Intelligent tutoring systems as three-model architectures operationalizing formative assessment

Design · All designs
Evidence · no claims cited

Description

The article describes ITS as autonomous technologies that continuously assess learners' progress through formative assessment and deliver tailored instructional support. It states that "ITS typically consist of three core components: a domain model (representing the knowledge to be learned), a student model (tracking individual learning progress and misconceptions), and a tutoring model (or pedagogical module) that determines what instructional support to provide". Based on these models, ITS provide individualized support such as hints and error-specific feedback and adapt task sequencing to ensure mastery before progression. In this study the architecture was implemented in a CTAT+TutorShop tutor with Bayesian Knowledge Tracing driving task selection.

Design Implications

Context

Requirements

• A diagnostic engine enabling real-time adaptations based on students' responses, integrating learner modeling, adaptive task sequencing, and dynamic feedback mechanisms

Constraints

• The article notes ITS cannot fully replace the pedagogical sensitivity of human teachers

Target Learners

• second-grade primary school students

Learning Goals

• second-grade mathematics: addition and subtraction with and without carrying or borrowing

Claims

Related Designs

• A co-orchestration technology ecosystem combining intelligent tutoring systems, peer tutoring, and a teacher-facing orchestration tool.
• Closed-loop three-layer interpretable ITS architecture linking multimodal scoring, expressive diagnostics, and conversational coaching
• Learning-context personalization engine: mastery, spacing, and help-seeking signals guide when and how AI assistance is delivered

Examples

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Key Sources

• Sibley, L., Berner, T., & Schmalfeldt, T. (2026). Effectiveness of adaptive versus non-adaptive intelligent tutoring systems in early primary mathematics. Computers and Education Open 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2026.100420

Page metadata

Field	Value
type	design
id	its-three-core-components-architecture
title	Intelligent tutoring systems as three-model architectures operationalizing formative assessment
description	The article describes ITS as autonomous technologies that continuously assess learners' progress through formative assessment and deliver tailored instructional support.
status	review
generated	by process:settle-candidates on 2026-10-12
trust	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
sources	1 — sibley-2026

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