Black students are suspended at the highest rate of any racial group, at 12% in 2017–18, with persistent disparities across all years analyzed¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2022 · checked against its sources 2026-10-16 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2027: baselines and conditions change

Subclaims¶

q2 i? In 2017–18, 12% of Black students received one or more out-of-school suspensions, 9 percentage points higher than white students (3%) and nearly 11 points higher than Asian students (1.3%). → Leung-Gagné 2022

Evidence¶

Leung-Gagné 2022¶

Leung-Gagné, M., McCombs, J., Scott, C., & Losen, D. J. (2022). Pushed out: Trends and disparities in out-of-school suspension. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/235.277

q2 · i? · associational · r2

CRDC analysis of suspension rates by race and ethnicity (Figure 1). The report states Black students' 12% rate was "9 percentage points higher than the rate at which white students were suspended (3%)"; Native American students had the second-highest rate at 7%.

"Black students continue to be excluded from school at the highest rate, with more than 1 in 8 Black students (12%) receiving one or more out-of-school suspensions in 2017–18."

Discussion¶

Learner Variables¶

• Identity — predictor: learners who differ on it differ in outcomes

Related Claims¶

• Students with disabilities are suspended at more than twice the rate of students without disabilities, and Black students with disabilities face the highest risk at 19% — related
• At racially/ethnically diverse schools, African American boys are suspended at about 13 percentage points higher rates than other students in the same school — related
• For the same types of infractions, Black students and students with disabilities were significantly more likely to receive out-of-school suspensions than other subgroups — related
• African American boys received out-of-school suspensions at five times the rate of white/Asian boys in CPS high schools in 2013-14 — related
• Exclusionary discipline rates declined for all student subgroups in Maryland from 2009/10 to 2017/18 — related
• Black students and students with disabilities in Maryland were suspended and expelled at more than twice the rates of other students — related
• In Maryland, disciplinary removals (out-of-school suspensions and expulsions) declined over the past 10 years while discipline disparities persisted — related
• Intersecting identities compound suspension risk: 0.1% of Asian girls without special education services in elementary schools were suspended versus 27% of Black boys with disabilities in secondary schools — related
• Students in alternative schools experience extraordinarily high lost-instruction rates, with Black boys losing 235 days per 100 enrolled — related
• Black students lose five times as many instructional days to suspension as White students — related
• Racial differences in suspension rates reflect policies and adult biases, not differences in behavior — related
• Secondary suspension risk declined and the racial gap narrowed slightly since 2009-10, while elementary rates did not decline and some districts saw large increases — related
• Out-of-school suspension decreased in 48 states and Washington, DC between 2011–12 and 2017–18, but in five states the decline came with an even larger increase in in-school suspensions — related
• Black secondary students lost 103 days of instruction per 100 enrolled, 82 more days than their White peers — related
• National out-of-school suspension rates rose from 4% in 1973 to a peak of 7% in 2009–10, then fell to 5% by 2017–18 while remaining above 1970s levels — related