Learners who could decide after a trial whether to receive knowledge of results (Self-After, Self-Both) showed less error on a 24-h transfer test to a new target distance than Self-Before learners and their yoked counterparts.¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study (2 entries) · causal r1 · q3
Currency · newest study 2014 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q3 i? A significant Choice × Decision interaction on transfer absolute error was found (F(2,42) = 3.46, p= 0.041, ηp2 = 0.14). → Carter 2014 q3 i? Self-After (M = 13.31) and Self-Both (M = 13.96) performed with significantly less transfer AE than Self-Before (M = 23.77) and than Yoked-After (M = 23.06) and Yoked-Both (M = 27.80). → Carter 2014 (2)

Evidence¶

Carter 2014¶

Carter, M. J., Carlsen, A. N., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2014). Self-controlled feedback is effective if it is based on the learner’s performance: a replication and extension of Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2005). Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01325

q3 · i? · partial η² only, no standardised mean difference · causal · r1

Laboratory experiment in which 48 volunteers (mean age 21.35, run at the University of Ottawa) learned to propel a slider to a target distance under six knowledge-of-results (KR) conditions (n = 8 each), with retention and transfer tests on the next day; the transfer test required adapting to a new target distance. The article reports "a significant Choice × Decision interaction, F(2,42) = 3.46, p= 0.041, ηp2 = 0.14".

"Similar to retention, the main effects for Choice and Decision during the transfer test were superseded by a significant Choice × Decision interaction, F(2,42) = 3.46, p= 0.041, ηp2 = 0.14."

Carter 2014 (2)¶

Carter, M. J., Carlsen, A. N., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2014). Self-controlled feedback is effective if it is based on the learner’s performance: a replication and extension of Chiviacowsky and Wulf (2005). Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01325

q3 · i? · causal · r1

Post hoc analyses of transfer AE in the same experiment: Self-After and Self-Both "performed with significantly less AE than the Self-Before group (M = 23.77, SE = 1.85) and their respective Yoked groups". No pairwise effect size is printed.

"(1) the Self-After (M = 13.31, SE = 0.98) and Self-Both (M = 13.96, SE = 2.38) groups performed with significantly less AE than the Self-Before group (M = 23.77, SE = 1.85) and their respective Yoked groups (Yoked-After: M = 23.06, SE = 1.47; Yoked-Both: M = 27.80, SE = 2.87); and (2) the Self-Before and the Yoked-Before (M = 26.18, SE = 2.92) groups were not significantly different."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Feedback is more effective for cognitive and physical outcomes than for motivational and behavioral outcomes — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it

• Letting learners pace instruction helped on complex material in one experiment, while learner control in general showed almost no effect across 18 studies — the general claim this finding bears on, with the studies behind it

• Self Controlled Kr Decided After Trial Improves Motor Retention
• During motor practice with knowledge of results, all groups reduced absolute error across blocks, and groups whose KR decision fell after the trial were more accurate during practice than groups whose decision fell before it, independent of choice. — related
• Learning should be assessed with retention and transfer tests rather than current practice performance — related
• Learners who could decide after a trial whether to receive knowledge of results estimated their own movement outcomes more accurately in retention than Self-Before learners and their yoked counterparts. — related
• Having control over the knowledge-of-results decision only before a motor trial (Self-Before) produced no statistically significant retention or transfer benefit over a yoked group receiving the same KR schedule. — related
• On a motor transfer test, self-controlled knowledge-of-results groups estimated their outcomes more accurately than yoked groups, and among self-controlled groups Self-After and Self-Both were more accurate than Self-Before. — related
• Allowing learners to request knowledge of results before a trial and then revise the choice after it (Self-Both) did not produce learning beyond deciding only after the trial (Self-After), which the authors take as no support for an additive motivational-plus-informational effect. — related
• In this experiment, self-controlled learners showed no difference in error between trials on which they requested knowledge of results and trials on which they did not, whereas yoked learners had lower error on no-KR trials. — related