X-Word Grammar students improved significantly more on subject-verb agreement, borderline on tense, and not significantly on aspect/verb forms¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causalr1·q2
Currency · newest study 2018 · checked against its sources 2026-11-02 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q2 i? For individual verb constructs, the difference favoring X-Word Grammar was significant for subject-verb agreement (p=.018), borderline significant for tense (p=.091), and not significant for aspect and verb forms (p=0.134). → Livingston et al. 2018
Evidence¶
Livingston et al. 2018¶
Livingston, S., Toce, A., Casey, C., Montoya, F., Hart, B. R., & O'Flaherty, C. (2018). Effect of X-Word Grammar and Traditional Grammar Instruction on Grammatical Accuracy. English Language Teaching, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n3p119
q2 · i? · causal · r1
Error-type analysis of the same three-month classroom comparison, using the ratio of errors to total attempts per construct. The article reports significance for subject-verb agreement (p=.018), borderline significance for tense (p=.091), and non-significance for aspect and verb forms (p=0.134), with larger improvement for the X-Word group on tense and number.
"Statistical comparisons for individual verb constructs indicate that the observed differences are significant for subject verb agreement (p= .018), borderline significant for tense (p= .091), and not significant for aspect and verb forms (p= 0.134)."
Discussion¶
Learner Variables¶
- Syntax — outcome: instruction changes it
Related Claims¶
- Cross-linguistic consciousness-raising significantly improves EFL learners' recognition of subject-verb agreement errors relative to traditional grammar teaching — related
- L2 pre-college students taught X-Word Grammar showed larger improvement in verb construct accuracy than students taught traditional grammar, borderline significant — a broader claim this one bears on
- Sentence-pattern accuracy improved more under X-Word Grammar than traditional grammar, but the difference was not statistically significant — related
- Monitoring significantly improves a second language learner's accuracy on learnable rules (subject-verb agreement, regular past tense) in the most monitored style — related
- CG-based form-focused instruction is at least moderately effective in fostering mostly explicit grammatical knowledge of the English present tense/progressive — related
- Learners acquired untaught syntactic properties but failed to show sensitivity to agreement they had been explicitly taught and practiced — related
- Monitoring lowers accuracy for unlearnable rules: preposition usage was significantly less accurate in the more monitored style — related
- Cross-linguistic consciousness-raising significantly improves EFL learners' proper use of subject-verb agreement in translation — related
- L2 learners style-shift in past tense accuracy within narrative discourse according to the amount of planning time available — related
- TTS-based instruction and teacher-led instruction produce similar RPT production outcomes in EFL learners — related
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