Across studies, high solution rates in the initial problem-solving phase co-occur with beneficial PS-I effects and low rates with no beneficial effects, a cross-study pattern not yet tested in a shared sample¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · theoretical r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2025 · checked against its sources 2026-10-20 (automated, 1 of 1 entry) · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Across studies cited by the article, low solution rates in the initial problem-solving phase co-occur with studies that do not find beneficial PS-I effects and high solution rates with studies that do. → Katharina Loibl · Timo Leuders · Inga Glogger-Frey · Nikol Rummel 2025

Evidence¶

Katharina Loibl · Timo Leuders · Inga Glogger-Frey · Nikol Rummel 2025¶

Katharina Loibl · Timo Leuders · Inga Glogger-Frey · Nikol Rummel. (2025). CID: a framework for the cognitive analysis of composite instructional designs. Instructional Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-024-09665-9

q2 · i? · theoretical · r3

A conceptual framework article; this is its cross-study comparison of the solution rates reported in earlier studies, read as an indicator of well-structured intermediate knowledge. The authors say future studies with a shared sample need to check whether the comparison is valid, so it shows co-occurrence, not moderation or cause. It reports low rates (28%, 14%) in studies not finding PS-I benefits and high rates (80%, 90%) in studies finding benefits; the solution rate in Glogger-Frey et al. (2017) rose from 34 to 56% across problems.

"Studies with low solution rates (28% in Glogger-Frey et al., 2015, 14% in Roelle & Berthold, 2016) in the initial problem-solving phase do not find beneficial effects of PS-I; studies with high solution rates (80% in Schwartz et al., 2011, 90% in Schalk et al., 2018) in the initial problem-solving phase do find beneficial effects of PS-I."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

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• PS-I effects did not replicate in all domains: null sequence effects in Bayesian reasoning, javelin throwing, and inquiry-skill sequencing — related
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