3D VR co-creation forms a more connected, centralized, and reciprocal aggregate social network with fewer cliques than 2D digital co-creation¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · causal r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? In the aggregate one-mode networks, 3D VR co-creation showed more ties, higher average linkage degree, higher centralization, higher density, fewer cliques, and higher reciprocity than 2D digital co-creation. → Hsin-Yun Wang & Jerry Chih-Yuan Sun 2026

Evidence¶

Hsin-Yun Wang & Jerry Chih-Yuan Sun 2026¶

Hsin-Yun Wang & Jerry Chih-Yuan Sun. (2026). Understanding online knowledge communities via social networks and self-regulation in synchronous VR co-creation for distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Education Tech Research Dev, 74, 1037–1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-026-10588-0

q2 · i? · causal · r2

One-mode SNA of aggregate networks over four weeks for 22 students per group, computed in UCINET. The study reports "the number of ties (3D VR: 110; 2D: 71)" and the other printed measures; no effect size was printed for this network comparison.

"The interactivity and cohesiveness of the 3D VR network were higher than those of the 2D digital network, as shown by the number of ties (3D VR: 110; 2D: 71), the degrees of the average linkage (3D VR: 5; 2D: 3.227), the centralization (3D VR: 0.052; 2D: 0.038), and the density (3D VR: 0.238; 2D: 0.154)."

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• 3D VR co-creation showed CoI-like network features from the outset, with higher social-presence density and fewer, larger components than 2D — related
• Network connectivity rose across four weeks in 3D VR co-creation while 2D digital co-creation connectivity declined after week 2 — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• Nearly all 3D VR co-creators brokered contacts across the network while many 2D digital co-creators showed no betweenness — a narrower finding that bears on this claim
• 3D VR co-creators relied on lower-level knowledge co-construction strategies and never targeted the highest IAM strategy, while 2D co-creators quickly reached it — related
• NLC1 acted as one evenly participating group with no cliques, while NLC2 was initially directed by three central participants and did not operate as one group — related
• The NLC with the experienced teacher showed higher and more stable network density than the beginner's NLC, whose density dropped from 36% to 26% in the end phase — related
• The number of cliques in the forum interaction networks increased dramatically by the third iteration, while cohesion within cliques decreased — related
• Cognitive presence appears in 46% and social presence in 45% of VR learning studies, each tied to distinct task families — related
• VR design review simulation improves construction students' error detection compared with 2D drawings — related