Skip to content

Typologies of replication studies (Lykken's three types; Schmidt's direct vs. conceptual)

Research Method · All research methods
Evidence · no claims cited

Description

The editorial presents two classifications of replication studies. Lykken (1968) identified three types: literal, operational, and constructive replications. Schmidt (2009) re-categorized them into direct and conceptual replications, "with direct replications being the preferred path by many as they preserve the original instrumentation and approach." ETR&D accepts both direct and conceptual replications.

Accounts

  • Typologies of replication studies (Lykken's three types; Schmidt's direct vs. conceptual): The editorial presents two classifications of replication studies. Lykken (1968) identified three types: literal, operational, and constructive replications. Schmidt (2009) re-categorized them into direct and conceptual replications, "with direct replications being the preferred path by many as they preserve the original instrumentation and approach." ETR&D accepts both direct and conceptual replications. (J. Michael Spector et al. (2015))

Claims

-

Key Sources

  • J. Michael Spector, Tristan E. Johnson, Patricia A. Young. (2015). An editorial on replication studies and scaling up efforts. Education Tech Research Dev 63:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-014-9364-3
Page metadata
Field Value
type research-method
id typologies-of-replication-studies-lykkens-three-types-schmidts-direct-vs-conceptual
title Typologies of replication studies (Lykken's three types; Schmidt's direct vs. conceptual)
description The editorial presents two classifications of replication studies.
status review
generated by process:settle-candidates on 2026-10-28
trust unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content

Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.