When PSID-CDS data are restricted to ages 6–11, backward digit span growth is best characterized by a quadratic (not cubic) function¶
Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · associationalr3·q3
Currency · newest study 2022 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person · recheck by 2027: baselines and conditions change
Subclaims¶
Reading the evidence codes
q is the design tier, i the impact, n the sample, and the kind with its r
the rigour judged within that kind: what each code means.
This claim: no standardized effect is recorded in observations/ for it yet, so no benchmark reading is possible.
q3 i? In the age-restricted PSID-CDS comparison analysis, the cubic coefficient was non-significant and the quadratic form was the best fitting model. → Ahmed 2022
Evidence¶
Ahmed 2022¶
Ahmed, S. F., Ellis, A., Ward, K. P., Chaku, N., & Davis-Kean, P. E. (2022). Working memory development from early childhood to adolescence using two nationally representative samples. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001396
q3 · i? · associational · r3
Comparison analysis restricting PSID-CDS to ages 6–11 to mirror ECLS-K:2011: "the cubic coefficient was non-significant (b = 0.015, p = .208)", so the quadratic form with b = −0.101, p < .001 was selected.
"the cubic coefficient was non-significant (b = 0.015, p = .208). Therefore, the best fitting model was the quadratic functional form, which had the next-lowest model fit indices and a statistically significant growth coefficient (AIC =104487838; BIC =104487868; b =−0.101, p <.001)."
Discussion¶
Related Claims¶
- Male and female WM growth trajectories do not differ: sex-by-age interactions are non-significant after multiple-comparison correction — related
- Verbal working memory shows non-linear growth from ages 3–19, with the most rapid growth during childhood and a brief accelerated period during early adolescence — reports the opposite
- In a prospective longitudinal sample (ECLS-K:2011), numbers reversed performance follows a logarithmic growth pattern, decelerating over ages 6–11 — related
- Behavioral self-regulation development between ages three and seven is best described by an exponential (nonlinear) growth curve — related
- No significant group difference in working memory as measured by the Digit Span Backward subtest
- Quadratic latent growth fits MAP longitudinal achievement data better than linear growth across ten states — related
- Cool executive function measures show ascending age-related growth across adolescence, with a growth spurt around age 14–15 — related
- Music training RCTs show improved verbal working memory (backward digit span), but not visuospatial or forward-span tasks — related
- Sex-specific subgroup models show the same functional forms for boys and girls, though cubic coefficients for boys were not significant after correction — related
- Quadratic and cubic trends significantly improved the linear model of teacher and student behavior, showing the importance of studying nonlinearity — related
- Math achievement growth from preschool through second grade is best characterized by a latent basis curve rather than linear, exponential, or quadratic functions — related
Page metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
type |
claim |
id |
quadratic-best-fit-restricted-age-range |
title |
When PSID-CDS data are restricted to ages 6–11, backward digit span growth is best characterized by a quadratic (not cubic) function |
description |
When PSID-CDS data are restricted to ages 6–11, backward digit span growth is best characterized by a quadratic (not cubic) function |
status |
review |
evidence_strength |
moderate |
newest_evidence |
2022 |
recheck_by |
2027 |
generated |
by process:wiki-ingest on 2026-10-17 |
trust |
unverified — no one has confirmed this page's content |
sources |
1 — ahmed-2022 |
Frontmatter is the page's machine-readable record — see the Schema & Guide.