The tribute reports that process and transitional goals could outperform outcome goals in dart-throwing practice¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r? · q1
Currency · newest study 2025 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q1 i? A dart-throwing study by Kitsantas and Zimmerman reportedly demonstrated that process and transitional goals could outperform outcome goals for practice. → Kitsantas 2025

Evidence¶

Kitsantas 2025¶

Kitsantas, A., Bembenutty, H., Cleary, T. J., Alexander, P. A., DiBenedetto, M. K., Kaplan, A., Kolovelonis, A., Mandell, B. E., Martin, A. J., McCrudden, M. T., Panadero, E., Salisbury-Glennon, J. D., & Schunk, D. H. (2025). Barry J. Zimmerman's Enduring Legacy: The Inspiring Fusion of Self-Regulated Learning Theory, Practice, and Mentorship. Educational Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10052-0

q1 · i? · causal · r?

A tribute commentary (Mandell) reports, citing Kitsantas and Zimmerman (2006), a dart-throwing study in which "process and transitional goals could outperform outcome goals." The tribute offers no effect sizes or sample details; the finding is second-hand.

"Using dart-throwing as the learning task, the study elegantly demonstrated how process and transitional goals could outperform outcome goals."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Process goals lead to better skill acquisition for novices than outcome goals. — possibly the same claim (merge candidate)
• Empirical studies support Zimmerman's cyclical and multi-level SRL models, including a linear trend favoring training more SRL phases — related
• The tribute reports students tend to overestimate their sport performance, and four-level model instruction may improve calibration accuracy — related
• Empirical studies support Zimmerman's SRL models, including expert-novice differences and phase-training effects — related
• Observers of peer models who made and corrected key errors learned to identify and eliminate such errors, whereas observers of expert models missed the error-correction information — related