Behavioral intention translates only weakly into self-reported use behavior, and the extended UTAUT model explains intention formation better than enactment¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 2 studies · 2 associational r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2029: tool and model accuracy changes quickly

Subclaims¶

q3 i? BI showed only a weak and borderline association with use behavior (β = 0.202, p = 0.051), partially supporting H5. → Liu Y 2026 q3 i? The model explained 36.0% of variance in BI but only 9.8% in use behavior and 3.7% in perceived risk. → Liu Y 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Liu Y 2026¶

Liu Y, Meng M and Zhang Y (2026) The competence paradox: negotiating ease, risk, and creative identity in text-to-image generative AI use among art and design students. Front. Psychol. 17:1858187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1858187

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Direct-effects result of the latent-variable SEM on the 400-student survey; the BI→UB path printed β = 0.202, SE = 0.104, p = 0.051, and H5 was reported as partially supported.

"BI showed only a weak and borderline association with UB, providing initial evidence that intention did not translate smoothly into self-reported use behavior in this context."

Liu Y 2026 (2)¶

Liu Y, Meng M and Zhang Y (2026) The competence paradox: negotiating ease, risk, and creative identity in text-to-image generative AI use among art and design students. Front. Psychol. 17:1858187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1858187

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Coefficients of determination from the structural model (UB R² p = 0.01; PR R² p = 0.295). The article concludes the framework was "more effective in explaining students' cognitive readiness" than enacted use frequency.

"The model explained 36.0% of the variance in behavioral intention (BI), 9.8% of the variance in self-reported use behavior (UB), and 3.7% of the variance in perceived risk (PR)"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Behavioral intention has a statistically significant but weak positive effect on actual MALL usage behavior in EFL learning — related
• In a Vietnamese EFL sample, all six Meta-UTAUT hypotheses on MALL adoption were accepted with p-values below 0.05 — reports the opposite
• The measurement model showed adequate reliability and convergent validity, and BI and UB models showed substantial explanatory power — related
• Learning-oriented intentions did not significantly predict enacted in-chat behavior; only selecting final solutions predicted executive and answer-seeking requests — related
• Students' stated pre-interaction intentions only weakly correspond to their enacted help-seeking with an LLM — a broader claim this one bears on
• Performance expectancy, social influence, novelty value, and creative competence positively predict art and design students' behavioral intention to use T2I GenAI tools — related
• ARCS motivation did not significantly predict behavioral intention but exerted a strong direct effect on use behavior, dominating its explanation — related
• The competence paradox: creative competence positively supports intention but shows a significant negative direct effect on actual use behavior — related
• Metacognitive knowledge and intentions to use effective strategies do not reliably translate into actual strategy use (intention-behavior gap) — a narrower finding that bears on this claim