Strategies: C 2

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Constrain an LLM to inquiry-only questioning via negative system-prompt constraints plus strict JSON schemas - The article's constraint methodology combines three mechanisms: system prompts with explicit negative constraints ("Do NOT rewrite the student's text", "Avoid yes/no questions"), a specified internal
Construct task-specific strategy questionnaires directly from a think-aloud coding taxonomy, item by item - The article recommends building questionnaires so that each item corresponds to one coding category of a think-aloud taxonomy for the same task, phrased in learners' own vocabulary from real protocol
Constructive Decision-Making Process - Co-constructing and displaying an explicit decision-making process as a visual reference that students use to structure choices, evaluate consequences, and reflect on outcomes.
Consult Fact-Checking Sites - Learners regularly use professional fact-checking services and reverse image search to verify claims and media before accepting or sharing them.
Consult multiple evidence reviews and attend to their differing standards when synthesizing evidence for decisions - Because reviews differ in how they assess elements such as attrition and in how they conceptualize effectiveness, decision makers synthesizing evidence across multiple program evaluations should atten
Contacts Between Students And Faculty - Frequent, meaningful, and varied interactions between students and instructors that build engagement, belonging, and intellectual mentorship.
Contain special education costs through approaches other than census funding while maintaining quality programs - Beyond census funding, the brief "describes other ways in which states and districts may be able to contain special education costs while maintaining quality programs." These alternatives are offered
Content-Focused Questioning - Asking students questions that focus on the main points of a text and how the author supports those points with evidence and examples.
Content-Related Signal Word - Using a content "word of the week" to signal that it's time for silence.
Context-prompt reflection assignments in which students elaborate on a concept, apply it to a novel problem, and receive AI feedback - The article proposes reflection assignments as an extension of the same context-prompt framework: students elaborate on their understanding of a specific physics concept, apply it to a novel problem,
Context-Specific Journaling - Context-specific journaling requires individuals to reflect on specific experiences such as team assignments, internships, or professional practices.
Contextual Redefinition - Learners encounter an unfamiliar word in a rich sentence context, hypothesize its meaning, then receive confirmation or correction to refine the definition.
Contextual Vocabulary Introduction - Introducing vocabulary words within the context of a story or reading passage so learners derive meaning from surrounding text rather than from isolated definitions.
Continue ADK with more teacher inservices, maintained recordkeeping documents, and increased evaluator classroom visitations - Based on the 1992-93 evaluation results, the report recommends that the All Day Kindergarten program be continued in 1993-94 and that program success be enhanced by three actions: "provide more teache
Continue conducting and funding studies designed to meet evidence standards and tie decisions directly to evidence - The article's forward-looking recommendation is that rigorous education research may continue to grow as the Institute of Education Sciences keeps conducting and funding studies designed to meet WWC s
Continue examining the FFL's statistical properties, especially score variation, during statewide implementation - The report recommends that as Pennsylvania's Framework for Leadership moves from pilot to statewide use, evidence on its statistical properties should keep being examined.
Continue studying alternative funding structures for behavioral health improvement efforts to identify which best promote cross-sector collaboration and student benefit - The brief's conclusion recommends that California's differing funding mechanisms for behavioral health improvement be evaluated.
Continuously assess and re-evaluate feature implementation through user-centered research, including default-setting experiments - The report's third key takeaway is continuous assessment of feature implementation: examining feature use and engagement at the student level is a first step in demonstrating how teachers and students
Contract Grading - An assessment arrangement in which instructor and learner agree in advance on the work, quality criteria, and grade attached to specified levels of completed work.
Contrast one-way and two-way communication through drawing exercises - Supervisors experience communication failure directly: in one activity receivers may ask no questions while a sender describes shapes with his or her back turned; in a paired follow-up the receiver ma
Contrasting Cases - Learners compare two or more cases that share surface features but differ on one critical dimension, so the dimension that matters becomes perceptible.
Convene a monthly virtual Community of Practice for singleton state program directors, with topics identified by members and reciprocal learning among members and experts - The R15CC designed and facilitated a CoP specifically for the region's AIE Directors, meeting virtually approximately once per month since 2020.
Convene a researcher professional learning community to address collaborative-research challenges - The article documents a strategy in which researchers facing common collaborative-research challenges convene a professional learning community: they identify challenges, seek resources and solutions,
Convene cross-functional generative AI task forces to guide ethical adoption decisions and procurement - The report's second use case shows Indian Prairie School District establishing a Generative Artificial Intelligence Task Force of teachers, administrators, principals, and district office representati
Convene cross-sector expert panels to sustain policy-relevant evidence during data disruptions - The article describes a webinar that “brings together academic and government experts” to discuss how education research can keep offering meaningful information to policymakers and practitioners afte
Convene cross-sector stakeholders in a structured eight-step process to co-develop practice-driven, equity-centered R&D agendas - The article describes a full-day convening process with eight steps: inviting a range of experts, preparing participants, facilitating equity talks, unpacking the challenge, thinking with research, cl
Convene educators, policymakers, and families to plan for the impacts of extended pauses in classroom instruction - The article recommends bringing educators, policymakers, and families together with researchers to translate seasonal-learning evidence into action during school closures.
Conver-Stations - A small-group discussion strategy in which learners rotate between evolving groups, carrying ideas with them to broaden exposure to peers' perspectives.
Conversations about Emotions and Social Issues - Structured, explicit conversations in which learners name, discuss, and reason about emotions and social issues, including issues of social justice.
Convert earned micro-credentials into continuing education units for re-licensure and master's equivalency - The report's first incentive strategy is implementing systems that allow earned micro-credentials to convert into a specific number of CEUs usable for re-licensure or master's equivalency petitions.
Convert ordinary textbook or internet speaking tasks into immediate repetition tasks by adding interlocutor change or task alteration - The author adapted speaking tasks suggested by textbooks or found on the internet to become immediate repetition tasks, normally performed in the last half an hour of class allowing at least three cyc
Convert the data element Method of Instruction to Instruction/Learning Interface with morphology descriptions and paired generic outcomes - The paper recommends restructuring the NCHEMS data element so that each instructional format is generic in kind and described in terms of the observable morphology of that format, and each generic ins
Cooperative adaptation-card sorting to compare two turtle species - A pre-visit activity in which "Students will participate in a cooperative learning activity designed to illustrate the similarities and differences between the loggerhead sea turtle and the box turtle
Cooperative Classroom Activities - Design classroom activities that involve cooperative work rather than competitive or individualistic work.
Cooperative Learning - Structured small-group work in which learners pursue shared goals under conditions of positive interdependence and individual accountability.
Cooperative Teaching - Structuring learning activities so students work together and teach each other concepts and skills, deepening understanding through explanation and peer support.
Coordinate adult support through behavioral health teams and tiered, evidence-based intervention systems - The report recommends that schools organize well-structured systems so support reaches students quickly: "Well-organized systems and structures, such as behavioral health teams (BHTs) and effective us
Coordinate cross-sector efforts to address AI literacy gaps, focusing on vulnerable workers lacking foundational digital literacy - The brief recommends that government agencies, policymakers, advocacy organizations, foundations, and non-profits "coordinate efforts to address AI literacy gaps, particularly focusing on vulnerable w
Coordinate services across programs and agencies to reinforce parent and child outcomes - The brief directs administrators to strategies for "effectively delivering and coordinating services across programs and agencies" when serving parents and children through combined approaches.
Correcting Students In A Constructive Way - Addressing student errors or misbehavior in a manner that preserves dignity, targets the behavior rather than the person, and builds toward self-regulation.
Correlate mathematical and scientific studies through manual activities as a plan for lesson concentration - Mr.
Corroboration - Learners verify a claim by checking it against multiple independent sources before accepting or sharing it.
Count approved micro-credentials toward professional growth plan contact units for salary advancement - The report's third strategy features micro-credentials within districts' professional growth plans tied to salary advancement.
Countdown Clock / Visual Analog Timer - A visual timer that represents elapsed and remaining time as a shrinking colored field, making abstract time durations perceptible and chunkable.
Countdown Technique - A classroom management technique in which the teacher counts down from a number (e.g., "I need two people… you know who you are. I need one person…") to prompt students to quiet down and refocus.
Counter-design practices for deliberate AI engagement - Drawing on the counter-design literature, PAUSE recommends concrete practices users can adopt to keep their own capacities engaged: "Structured prompting, deliberate verification, alternation between
Counter-prompting: deliberately probing AI systems for their assumptions and using responses as data about the apparatus - Counter-prompting is a Critical Interrogation practice in which users probe AI systems reflexively to illuminate their own limitations.
Counter-storytelling as an acceptance practice responding to students' belonging needs - Counter-storytelling is a method and methodology of constructing personal and collective narratives that center the lived expertise and resistance of marginalized groups.
Counteract transience in animations by cueing attention or segmenting the animation - For animations other than human-movement demonstrations, the review recommends counteracting the negative load effects of transience.
Counting All - A foundational early-arithmetic strategy in which learners solve addition or subtraction problems by counting every object in the combined set from one, rather than computing from a known sum.
Counting Based Arithmetic Strategies - Learners solve arithmetic problems by counting procedures — counting all, counting on, or counting up/down — rather than retrieving facts from memory.
Counting Circles - A whole-class routine in which learners count aloud around a circle by a chosen increment from an arbitrary starting number, building number sense, fluency, and flexible mental computation.
Counting Collections - Learners count real collections of objects in self-chosen ways, then record and discuss their counting strategies to build number sense and place-value understanding.
Counting On - A mental arithmetic strategy in which learners start from a given number and count forward by the addend rather than counting both quantities from one.
Couple subject-area curriculum reforms with comprehensive strategies to improve attendance and academic behaviors - Because course failures stem largely from student behaviors rather than skill alone, the brief recommends that "policymakers should consider coupling double-dose with more comprehensive strategies des
Cover campus resources, time management, study skills, career planning, cultural diversity, and student development in first year courses - The report describes the typical curricular content of first year experience courses: "most first year experience courses are designed to introduce students to “campus resources, time management, stud
Cover Copy Compare - A self-managed practice procedure in which learners study a model, cover it, reproduce it from memory, and immediately compare their response to the model.
CRAAP Test - A checklist-based rubric (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) that students apply to score the credibility of a website or source.
Cramming - Massing study into a single session immediately before an assessment, relying on short-term familiarity rather than durable retention.
Create a Character Profile - Creating a character profile helps students form a deeper understanding of a book's characters through structured analytical and creative activities.
Create a Classroom Code of Conduct - Teachers and students collaborate to establish a classroom code of conduct based on respectful, fair, kind, and empathetic behaviors.
Create a List of Positive Self-Talk Statements - Generating a collection of affirmative statements for learners to read, personalize, and internalize as a resource for managing negative thoughts.
Create a safe mathematical community through leader posture, absence of negative feedback, and fun without negative competition - To create a positive environment for students whose prior mathematics experiences may have been negative, the circle leaders used practices the article found useful: considering students' prior experi
Create a safe space in arts instruction so students can take productive risks and grow emotionally - Among the most consistent elements of effective arts instruction surfaced in the research is teachers creating a "safe space" in which students can participate in the arts.
Create a Word Wall for Emotions - Build students' emotion vocabulary by giving them a persistent, visible reference of feelings words they can use to identify, label, and discuss their emotional states.
Create an interactive learning environment in real or semi-real contexts using modern teaching media - The article states that "Constructivism learning theory requires to study in real or semi-real environment", emphasizing non-structural knowledge and students' previous experiences, which traditional
Create and foster diverse, effective magnet schools through coordinated federal, state, district, and school policies - The report recommends a multilevel policy approach so that diverse magnet schools incorporating evidence-based components can be created and sustained.
Create Beautiful Spaces - Transforming classrooms and schools into beautiful environments that display high-quality student work, signaling that students' thinking and effort are valued.
Create Culture Kits - Students assemble collections of personally meaningful objects representing their cultural backgrounds, then share and discuss them to build intercultural understanding and classroom community.
Create dialogic spaces where students and educators negotiate GenAI dilemmas together - The article recommends institutional responses built on "the deliberate creation of dialogic spaces in which students and educators explore dilemmas together, articulate values, and rehearse ethical j
Create enabling classroom conditions and realign the syllabus before implementing KCLS at higher secondary level - Based on the identified barriers, the article recommends that schools "create enabling classroom condition for effective practice of KCLS as transformative teaching pedagogy" and that "the realignment
Create positive, culturally inclusive, welcoming schools using strengths-based practices such as newcomer welcome centers, attendance cafés, and home-language-as-asset approaches - The brief advises schools to "use a strengths-based approach to help English learners feel seen, valued, and supported," establishing classroom routines and enrichment reflecting students' interests.
Create small controlled presentation mini-sets as a near-term community benchmark - To address the corpus gap, the survey recommends "creating small, controlledpresentation mini-sets, consisting of 5–10 minute talks per speaker with slide markers, emphasis annotations, and diverse ac
Create Space for Students to Reflect - Providing structured opportunities for students to pause, reflect, and think about themselves, their ideas, and their feelings about projects can transform a classroom culture.
Create streamlined credit-transfer pathways between two-year and four-year institutions to raise completions - Facing a college-completion crisis, states are using articulation agreements to build streamlined pathways through the post-secondary landscape.
Create structure and consistency through schedules, regular communication, and clear instructions in distance learning - To help students feel settled, the brief advises educators to "Create structure and consistency through lesson schedules, regularly scheduled communication, and clear, concise instructions." For virtu
Creating a Classroom Library - Setting up a classroom library involves acquiring books and materials, organizing the shelves, creating labels, and making the space cozy.
Creating a Culture of Error - Fostering a learning environment where mistakes are treated as information and learning opportunities rather than failures, so learners attempt, disclose, and analyze errors openly.
Creating a Digital Library Section for SEL Topics - A digital library includes a dedicated section of books focused on social and emotional learning (SEL) topics.
Creating A Sense Of Belonging - Designing learning environments so learners feel accepted as valued members of the learning community, which raises motivation, engagement, and persistence.
Creating a Strengths-Based Culture - A method for empowering learners by focusing on their strengths rather than their weaknesses, creating authentic learning experiences that enable them to develop skills and talents.
Creating An Action Plan - Learners convert a goal into a concrete, sequenced plan specifying when, where, and how they will act, and how they will monitor progress.
Creating Beautiful Spaces in PBL - Displaying and celebrating high-quality student work from projects throughout the school building to honor effort, build pride, and transform the environment into an inspiring learning space.
Creating Collaborative Spaces - Designing the physical and social environment so that group work, peer interaction, and joint problem-solving are the default mode of learning rather than the exception.
Creating Questions - Learners generate their own questions about what they are hearing, at structured pauses during listening, to promote active comprehension and metacognitive monitoring.
Creating Quiet Spaces - Designating areas in the learning environment where learners can retreat for individual reflection, focused work, or relaxation.
Creating Space for New Ideas - Schools provide structured opportunities, resources, and psychological safety for teachers to try new approaches, take risks, and learn from failure.
Creating Space for Student Reflection in PBL - Integrating deliberate pauses for students to examine their thinking, feelings, and project progress, converting experience into durable learning.
Creating Strategy Charts - Developing visual aids and lists of problem-solving strategies in collaboration with learners.
Creating Visuals - When students express information visually, they activate more cognitive processes while problem solving and gain experience with alternate representations.
Creative Analogies and Comparisons - Simplify complex ideas by linking them to familiar situations, making them easier to understand and remember.
Creative Check-In Questions - Instructors open a session with an unexpected, thought-provoking question that invites reflection and emotional awareness before academic work begins.
Creative Handwriting Activities - Engaging, multi-sensory writing activities that move away from traditional pencil-and-paper drill to build letter formation, fluency, and positive attitudes toward writing.
Creative Presentations - Visual presentation design that uses color, imagery, and layout to direct attention and support comprehension — effective only when decoration serves, rather than competes with, the content.
Creative Writing - Using storytelling and creative writing tasks to deepen, consolidate, and personalize learning of subject-matter content.
Critical Friends Protocol - A structured, facilitated peer-feedback protocol in which colleagues examine each other's work through defined roles, timed steps, and norms that separate warm feedback from judgment.
Critical Lens Development - Learners analyze how different modes of communication (image, text, layout, sound) afford or constrain meaning, building evaluative criteria they apply to their own multimodal compositions.
Critical Response Process - The Critical Response Process is a structured method for giving feedback that puts the learner in control.
Critique And Revision - Learners evaluate work (their own or others') against criteria, then use that evaluation to produce an improved version.
Critique Protocol - A structured procedure for giving and receiving feedback on work-in-progress, so that peer critique is specific, actionable, and separated from judgment of the maker.
CRITO: a five-step method for critically assessing one's own arguments (Conclusion, Reasons, Inference, Truth, Objections) - CRITO is an acronymic method formed from "the logical terms Conclusion, Reasons, Inference, Truth, and Objections." Students first identify a substantive, debatable conclusion, supply sufficient reaso
Cross Age Tutoring - Older students tutor younger students, with the tutor gaining from teaching and the tutee from individualized instruction.
Cross-Curricular Art Integration - Integrating art-making with other subjects such as science, history, and mathematics so learners express and consolidate academic content through artistic production.
Cross-division convenings and joint review sessions to strengthen a state education agency's internal collaboration on multilingual policy - R15CC fostered stronger ties between CDE's Multilingual Support Division, Assessment Development and Administration Division, and Analysis, Measurement & Accountability Reporting Division to cultivate
Cross-Grade-Level Tutoring - Form cross-grade-level alliances where older learners tutor those in lower grades.
Cross-stakeholder policy, research, and practice actions for collaborative AI initiatives in education - Based on the Delphi findings and persona reflections, the article recommends actions assigned to policymakers (PM), researchers (RE), and practitioners (PR), organised under six goals including foster
Culminate engineering learning tasks in action within real contexts through industry, government, and NGO partnerships - The practice-integrated pillar recommends that learning tasks end in real-world action rather than laboratory simulations or hypothetical projects, which the article says limit exposure to uncertainty
Cultivate a supportive peer community among coordinators and connect them to county and state professional development to sustain the role - Because the coordinator role is new and singular on each campus, the report recommends building a peer community and providing access to external professional development.
Cultivate adolescent empathy and perceived social support to promote prosocial behavior - The article's practical implication is that education should focus on "cultivating the empathy ability of children and adolescents, especially for adolescents learning in boarding schools", using stor
Cultivate agency among all categories of participants—students, educational staff, and societal partners—in transdisciplinary sustainability course design - The review recommends that instructors and course designers attend to agency across all participant categories when designing transdisciplinary sustainability education.
Cultivate AI literacy as relational rather than transactional work through reflective engagement with human-AI entanglement - The article recommends that educators cultivate AI literacy through a posthumanist prism as relational work: encouraging reflective, critical conversations about participation in an AI-mediated world
Cultivate curiosity and lower psychological barriers by opening each project with real-world motivation cases and simple accessible AI examples - At the base of the curriculum pyramid, curiosity and self-motivation are intentionally cultivated in the general introduction and at the start of each project module.
Cultivate learners' critical AI literacy and integrity-focused group practices for GenAI-supported group work - The review frames responsible GenAI use in group work as a matter of academic integrity and collaborative accountability, urging that learners develop critical AI literacy and apply it through "integr
Cultivate mathematics belonging by publicly recognizing every student as a mathematical thinker - Beyond general social belonging, teachers cultivated a sense of "mathematics belonging" by explicitly communicating that each and every student could be successful at math, routinely recognizing stude
Cultivate Multiple Ways of Knowing and Making Meaning - Honoring multiple and diverse ways of developing understandings of the world ensures that learners have opportunities to connect with the material in ways that resonate with their individual strengths
Cultivate positive academic mindsets through instructional practices aligned with students' psychological needs - The synthesis recommends that "Teachers can cultivate positive student mindsets—or change maladaptive mindsets—by engaging in instructional practices that align with students' psychological needs." It
Cultivate Understanding and Respect Across Languages and Dialects - Using translations, descriptions, movement, and images to support learning in unfamiliar or complex languages promotes understanding and respect for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
Cultivating Belonging Through Environmental Cues - Uses cues in the physical and social environment — representation, language, and signaling — to communicate to all learners that they belong in this space.
Cultural Exchange Kits - Students curate and present a personal collection of artifacts that represent their culture, then exchange and discuss kits to build intercultural understanding.
Cultural Responsive Practice - Culturally responsive practice engages students in the learning process through an understanding of how their identity and perspective is shaped by their culture and community experiences.
Culturally adapt shared decision-making interventions by attending to language, communication style, relationship-building, fear, and visual design — beyond direct translation - The article recommends that culturally adapted shared decision-making interventions "attend not only to language but also to communication style and relationship-building." Concretely, this means plai
Culturally and Historically Responsive Literacy - An equity framework that plans literacy instruction around four learning goals — identity, skills, intellect, and criticality — using texts and tasks responsive to students' cultures and histories.
Culturally appropriate Tier 1 attendance supports: recognize good and improved attendance, hold regular check-ins, and adapt school calendars - The brief recommends expanding Tier 1 supports when chronic absenteeism affects many students, since high rates may indicate Tier 1 supports are not designed to meet AI/AN students' needs.
Culturally Competent Family Engagement - Culturally competent family engagement involves training school staff in behaviors, attitudes, and policies that enable effective cross-cultural relationships.
Culturally informed research agenda: re-evaluate motivation constructs within cultural socialization, test cultural moderation, and develop alternative East Asian frameworks - The article proposes directions for future motivation research grounded in its cultural analysis.
Culturally Responsive Curriculum Scorecards - Rubric-based evaluation tools, developed with educators, families, and students, for scoring how well curricula reflect diverse cultural backgrounds and perspectives.
Culturally Responsive Instruction (CREATE Model) - This strategy entails providing instruction that empowers students intellectually, socially, emotionally, and politically by using cultural referents to impart knowledge, skills, and attitudes.
Culturally Responsive Practice - Engaging learners cognitively and emotionally by understanding how their identity and perspective are shaped by culture and community experiences.
Culturally Responsive Teaching - Teaching that engages students cognitively and emotionally by connecting instruction to their cultural identities, community experiences, and funds of knowledge to promote equity and belonging.
Culturally tailored chatbot design: position chatbots as reflective companions for Chinese users and as thinking partners for Western users, while deploying cognitive support broadly - The authors recommend designing AI chatbot applications differently across cultural contexts based on the observed divergence.
Culture Responsive Instruction - Teaching that makes standards-based content accessible by connecting it to students' cultural backgrounds, prior knowledge, language, and lived experience.
Cumulative Quizzing - Distributing review questions across time so that each quiz includes material from prior units, not just the most recent content, exploiting retrieval practice and spacing to build durable memory.
Cumulative Review - Systematically revisiting previously learned concepts and skills throughout a course so that retention is maintained and new learning connects to old.
Cumulative Review Quizzes - Low-stakes quizzes that interleave items from current and all prior units, exploiting retrieval practice and distributed spacing to build durable retention.
Curate and connect open education resources for making, re-formatted and linked to standards, to meet champions' demand for student project guides - In response to the survey finding that student project ideas and guides were the highest-ranked need, Digital Promise and Maker Ed committed to launching an effort to "curate and connect available ope
Curated Material Selection - Regularly assessing instructional materials for relevance and currency, discarding broken or obsolete items, and selecting new resources against explicit learning criteria.
Curating Resources - Selecting, organizing, and annotating a deliberately limited set of learning materials so learners spend effort on learning rather than searching, evaluating, and triaging content.
Curricular chain-of-thought prompting: extract key pedagogical elements before competency inference - A reasoning-based prompting strategy in which the LLM first extracts key pedagogical components using guided questions grounded in curriculum design theory, then synthesizes them into a standardized s
Curriculum Based Measurement - Brief, frequent, standardized probes drawn from the year's curriculum used to monitor student progress and inform instructional decisions.
Cursive Handwriting Activities - Structured activities for teaching and practicing cursive handwriting, supporting pencil control, letter formation, and writing fluency.
Customizable Display of Information - Providing adjustable settings and accessible formats to accommodate individual needs and preferences.
Customize interventions to students' unique motivational and task-behavioral patterns - The article's Educational Impact and Implications Statement recommends that educators and policy makers use knowledge of distinct motivational profiles to design support.
Customizing Display of Information - Customizing the display of information involves modifying the appearance of digital content to reduce reading effort and improve comprehension.
Cycle of videotaped instruction, consultant-selected segment review, and strategy conferencing - MTP-S coaching follows a recurring cycle: teachers submit videotaped sessions about twice a month; a consultant identifies brief segments for review; the teacher reviews the segments for their own beh