Female students report higher job finding anxiety, AI anxiety, and negative AI attitudes than male students¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · associational r2 · q2 · i2 medium
Currency · newest study 2026 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2031: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q2 i2 Female students showed significantly higher job finding anxiety than male students, with a moderate effect size (d=.54). → Üstün 2026 q2 i? No significant gender difference was observed in positive AI attitudes. → Üstün 2026 (2)

Evidence¶

Üstün 2026¶

Üstün, A. G., & Danacıoğlu, N. (2026). The Role of Artificial Intelligence Anxiety and Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence in University Students’ Job Finding Anxiety. Participatory Educational Research, 13(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.26.23.13.2

q2 · i2 · associational · r2

Independent samples t-test by gender in the 1,057-student survey (t=8.579, df=1055, p<.001 for job finding anxiety). The study reports "A moderate effect size in favor of female students" with d=.54, the largest gender-based difference.

"As shown in Figure 4, Job Finding Anxiety showed the largest gender -based difference. A moderate effect size in favor of female students was observed, with a d=.54."

Üstün 2026 (2)¶

Üstün, A. G., & Danacıoğlu, N. (2026). The Role of Artificial Intelligence Anxiety and Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence in University Students’ Job Finding Anxiety. Participatory Educational Research, 13(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.26.23.13.2

q2 · i? · associational · r2

Same gender t-test analysis; for positive AI attitudes the test was non-significant (t=0.258, p=.797). The study states "no significant difference was observed" between female and male students; equivalence was not tested.

"However, no significant difference was observed between female and male students in terms of Positive AI Attitudes."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Gender — predictor: outcomes differ by group: a gap reflecting circumstances and treatment, not a cause

Related Claims¶

• Girls show less confidence and interest in math and science from early adolescence, and a strong math/science self-concept predicts course choice and performance for both genders — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
• Negative AI attitudes correlate positively with job finding anxiety more strongly than positive AI attitudes — related
• Female students are significantly more likely than male students to use AI for schoolwork and to seek advice from AI tools — related
• Gender differences in AI perception scores appear only in the overall score and attitudes dimension, with males scoring higher — reports the opposite
• The effects of thoughtless GenAI use on motivation, self-efficacy, and self-directed learning differ significantly by gender — related
• Social science students report higher job finding anxiety and AI anxiety than natural and applied field students, with small effect sizes — related
• Second-year students report higher job finding anxiety and AI anxiety than students in other academic years — related
• Learning strategies relate to test anxiety: persistence positively, environmental structuring negatively, time management not significantly, and women report higher test anxiety — related
• The indirect association between AI anxiety and academic motivation through emotion regulation is significant for both male and female students but stronger among male students — related
• Gender related to students' emotions but showed no significant effects on math grades, while intelligence and SES related positively to grades — related