The treatment ordering is sensitive to outcome definition, participant age, and individual studies, including the reconstructed Orangi effect¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (3 entries) · quant-synthesis r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Excluding mixed/cognitive-perceptual outcome studies (Septiyanto, Akil, Pugliese) reduced heterogeneity (tau-squared 0.4238 to 0.2948; I-squared 80.89% to 72.64%) and made the between-design component non-significant, indicating outcome definition contributed to ranking instability. → Tian Qi 2026 q3 i? Restricting to participants younger than 18 years reduced heterogeneity (tau-squared 0.2846 to 0.1531) but the between-design component became statistically significant (p = 0.0016), so age eligibility also affected rankings. → Tian Qi 2026 (2) q3 i? A prespecified leave-one-out analysis showed the leading node (Hybrid TGfU-SE) was stable when Orangi (47) was excluded, but heterogeneity fell to approximately zero and the finer ordering changed, indicating sensitivity to the reconstructed Orangi effect. → Tian Qi 2026 (3)

Evidence¶

Tian Qi 2026¶

Tian Qi, Liu Yaowen, Wang Ziyu, Qin Gang. (2026). Comparative effects of physical education teaching models on motor skill development in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1905122

q2 · i? · quant-synthesis · r2

Nested 16-study physical-motor outcome network sensitivity analysis. Cooperative disappeared and Hybrid TGfU-SE led, but "the second and third positions differed from the 13-study under-18 primary analysis," indicating both outcome definition and age eligibility affected rankings.

"Relative to the 19-study broad network, tau-squared decreased from 0.4238 to 0.2948 and I-squared from 80.89 to 72.64%; the between-design component was no longer statistically significant (Q = 2.69, df = 2, p = 0.260)."

Tian Qi 2026 (2)¶

Tian Qi, Liu Yaowen, Wang Ziyu, Qin Gang. (2026). Comparative effects of physical education teaching models on motor skill development in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1905122

q2 · i? · quant-synthesis · r2

Age-restriction sensitivity analysis producing the 13-study under-18 primary network from the former 14-study physical-motor network after removing university-participant Yang Q (42). "The age restriction therefore improved population alignment and reduced heterogeneity but did not resolve inconsistency."

"Tau-squared decreased from 0.2846 to 0.1531 and I-squared from 74.45 to 65.67%; however, the between-design component became statistically significant (Q = 12.91, df = 2, p = 0.0016)."

Tian Qi 2026 (3)¶

Tian Qi, Liu Yaowen, Wang Ziyu, Qin Gang. (2026). Comparative effects of physical education teaching models on motor skill development in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1905122

q2 · i? · quant-synthesis · r2

Prespecified leave-one-study-out analysis of Orangi (47), the only primary-network study whose effect was reconstructed from competence-stratified Cohen's d values. "The leading node was stable, but the finer ordering, heterogeneity, and inconsistency estimates were sensitive to the reconstructed Orangi effect."

"Excluding this study reduced tau-squared from 0.1531 to approximately zero and I-squared from 65.67 to 0%; total heterogeneity was no longer statistically significant (Q = 3.04, df = 4, p = 0.551)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• In the adolescent subgroup network, Functional games had the highest P-score (0.830; SMD 2.568), but rankings differed by age stratum and inconsistency remained significant — related
• Cooperative learning's top rank in the broad network rests entirely on a single visual-motor integration study and disappears when that study is removed — related
• The primary network retains substantial heterogeneity and significant local inconsistency, with four linked node splits significant at p = 0.039 — related
• In the under-18 primary network, Hybrid TGfU-SE, Nonlinear, and Functional games are the only nodes whose estimates versus Control exclude zero, led by Hybrid TGfU-SE (SMD 1.35) — related
• Traditional instruction is approximately null versus Control in the primary network, and the analysis does not support claims that every active or structured node outperforms Control — related