Phone-use behavior under hidden notifications is highly heterogeneous: about half of NH students abstained entirely, and most NR checks were brief glances¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q3
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Of the NR group's 325 phone check instances, 136 (41.8%) lasted only one to three seconds. → Liao 2026

Evidence¶

Liao 2026¶

Liao, H.-H., Liu, T.-C., & Lin, Y.-C. (2026). External and internal smartphone distractions: Effects on phone use and learning performance in college classrooms. Instructional Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-026-09794-3

q3 · i? · causal · r2

Behavioral observation counts reported in the Discussion; the authors interpret that many NR students did not proceed to further interaction after seeing the message.

"the NR group had a total of 325 phone check instances, of which 136 (41.8%) lasted only one to three seconds"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Phone-use frequency and duration increase phone-use mental effort, which negatively affects learning performance, mediating the behavior–performance link
• Habitual phone use heightens smartphone vigilance but does not directly increase checking frequency; it lengthens use duration only when notifications are hidden — related
• Notification-hidden students showed longer average phone-use duration and no performance difference versus notification-revealed students — related
• Smartphone settings moderate how vigilance translates into phone use: vigilance raises checking frequency more when notifications are revealed, and use duration more when notifications are hidden — related
• Students with visible notifications check their phones more frequently in class than students with hidden notifications — related