During motor practice with knowledge of results, all groups reduced absolute error across blocks, and groups whose KR decision fell after the trial were more accurate during practice than groups whose decision fell before it, independent of choice.¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causalr1·q3·i3large
Currency · newest study 2014 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 2 of 2 entries) · not reviewed by a person
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i3 All groups reduced AE across the six practice blocks (F(5,210) = 39.20, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.48). → Carter 2014
q3 i3 A main effect of Decision (F(2,42) = 4.50, p = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.18) showed only the After groups were significantly more accurate during practice than the Before groups, independent of choice. → Carter 2014 (2)
Evidence¶
Carter 2014¶
Carter, M. J., Carlsen, A. N., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2014). Self-controlled feedback is effective if it is based on the learner’s performance: a replication and extension of Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2005). Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01325
q3 · i3 · causal · r1
Laboratory experiment in which university volunteers learned a slider-positioning task under six knowledge-of-results (KR) conditions; practice AE was analysed in a 2 × 3 × 6 mixed-model ANOVA. "All groups showed a reduction in AE across practice blocks", F(5,210) = 39.20, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.48.
"All groups showed a reduction in AE across practice blocks, which was supported by a significant main effect, F(5,210) = 39.20, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.48."
Carter 2014 (2)¶
Carter, M. J., Carlsen, A. N., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2014). Self-controlled feedback is effective if it is based on the learner’s performance: a replication and extension of Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2005). Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01325
q3 · i3 · causal · r1
Same practice ANOVA: "only the After groups were significantly more accurate during practice than the Before groups", F(2,42) = 4.50, p = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.18; all other comparisons were not significant.
"A significant main effect of Decision was also found, F(2,42) = 4.50, p = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.18, with post hoc analyses showing that independent of choice only the After groups were significantly more accurate during practice than the Before groups."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Feedback is more effective for cognitive and physical outcomes than for motivational and behavioral outcomes — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it
- Self Controlled Kr Decided After Trial Improves Motor Retention
- Learners who could decide after a trial whether to receive knowledge of results (Self-After, Self-Both) showed less error on a 24-h transfer test to a new target distance than Self-Before learners and their yoked counterparts. — related
- Having control over the knowledge-of-results decision only before a motor trial (Self-Before) produced no statistically significant retention or transfer benefit over a yoked group receiving the same KR schedule. — related
- Learners who could decide after a trial whether to receive knowledge of results estimated their own movement outcomes more accurately in retention than Self-Before learners and their yoked counterparts. — related
- In this experiment, self-controlled learners showed no difference in error between trials on which they requested knowledge of results and trials on which they did not, whereas yoked learners had lower error on no-KR trials. — related
- Allowing learners to request knowledge of results before a trial and then revise the choice after it (Self-Both) did not produce learning beyond deciding only after the trial (Self-After), which the authors take as no support for an additive motivational-plus-informational effect. — related
- On a motor transfer test, self-controlled knowledge-of-results groups estimated their outcomes more accurately than yoked groups, and among self-controlled groups Self-After and Self-Both were more accurate than Self-Before. — related
- When restricted to three knowledge-of-results requests per 10-trial block, all three self-controlled groups requested KR mostly on early trials of a block, a massed schedule. — related
- Students become faster and more accurate in equation rearrangement over a short practice session even without feedback — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
motor-practice-accuracy-improves-across-blocks-and-favors-after-decision-groups |
title |
During motor practice with knowledge of results, all groups reduced absolute error across blocks, and groups whose KR decision fell after the trial were more accurate during practice than groups whose decision fell before it, independent of choice. |
description |
During motor practice with knowledge of results, all groups reduced absolute error across blocks, and groups whose KR decision fell after the trial were more accurate during practice than groups whose decision fell be... |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2014 |
source_checked |
2026-10-20 |
generated |
by claude/unspecified on 2026-09-24 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
2 — carter-2014, carter-2014-2 |
Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.