Perceived risk of using ChatGPT is negatively associated with both use frequency and intention to use among undergraduates¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Perceived risk is significantly and negatively associated with frequency of ChatGPT use (β = −0.20, p <.001). → Ortiz-Bonnin 2025 q3 i? Perceived risk is significantly and negatively associated with intention to use ChatGPT (β = −0.46, p <.001). → Ortiz-Bonnin 2025 (2)

Evidence¶

Ortiz-Bonnin 2025¶

Ortiz-Bonnin, S., & Blahopoulou, J. (2025). Chat or cheat? Academic dishonesty, risk perceptions, and ChatGPT usage in higher education students. Social Psychology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-025-10080-2

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Cross-sectional online survey of 468 ChatGPT users at a Spanish university; hypothesis-testing regression within a mediation model. The article reports perceived risk was "significantly and negatively associated with use frequency (β = − 0.20, p <.001)".

"First, perceived risk was significantly and negatively associated with use frequency (β = − 0.20, p <.001) and intention to use ( β = − 0.46, p <.001), supporting H1a and H1b."

Ortiz-Bonnin 2025 (2)¶

Ortiz-Bonnin, S., & Blahopoulou, J. (2025). Chat or cheat? Academic dishonesty, risk perceptions, and ChatGPT usage in higher education students. Social Psychology of Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-025-10080-2

q3 · i? · associational · r2

Same survey and mediation model; the article reports perceived risk negatively associated with intention to use (β = − 0.46, p <.001), supporting H1b. No standardized effect size beyond the regression coefficient is printed.

"First, perceived risk was significantly and negatively associated with use frequency (β = − 0.20, p <.001) and intention to use ( β = − 0.46, p <.001), supporting H1a and H1b."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Perceived academic dishonesty is not directly related to ChatGPT use frequency or intention to use — related
• Students with higher perceived academic dishonesty perceive greater risk in using ChatGPT — related
• Perceived risk mediates the relationship between perceived academic dishonesty and ChatGPT usage (indirect-only mediation) — related
• ChatGPT use frequency and intention to use are strongly positively correlated — related
• Positive and negative AI perceptions are strongly negatively co-related within individuals (τ = −0.819), refuting an ambivalent-attitude reading of aggregate frequencies — related
• AI-related fear shows a differentiated pattern: positive direct association with AI use but negative association with pedagogical AI competence and negative indirect effect — related