Framing reminders as losses reduces, but does not eliminate or reverse, the reminder bias in both between- and within-participants designs¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r3 · q3 · i1–i2
Currency · newest study 2022 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i2 In Experiment 1, the framing × indifference point interaction was significant (ηp2 = 0.07), with reminder bias 1.19 points greater in the gain than the loss condition. → Lea Fröscher 2022 q3 i1 In Experiment 2, reminder bias was on average 0.70 points smaller under loss framing than gain framing (dz = 0.29). → Lea Fröscher 2022 (2)

Evidence¶

Lea Fröscher 2022¶

Lea Fröscher, Ann‑Kathrin Friedrich, Max Berentelg, Curtis Widmer, Sam J. Gilbert and Frank Papenmeier. (2022). Framing cognitive offloading in terms of gains or losses: achieving a more optimal use of reminders. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00416-3

q3 · i2 · causal · r3

Experiment 1 (between-participants gain vs loss framing, N = 141) mixed ANOVA on reminder bias scores (OIP minus AIP) found a significant framing × indifference point interaction, F(1, 139) = 10.05, p = 0.002, with printed effect size ηp2 = 0.07 (a medium effect), "with the reminder bias scores, on average, 1.19 points greater" under gains.

"Importantly, the interaction of framing and indifference point was significant, F(1, 139) = 10.05, p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.07, with the reminder bias scores, on average, 1.19 points greater in the gain (M = 2.00, SD = 2.45) compared to loss condition (M = 0.81, SD = 2.00)."

Lea Fröscher 2022 (2)¶

Lea Fröscher, Ann‑Kathrin Friedrich, Max Berentelg, Curtis Widmer, Sam J. Gilbert and Frank Papenmeier. (2022). Framing cognitive offloading in terms of gains or losses: achieving a more optimal use of reminders. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00416-3

q3 · i1 · causal · r3

Experiment 2 (framing within-participants, financially incentivized, N = 300) preregistered paired t test comparing gain and loss reminder bias scores found loss framing reduced the bias, t(299) = 5.05, p < 0.001, dz = 0.29 (printed effect size dz = 0.29, a small effect).

"This analysis yielded a reminder bias that was, on average, 0.70 points greater in the gain condition (M = 1.28, SD = 2.14) compared to the loss condition (M = 0.58, SD = 2.28), t(299) = 5.05, p < 0.001, dz = 0.29."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Participants still offload more than optimal under loss framing — possibly the same claim (merge candidate)
• Participants show a significant reminder bias (overuse of reminders relative to the optimal strategy) when reminders are framed as gains — related
• Framing adds an additive predictive value to the reminder bias beyond participants' internal metacognitive bias — related
• Individuals systematically overuse reminders relative to the optimal offloading level, and reminder bias correlates with confidence and metacognitive bias — a broader claim this one bears on
• The more underconfident participants are about their memory abilities, the larger their reminder bias, regardless of framing — related