Reviewed peer-tutoring simulation studies mostly reached only Kirkpatrick Level 2, with no assessment of behavior change or clinical-practice results¶

Claim · All claims
Evidence · 1 study · review r2 · q2
Currency · newest study 2026 · not yet checked against its sources · not reviewed by a person

Subclaims¶

q2 i? The highest Kirkpatrick level achieved among the reviewed studies was Level 2, reported in nine out of ten studies assessing knowledge, skills, and attitudes; one study reached only Level 1, evaluating participant reaction exclusively. → Bertiola-Flores Claudio 2026

Evidence¶

Bertiola-Flores Claudio 2026¶

Bertiola-Flores Claudio, Infante-Villagrán Valeria Aylin, Palma-Vidal Natalia, Ferrada-Peña Claudio, Mazzo Alessandra, Díaz-Guio Diego Andrés. (2026). Peer tutoring in clinical simulation for health sciences education: a systematic review. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-09582-0

q2 · i? · review · r2

Review analysis of intervention outcomes by Kirkpatrick level across the included studies, finding no study reached Levels 3 or 4. The quote states "nine out of ten studies" reached Level 2 in the review's own words.

"the highest level achieved among the reviewed studies was Level 2, reported in nine out of ten studies, which assessed knowledge, skills, and attitudes [31–40]. The remaining study reached only Level 1"

Discussion¶

Related Claims¶

• Across Kirkpatrick Levels 1 and 2, most studies found no statistically significant differences between observer and active participant roles in simulation-based education — related
• Peer tutoring in clinical simulation is associated with gains in non-technical skills including self-efficacy, self-confidence, self-perception of learning, and reflective abilities — related
• Peer tutoring in clinical simulation is associated with improved technical skills such as laparoscopic tasks, lumbar puncture, and cardiovascular examination — related
• No included comparative study assessed patient-based clinical outcomes, patient acceptability of care, or staff resource time — related
• Limited evidence suggests PBL participants implement practice changes, but behavior-change data are sparse and mostly non-significant — related
• Evidence on transfer to clinical behavior and patient outcomes is scarce: only 2 studies reached Kirkpatrick level 3 and 1 reached level 4 — related
• Most direct ophthalmoscopy simulation studies achieve only Kirkpatrick Level 1 or 2 outcomes — related
• No included SDL studies measured Kirkpatrick Level 4 (patient/system) outcomes — related
• Self-assessed abilities are uncorrelated with actual performance measures, and Kirkpatrick level 1 is generally not recommended — related
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