Schools implementing all three PBIS tiers with fidelity had significantly fewer students with OSS, fewer days missed from OSS, and fewer OSS incidents than matched non-PBIS schools during 2020–21¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causalr2·q2·i2medium
Currency · newest study 2025 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i2 Schools implementing Tiers 1, 2, and 3 with fidelity had statistically significantly lower OSS, days missed from OSS, and OSS incidents than PSM comparison schools, with IRRs of 0.50, 0.45, and 0.41 and effect sizes d = -0.71, -0.65, and -0.84. → Gage 2025
q1 i? The authors interpret that implementation of intensive supports with fidelity, rather than targeted Tier 2 supports alone, was what mattered for reducing disciplinary exclusions. → Gage 2025
Evidence¶
Gage 2025¶
Gage, N. A., Grasley-Boy, N. M., MacSuga-Gage, A. S., & Ulrich, T. G. (2025). Implementing Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Three Tiers of Prevention and Intervention as Protective Factors. WestEd. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED673553
q2 · i2 · causal · r2
Negative binomial GLMM treatment-effect models on 2020–21 CRDC data comparing 40 schools implementing all three tiers with fidelity to 152 PSM comparison schools; "The IRRs were 0.50, 0.45, and 0.41" and converted pseudo standardized mean differences were OSS d = -0.71, days missed d = -0.65, OSS incidents d = -0.84.
"The IRRs were 0.50, 0.45, and 0.41 for OSS, days missed from OSS, and OSS incidents, respectively."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
-
SWPBIS reduces the odds of receiving an office discipline referral — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
-
Students in MTSS-coached schools had significantly fewer days absent in both implementation years — related
- Students in MTSS-coached schools were significantly less likely to have at least one behavior incident — related
- No significant differences in in-school suspensions or students with only one OSS emerged across the four PBIS fidelity conditions during 2020–21 — related
- Schools implementing MTSS with higher fidelity show less absenteeism — related
- School-based interventions produce a small but statistically significant reduction in school exclusion — a broader claim this one bears on
- Out-of-school suspensions decreased 41% at a middle school implementing PBIS under the TEAM Student framework — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
pbis-three-tiers-fidelity-fewer-oss-pandemic |
aliases |
tier3-intensive-supports-drove-exclusion-reduction |
title |
Schools implementing all three PBIS tiers with fidelity had significantly fewer students with OSS, fewer days missed from OSS, and fewer OSS incidents than matched non-PBIS schools during 2020–21 |
description |
Schools implementing all three PBIS tiers with fidelity had significantly fewer students with OSS, fewer days missed from OSS, and fewer OSS incidents than matched non-PBIS schools during 2020–21 |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2025 |
source_checked |
2026-10-20 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-09 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — gage-2025 |
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