Three-activity framework for interventions that use grades to improve calibration accuracy¶

Design · All designs
Evidence · 2 claims (1 for, 1 mixed) · 1 study (1 causal), q3 · 0 of 1 report an effect size · 2 claims rest on one study

Description¶

The article proposes that improving calibration with grades requires support on three sequential activities: making an estimate, checking the estimate against the actual grade, and reflecting on the cause of any miscalibration. As the authors put it, "First, students need to actually provide a grade estimate before receiving the actual grade. Second, students should check whether there is a mismatch between their initial estimate and their actual grade." Third, students should "reflect on the cause of their miscalibration" to improve future estimates. The study's three conditions operationalized increasing levels of support on these activities.

Design Implications¶

Context¶

Requirements¶

Interventions should provide support on all three activities: estimating, comparing estimate to grade, and reflecting on mismatch causes.

Constraints¶

The article notes prior evidence for the third activity's benefit was mixed and dependent on performance level in university samples.

Target Learners¶

secondary school students

Learning Goals¶

calibration accuracy; metacognitive awareness of performance estimates; self-regulated learning

Claims¶

Examples¶

-

Key Sources¶

Nederhand, M. L., Tabbers, H. K., Jongerling, J., & Rikers, R. M. J. P. (2020). Reflection on exam grades to improve calibration of secondary school students: a longitudinal study. Metacognition and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-020-09233-9

Page metadata

Field	Value
`type`	`design`
`id`	`three-activities-grades-calibration-framework`
`title`	`Three-activity framework for interventions that use grades to improve calibration accuracy`
`description`	`The article proposes that improving calibration with grades requires support on three sequential activities: making an estimate, checking the estimate against the actual grade, and reflecting on the cause of any misca...`
`status`	`review`
`generated`	by `process:settle-candidates` on `2026-10-19`
`trust`	unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content
`sources`	1 — `nederhand-2020`

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