Classroom teachers and teaching assistants — not only researchers — can deliver effective phoneme awareness instruction in kindergarten¶

Design · All designs
Evidence · 1 claim (1 for) · 1 study (1 causal), q3 · 0 of 1 report an effect size · 1 claim rests on one study

Description¶

The study's central design choice was to have phonological awareness instruction delivered "by kindergarten teachers and their teaching assistants" in ordinary low-income, inner-city classrooms, rather than by outside researchers. The significant post-intervention advantages on phoneme segmentation, letter knowledge, reading, and invented spelling indicate classroom staff can implement this instruction effectively. This supports embedding phoneme awareness training in regular kindergarten practice.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

Kindergarten teachers and teaching assistants deliver the instruction in their own classrooms over an extended period (11 weeks in this study)

Constraints¶

Evidence comes from low-income, inner-city kindergarten classrooms in an urban district in upstate New York

Target Learners¶

Kindergarten children in low-income, inner-city schools

Learning Goals¶

Phoneme awareness, letter name and letter sound knowledge, beginning reading, and invented spelling

Claims¶

Teacher Delivered Phoneme Awareness Kindergarten Improves Early Literacy [+M]

Examples¶

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Key Sources¶

Blachman, B.A., Ball, E.W., Black, R.S. & Tangel, D.M. (1994). Kindergarten teachers develop phoneme awareness in low-income, inner-city classrooms. Read Writ 6, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01027275

Page metadata

Field	Value
`type`	`design`
`id`	`teachers-deliver-phoneme-awareness-instruction`
`title`	`Classroom teachers and teaching assistants — not only researchers — can deliver effective phoneme awareness instruction in kindergarten`
`description`	`The study's central design choice was to have phonological awareness instruction delivered "by kindergarten teachers and their teaching assistants" in ordinary low-income, inner-city classrooms, rather than by outside...`
`status`	`review`
`generated`	by `process:settle-candidates` on `2026-10-15`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
`sources`	1 — `blachman-1994`

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