Cluster analysis identifies three stable learner profiles: Engaged and Literate, Uncritical Reliant, and Skeptical Minimal users¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 2 studies · 2 associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2031: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q2 i? A three-cluster k-means solution on GenAI use, literacy, and reliance yielded Engaged and Literate (n = 355), Uncritical Reliant (n = 244), and Skeptical Minimal (n = 224) profiles. → Amzalag M 2026 q2 i? The three-cluster solution replicated across two random subsamples with similar sizes, centroids, and explained variance (R2 = .381 and .378). → Amzalag M 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Amzalag M 2026¶

Amzalag M, Zviel-Girshin R and Beimel D (2026) The illusion of cognitive independence in the age of generative AI: unpacking GenAI literacy and learner profiles. Front. Educ. 11:1861548. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1861548

q2 · i? · associational · r2

K-means cluster analysis on survey data using silhouette and elbow methods to select the three-cluster solution. The article describes Cluster 1 as showing "High levels of GenAI use and high levels of operational and conceptual literacy"; Clusters 2 and 3 are Uncritical Reliant (n = 244) and Skeptical Minimal (n = 224).

"Cluster 1 (n = 355) – Engaged and Literate GenAI Users: High levels of GenAI use and high levels of operational and conceptual literacy, alongside moderate levels of critical-ethical awareness and reliance."

Amzalag M 2026 (2)¶

Amzalag M, Zviel-Girshin R and Beimel D (2026) The illusion of cognitive independence in the age of generative AI: unpacking GenAI literacy and learner profiles. Front. Educ. 11:1861548. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1861548

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Stability check splitting the sample into two equal subsamples and repeating k-means independently; explained variance was nearly identical across subsamples (R2 = .381 and .378), which the article reads as confirming robust stability.

"The three-cluster solution was successfully replicated across both subsamples, yielding highly similar cluster sizes and centroid profiles."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

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