U-shaped dynamics: partnership-vigilance and offloading-transformation relationships are convex, with benefits accelerating only beyond a threshold of engagement¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? A significant convex relationship exists between partnership and cognitive vigilance (β-quadratic = 0.066, p = 0.039). → Wang 2026 q2 i? A significant convex relationship exists between cognitive offloading and transformative learning (β-quadratic = 0.102, p < 0.001). → Wang 2026

Evidence¶

Wang 2026¶

Wang, S. and Zhang, H. (2026). Pedagogical partnerships with generative AI in higher education: how dual cognitive pathways paradoxically enable transformative learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-026-00585-x

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Post-hoc quadratic analysis in the PLS-SEM model, visualized in Fig. 5. Low-to-moderate offloading had minimal impact while higher levels showed "a strong, accelerating increase" in transformative learning; the authors call these post-hoc, non-monotonic findings.

"a significant convex relationship also emerged between Cognitive Offloading and Transformative Learning Experience (β-quadratic = 0.102, p < 0.001), providing critical nuance to the unexpected positive linear finding for Hypothesis 2b"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Cognitive offloading is positively, not negatively, associated with transformative learning experience, contrary to the hypothesized negative effect — related
• Cognitive vigilance is positively associated with transformative learning experience — related
• Both cognitive vigilance and cognitive offloading mediate the relationship between pedagogical partnership and transformative learning — related
• Human-GenAI pedagogical partnership is positively associated with both cognitive vigilance and cognitive offloading among business students — related
• IPMA identifies cognitive vigilance as the highest-importance, lowest-performance priority for intervention targeting transformative learning — related
• Design factors moderating AI's effect on learning matter only through whether they engage the learner's evaluation — related
• Strategic cognitive offloading can support transformative learning only when the offloading decision is intentional — related
• Calibrated epistemic vigilance, given adequate prior knowledge, is the binding constraint on productive augmentation with AI — related
• Agent perception followed a U-shape across variants: the mixed temporally-humanlike/visually-nonhumanlike Variant 2 was rated least positively on partnership and agent-perception measures — related
• In a visual-spatial integration task, the interaction between visual-spatial working memory capacity and visual design is quadratic, with the inverted-U progression more strongly accentuated for the dynamic design — related