comprehension? The Impact of Learner Characteristics on Judgment Bias. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09687-0

q3 · i? · associational · r2

For inference questions, higher self-reported general monitoring strategies (General Monitoring Strategies Checklist) predicted stronger overestimation, against the expectation that lower levels would overestimate more; even lower levels "still showed some overestimation."

"self-reported general monitoring strategies was related to stronger overestimations compared to lower levels of this learner characteristic, which, against our expecta- tion, still showed some overestimation"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Metacognition — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes
• Self-Regulation — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes

Related Claims¶

• For postdiction bias on factual questions, underestimation was prevalent for females, higher reading skill, and lower self-perceived topic knowledge and metacomprehension ability — related
• For prediction judgments on factual questions, males and learners with lower WMC and lower topic knowledge, but higher self-perceived topic knowledge and self-perceived metacomprehension ability, showed stronger overestimation — related
• Significant learner characteristics explained 17% and 14% of variance in prediction bias and 11% and 12% in postdiction bias, so characteristics were slightly more relevant for predictions — related