Full structural similarity of motivational profiles across time was not supported, indicating profile indicator means changed over the curriculum year¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associational r3 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? Constraining profile indicator means to be equal across time significantly worsened fit, so the unconstrained model was retained to allow developmental change. → Liang 2026

Evidence¶

Liang 2026¶

Liang, S., Yau, K. W., Meng, H., Chiu, T. K. F., King, I., Yam, Y., & Chai, C. S. (2026). From disengaged to self-determined: A latent transition analysis of students' AI learning motivation. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-026-13998-y

q2 · i? · associational · r3

Longitudinal measurement invariance testing (configural, metric, and scalar invariance were supported) was followed by a structural similarity test comparing constrained and unconstrained LTA models. The quote reports the likelihood ratio difference test result; the authors interpret this as indicating that students' experiences of competence, relatedness, and autonomy may evolve during the curriculum.

"A likelihood ratio difference test further confirmed that the constrained model fit significantly worse than the unconstrained model (ΔG² = 192.02, Δdf = 15, p <.001)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

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