Allowing learners to request knowledge of results before a trial and then revise the choice after it (Self-Both) did not produce learning beyond deciding only after the trial (Self-After), which the authors take as no support for an additive motivational-plus-informational effect.¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r1 · q2–q3
Currency · newest study 2014 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? Self-After (M = 10.04) and Self-Both (M = 12.45) did not differ significantly in retention absolute error; equivalence was not tested. → Carter 2014 q2 i? The authors conclude the data did not support the hypothesis of a positive additive effect of motivational and informational processes. → Carter 2014 (2)

Evidence¶

Carter 2014¶

Carter, M. J., Carlsen, A. N., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2014). Self-controlled feedback is effective if it is based on the learner’s performance: a replication and extension of Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2005). Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01325

q3 · i? · causal · r1

Laboratory experiment in which university volunteers learned a slider-positioning task under six knowledge-of-results (KR) conditions. Post hoc retention comparison: "the Self-After (M = 10.04, SE = 1.89) and Self-Both (M = 12.45, SE = 3.58) groups did not differ significantly". No effect size is printed for this contrast.

"Post hoc comparisons revealed that although the Self-After (M = 10.04, SE = 1.89) and Self-Both (M = 12.45, SE = 3.58) groups did not differ significantly, they were both significantly more accurate in retention than the Self-Before group (M = 29.18, SE = 4.08)."

Carter 2014 (2)¶

Carter, M. J., Carlsen, A. N., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2014). Self-controlled feedback is effective if it is based on the learner’s performance: a replication and extension of Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2005). Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01325

q2 · i? · causal · r1

The authors’ discussion of the same experiment: "The present data did not support the hypothesis of a positive additive effect"; this is their interpretation of the Self-Both versus Self-After results, not a separate test.

"The present data did not support the hypothesis of a positive additive effect of motivational and informational processes on learning under self-controlled KR conditions."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Self Controlled Kr Decided After Trial Improves Motor Retention
• Self Controlled Kr Decided After Trial Improves Motor Transfer
• During motor practice with knowledge of results, all groups reduced absolute error across blocks, and groups whose KR decision fell after the trial were more accurate during practice than groups whose decision fell before it, independent of choice. — related
• Learners allowed to make a knowledge-of-results decision before a trial and revise it after (Self-Both) mostly kept their original choice but sometimes changed it after seeing their own performance. — related
• Learners who could decide after a trial whether to receive knowledge of results estimated their own movement outcomes more accurately in retention than Self-Before learners and their yoked counterparts. — related
• In this experiment, self-controlled learners showed no difference in error between trials on which they requested knowledge of results and trials on which they did not, whereas yoked learners had lower error on no-KR trials. — related
• When restricted to three knowledge-of-results requests per 10-trial block, all three self-controlled groups requested KR mostly on early trials of a block, a massed schedule. — related
• Having control over the knowledge-of-results decision only before a motor trial (Self-Before) produced no statistically significant retention or transfer benefit over a yoked group receiving the same KR schedule. — related
• On a motor transfer test, self-controlled knowledge-of-results groups estimated their outcomes more accurately than yoked groups, and among self-controlled groups Self-After and Self-Both were more accurate than Self-Before. — related