Processing Instruction lesson sequence: explicit information, processing-strategy warning, then structured input activities moving from sentence to discourse¶
Design · All designs
Evidence · 2 claims (2 mixed) · 2 studies (2 causal),q2–q3· 0 of 2 report an effect size · 2 claims rest on one study
Description¶
The article implements PI as a three-part lesson sequence: a lecture on the target structure and its meaning, awareness-raising about counterproductive processing strategies, and structured input activities. The activities "used a combination of referentially oriented activities and affectively oriented activities" and "operated from sentence to longer stretches of discourse as they progressed." In this study the structured-input component comprised five activities taught over one and a half hours across three sessions.
Design Implications¶
Context¶
Requirements¶
- Structured input activities must be designed so learners attend to the targeted grammatical form rather than lexical cues such as time adverbials
Constraints¶
- The study taught only one function of the present perfect, consistent with VanPatten's guideline to present one thing at a time
Target Learners¶
- college sophomores learning English as a second language
Learning Goals¶
- interpreting and producing the English present perfect aspect
Claims¶
- Pi Outperforms Ti Present Perfect Filipino College [+M]
- Explicit information mediated PI's superiority over PBI on interpretation: PI-EI and PBI-EI performed equally, so the PI+EI advantage was attributed to EI, not structured input alone [~W]
- Replication studies attribute PI's effects mainly to structured input activities rather than to explicit information or explicit feedback [~M]
Related Designs¶
Examples¶
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Key Sources¶
- Rachelle B. Lintao and Jonathan P. Erfe. (2012). Using Processing Instruction for the Acquisition of English Present Perfect of Filipinos. i-manager's Journal of English Language Teaching, Vol. 2 No. 1, January - March. https://journals.imanagerpublications.com/
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
design |
id |
pi-three-component-lesson-sequence |
title |
Processing Instruction lesson sequence: explicit information, processing-strategy warning, then structured input activities moving from sentence to discourse |
description |
The article implements PI as a three-part lesson sequence: a lecture on the target structure and its meaning, awareness-raising about counterproductive processing strategies, and structured input activities. |
status |
review |
generated |
by process:settle-candidates on 2026-11-03 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — rachelle-b-lintao-and-jonathan-p-erfe-2012 |
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