In Experiment 1, lower confidence predicted greater offloading beyond objective performance in the no-feedback group, but not in the feedback group¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · checked against its sources 2026-10-15 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? After controlling for the optimal reminder strategy, confidence explained significant unique variance in actual reminder strategy in the no-feedback group but showed no such relationship in the feedback group. → Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert 2026

Evidence¶

Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert 2026¶

Ceri Ngai and Sam J. Gilbert (2026). Metacognitive training facilitates optimal cognitive offloading. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-026-00714-0

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Non-pre-registered linear regression analyses in Experiment 1 predicting actual indifference point from optimal indifference point and confidence. In the no-feedback group "confidence explained significant unique variance (t(79) = 2.25, p = .027)"; in the feedback group no relationship was observed (t(79) = .037, p = .97).

"In the no-feedback group, confidence explained significant unique variance (t(79) = 2.25, p = .027). Therefore, even after controlling for the optimal reminder usage strategy, which is calculated from actual levels of performance in the task, participants’ beliefs about their performance of the task were still significantly associated with offloading strategy, with lower confidence predicting higher offloading."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Evidence suggests over-reliance on generative AI may negatively affect students' self-regulated learning behaviors, potentially harming retention and transfer to novel contexts — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
• Feedback interventions show phase-specific effects: advice feedback reduces reminder bias, but ranking feedback alters beliefs without increasing offloading — related
• In Experiment 1, a five-trial metacognitive prediction-plus-feedback intervention significantly reduced reminder bias, producing more optimal reminder-setting behaviour — related
• Individuals systematically overuse reminders relative to the optimal offloading level, and reminder bias correlates with confidence and metacognitive bias — a broader claim this one bears on
• In Experiment 1, participants in both groups were significantly biased towards excessive reminder use relative to the optimal strategy — related
• Metacognitive evaluations of effort and performance, rather than objective performance, drive spontaneous offloading — a broader claim this one bears on
• Older adults show reduced reminder bias relative to objective need despite setting more reminders — related
• Effort avoidance contributes to reminder overuse beyond metacognitive error — related
• Metacognitive confidence triggers intention offloading independently of objective memory need — a broader claim this one bears on
• Framing adds an additive predictive value to the reminder bias beyond participants' internal metacognitive bias — related
• Individuals show a systematic positive reminder bias, setting more reminders than optimal — related