Strategies: A 2

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• Autonomy-supportive ESP teaching strategies to foster motivation - The article recommends that ESP educators design language programs emphasizing autonomy and create supportive contexts for practice.
• Avoid basing mathematics assessments and interventions on dot comparison tasks; prefer comparison formats without salient visual cues - Because the dot comparison task's correlation with mathematics achievement appears to reflect inhibition demands, the authors conclude that "efforts to integrate dot comparison tasks into mathematical
• Avoid comforting cues that divert children's attention away from their mistakes - Based on the finding that attention to mistakes is a crucial mechanism of post-error recovery, the authors caution that adults' comforting responses to children's errors may backfire.
• Avoid labeling activities with gender-interest stereotypes; describe activities as equally interesting to girls and boys - The experiments show that simply describing an activity as one "girls are less interested in this activity than boys" causally lowers girls' interest and choice, whereas the description "girls and boy
• Avoiding or preventing discussion of teacher emotions may constitute emotional rules that exclude emotions from pedagogical discourse - The article argues that facilitators' repeated avoidance of emotion displays does more than close a single discussion: it constitutes local emotional rules that teach teachers which emotions are permi
• Award points for non-answers (modified Traub's rule) to discourage rapid responding on low-stakes tests - The article instructs test takers to consider non-answering because it can be worth more than a wrong answer, implementing a modified Traub's rule in which "Students were awarded with 0.25 points for
• Awareness of Implicit Biases - Recognizing and addressing unconscious attitudes, stereotypes, and categories that affect instructor behavior and learner outcomes, particularly in educational settings.
• Awareness of Self-Talk - Creating awareness of self-talk involves understanding what self-talk is, how it impacts confidence and self-esteem, and identifying it in real-life situations.