Measurement invariance across gender is supported, but full structural equivalence is rejected, with differences localized to transformational-leadership paths¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Configural–metric–scalar invariance held (ΔCFI ≤ 0.003 at every step), while the free-versus-constrained structural comparison rejected equivalence (Δχ2(8)=17.86, p=0.022). → Alave Mamani 2026

Evidence¶

Alave Mamani 2026¶

Alave Mamani, C. G., Tocto-Cano, E., Gonzales Medina, R. I., López-Gonzales, J. L., & Turpo-Chaparro, J. E. (2026). Multivariate modeling of organizational dynamics and faculty well-being in higher education. BMC Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-05450-0

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Three-stage WLSMV multigroup invariance sequence (Nmen=251, Nwomen=255) followed by a scaled likelihood-ratio test of free versus constrained structural paths and Wald tests of individual path differences. The article reports invariance "supported" and equivalence "rejected".

"Measurement invariance across gender was supported (\varDelta CFI ≤ 0.003 at every step), licensing structural comparison; full structural equivalence was rejected (Δχ2(8)=17.86, p=0.022), with Wald tests localising the differences exclusively to the transformational-leadership paths"

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Gender — moderator: an instructional effect differs by group

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