In Experiment 1, a five-trial metacognitive prediction-plus-feedback intervention significantly reduced reminder bias, producing more optimal reminder-setting behaviour¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r3 · q3 · i1 small
Currency · newest study 2026 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

Reading the evidence codes

q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.

This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.

q3 i1 Participants who made metacognitive predictions and received feedback during practice showed significantly smaller reminder bias than no-feedback controls in the optimal offloading task. → Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert 2026

Evidence¶

Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert 2026¶

Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert (2026). Metacognitive training facilitates optimal cognitive offloading. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-026-00714-0

q3 · i1 · causal · r3

Pre-registered between-group online experiment (N = 164, Prolific) comparing a feedback group with a no-feedback group in an updated optimal offloading task with financial incentive. The one-tailed independent-samples test showed "significantly reduced in the feedback compared with the no-feedback group" (d = .347).

"However, the magnitude of this reminder bias was significantly reduced in the feedback compared with the no-feedback group (t(162) = 2.22, p = .01, d = .347; note that this p value is for a one-tailed test, based on the pre-registered hypothesis that feedback should reduce the reminder bias)."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

Self-Regulation — outcome: instruction changes it

Self Assessment Accuracy Is Low Without Training — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
In Experiment 1, lower confidence predicted greater offloading beyond objective performance in the no-feedback group, but not in the feedback group — related
In Experiment 1, participants in both groups were significantly biased towards excessive reminder use relative to the optimal strategy — related
In Experiment 2, signed metacognitive bias scores showed no significant group effect or linear trend, failing to replicate the Experiment 1 signed-bias finding — related
Feedback interventions show phase-specific effects: advice feedback reduces reminder bias, but ranking feedback alters beliefs without increasing offloading — related
Individuals systematically overuse reminders relative to the optimal offloading level, and reminder bias correlates with confidence and metacognitive bias — a broader claim this one bears on
Older adults show reduced reminder bias relative to objective need despite setting more reminders — related
Effort avoidance contributes to reminder overuse beyond metacognitive error — related
Within-person reminders of implementation intentions improve students' short-term study behaviour — related
Individuals show a systematic positive reminder bias, setting more reminders than optimal — related

Page metadata

Field	Value
`type`	`claim`
`id`	`metacognitive-feedback-reduces-reminder-bias`
`title`	`In Experiment 1, a five-trial metacognitive prediction-plus-feedback intervention significantly reduced reminder bias, producing more optimal reminder-setting behaviour`
`description`	`In Experiment 1, a five-trial metacognitive prediction-plus-feedback intervention significantly reduced reminder bias, producing more optimal reminder-setting behaviour`
`status`	`review`
`evidence_strength`	`moderate`
`newest_evidence`	`2026`
`source_checked`	`2026-10-20`
`generated`	by `process:wiki-ingest` on `2026-10-11`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
`sources`	1 — `ceri-ngai-and-sam-j-gilbert-2026`

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