Strategies: M

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Magnetism Investigations - Learners explore how magnets interact with different materials and map how magnetic fields affect compasses, building conceptual understanding of magnetism through prediction, observation, and explana
Mail parents personalized, actionable absence reports about their own student's attendance - The intervention's core implementable activity is delivering Absence Reports to parents and guardians containing "actionable, personalized information about their student's attendance." Districts firs
Maintain a per-developer evolving concept map to triage teachable moments and calibrate interventions - SHIELD maintains a Developer's Evolving Concept Map, "a per-developer representation of concepts the developer has previously demonstrated familiarity with, has been taught, or has been assessed on ac
Maintain a regular sleep schedule for children so that every night counts for morning cognitive performance - The article recommends that caregivers treat nightly sleep variability, not just average sleep behavior, as consequential for children's school-day cognition.
Maintain Optimal Classroom Temperature - Keeping classroom temperature within a moderate comfort range (roughly 68–74°F / 20–23°C) protects attention, working memory, and task engagement.
Maintain Presence for Students - Teachers make themselves predictably available for brief, informal talks with students and visibly share the work of learning, building the relational foundation for a safe classroom.
Maintain professional development and educator collaboration throughout an edtech pilot - A concrete implementation practice for district pilots: provide professional development before and during the pilot and build in educator collaboration.
Maintain reviewer quality through explicit benchmark checks and implicit analytics on scoring drift - Step 5 of the workflow is an ongoing process with two strands.
Maintain shared logs of decisions, feedback, and AI inputs to make design decisions visible - The team introduced a decision log recording what changed and why, a feedback log recording what users said over time, and clear rules for AI inputs recording what sources informed outputs.
Maintain transparent, ongoing communication through consistent schedules, agendas, and multiple channels - The brief identifies regular communication as essential for member success in parent councils.
Maintaining an Inclusive Curriculum - A culturally responsive curriculum is both inclusive in that it ensures that all students are included within all aspects of the school, and it acknowledges the unique differences students may possess
Maintaining High Expectations - In culturally responsive instruction, achievement expectations are determined individually, with praise proportional to accomplishment and supportive guidance toward independent problem-solving.
Maintaining Sensitivity to Language Concerns - Tailoring instruction, materials, and classroom climate so that English learners are supported in acquiring English without being pressured to abandon their primary language.
Make academic vocabulary, verbal reasoning, and advanced mathematics part of the school curriculum in the upper primary grades - Based on the finding that advanced linguistic skills are directly related to advanced mathematics, the authors recommend focusing on academic vocabulary, verbal reasoning, and advanced mathematics in
Make conceptual knowledge construction explicit in the CSCL environment and give it prioritised value among teachers and schools - Based on the finding that procedural problem solving dominated, the authors argue that redesign must work on two fronts: "making conceptual knowledge constructions in science education explicit in the
Make dementia education relevant to participants' role and experience and involve active face-to-face participation - This strategy directs program designers to tailor dementia education to what participants actually do and have experienced, and to deliver it through active, in-person participation.
Make development of formal, academic English a key instructional goal beginning in the primary grades, with dedicated curricula, daily integrated instruction, and teacher professional development - The guide's fourth recommendation, graded Low, directs schools to ensure that developing formal or academic English—"the decontextualized language of the schools, the language of academic discourse, o
Make economic evaluation (benefit-cost analysis) an essential component of the education policy toolkit - The report recommends expanding the use of benefit-cost analysis to monetize the impacts of education interventions: "policy guidance would greatly benefit from making it an essential component of the
Make educator diversity data visible and actionable by reporting teacher diversity on state dashboards - The first policy lever identified by more than 100 educators of color at the convening is to "Report teacher diversity on state dashboards" and urge state departments of education to collect and repor
Make Learning Relevant - Teachers can boost student engagement and knowledge retention by connecting learning to students' interests, talents, learning styles, and sense of ownership in the education process.
Make nine 'big plays' across three focus areas — sustaining access infrastructure, upskilling the educator workforce, and upskilling students, families, and caregivers — in state digital equity and BEAD plans - Digital Promise recommends that state and local teams planning IIJA broadband investments adopt nine 'big plays' spread across three essential focus areas: building and sustaining systems and infrastr
Make output verification an individually accountable practice within team assignments via rubric requirements - Because test-based verification collapsed in team settings and never fully recovered, the article recommends that "Assessment rubrics that explicitly require evidence of output verification, such as a
Make partners' AI use visible through transparency mechanisms in early collaborative programming phases - The article recommends designing learning analytics and pedagogical scaffolds that make AI use visible or interpretable to collaborators, suggesting "lightweight mechanisms such as shared prompt histo
Make platform quality standards interpretable by pairing automated scores with rationales and contextual cues - The article's third design consideration states that automated feedback can support gig platforms' quality control by organizing evaluations around structured criteria rather than relying solely on le
Make privacy a release criterion with a stage-gate data-flow summary before student-facing deployment - The article recommends that "privacy should become a release criterion rather than a documentation exercise." A practical stage-gate requires a one-page data-flow summary completed by the feature owne
Make queue waiting time productive by offering LLM-based help tools such as CodeHelp to waiting students - A forward-looking recommendation for addressing long office-hours queues: rather than changing scheduling alone, instructors can make waiting time productive for students.
Make reflection on students' goal preferences a recurring element of the curriculum to support cooperative learning - The authors recommend that "reﬂection on students' goal preferences should be a recurring element of the curriculum, especially in secondary vocational education where the drop-out rate is very high".
Make retaining teachers of color a district priority: compensate the invisible tax and place teachers in cohorts to reduce isolation - District leaders should publish transparent compensation matrices, monetize the extra burdens teachers of color carry (the "invisible tax"), give principals flexible budget autonomy, and intentionally
Make school-level educator diversity data publicly available and easy to interpret so stakeholders can act on it - The brief recommends that states, as keepers of state data systems, collect and share useful and timely educator workforce data that is "publicly available and easily accessible so stakeholders can ma
Make students' ideas public in a communal technology-supported space to prompt co-regulation - The review recommends that making students' ideas visible and revisable in a shared technological space fosters co-regulation.
Make success criteria visible to students through explicit explanations, think-alouds, and co-construction - To communicate learning expectations, the brief recommends that "Teachers can provide explicit explanations of the success criteria, conduct think-alouds about student work, and co-create the success
Make teaching assistant tutorial training more explicit: provide checkpoint learning outcomes and suggested checkpoint questions - The authors propose reforming weekly one-hour tutorial training, in which teaching assistants work through worksheets and have reasoning checked but rarely see Socratic dialogue in action.
Make Ten - A mental math strategy in which learners decompose one addend to complete a ten before adding the remainder (e.g., 8 + 5 → 8 + 2 + 3 → 10 + 3 = 13).
Make the computational thinking pathway visible to the wider community through a public website - The report advises making the pathway "visible not just to teachers but to the wider community." Talladega was the first of the three Core districts to develop a community-facing website that defined
Make the distribution of epistemic responsibility an explicit object of instruction, including think-first routines before consulting the AI - The authors suggest teachers make explicit which parts of a task students want AI to support, which processes they are expected to practice themselves, and how to recognize when assistance has begun t
Make the state of pending administrative processes visible to participants to remove status-enquiry volume - A design recommendation drawn from the study's finding that at least a fifth of queries ask where a pending submission has reached rather than request information.
Make visible the installed base of existing infrastructures and discern its relationship with the innovation - This second IMPROV action area focuses on surfacing extant infrastructures and their relations with an innovation.
Make-Believe: Problem-Based Learning - Learners take on real-world roles and grapple with complex, open-ended problems collaboratively, using make-believe scenarios to make authentic challenges tractable in the classroom.
Makerspaces - A shared physical environment with tools and materials where learners design, build, and iterate on tangible projects through hands-on construction.
Making and confirming predictions - Learners form explicit anticipations about upcoming content in a text, lecture, or audio material, then verify, revise, or reject those predictions as they engage with the material.
Making Connections - Deliberately linking new information to existing knowledge and experiences — text-to-self, text-to-text, or text-to-world — to enhance understanding and retention.
Making Connections (Text-to-Self, Text-to-Text, Text-to-World) - A reading comprehension strategy in which learners relate a text to their own lives (text-to-self), to other texts (text-to-text), or to real-world events (text-to-world), typically through modeled th
Making Inferences - This strategy requires readers to evaluate or draw conclusions from information in a text, even when the author does not explicitly state it.
Making Self-Advocacy and Self-Determination Critical Priorities - Systematically embedding self-advocacy and self-determination instruction and practice across schooling so students with disabilities can direct their own learning and lives.
Making Words - A hands-on word-study activity in which learners manipulate letter cards to build and sort a sequence of words, ending with a secret word that uses all the letters.
Manage ethical risks of AI-driven TEFL tools through data protection policies, fairness audits, human oversight, and balanced-use design - The review identifies three primary ethical concerns—data privacy and security, AI bias and fairness, and technology addiction and balanced use—and recommends concrete management strategies for each.
Manage group conflict constructively by having members observe one another and treat differences as strength - The guide advises facilitators to treat conflict in collaborative learning groups as potentially constructive rather than something to eliminate.
Manage intrinsic load with a part-whole approach, task variability, and self-explanation to raise germane load - The article lists ways to manage intrinsic load and increase germane load: a part-whole approach that initially simplifies tasks by reducing elements and interactions and then adds more; increasing th
Manage pacing within a 40-minute period so AI comparison immediately follows manual estimation - For replication of the lesson design, the article recommends that "Within a standard 40-minute instructional period, the temporal allocation should be carefully managed to maintain the cognitive coher
Manage students' over-reliance on ChatGPT by having teachers and students double-check AI-provided information against other sources and structuring classroom interactions - To address students' over-reliance on AI tools, the review reports that teachers recommend "double-checking the information provided by ChatGPT with various other sources" and "structuring classroom i
Manage TPE as a district-wide priority with clear expectations, training, principal evaluation, and technology platforms - The report describes how effective district leaders make teacher and principal evaluation manageable by treating it as a district-wide priority: they set clear expectations tied to instruction, train
Manipulate self-efficacy by combining social-comparative feedback with information about the malleability of the ability - A two-fold self-efficacy induction procedure: participants receive bogus normative feedback about their performance percentile relative to peers, plus a fictional scientific narrative stating that the
Manipulatives - Provide manipulatives to help make complex concepts concrete.
Manipulatives: Sentence Combining - Using physical or digital manipulatives to combine simple sentences, reducing working memory load while building explicit syntax knowledge.
Manipulatives: Sentence Construction - Using physical objects such as color-coded blocks or magnetic word tiles to represent words and phrases, making sentence structure tangible.
Map accountability logics across countries by computing school-level external control scores in key school functions - The article offers a systematic approach for mapping accountability logics: survey school principals on who holds significant responsibility for assessment policies, hiring teachers, choosing learning
Map educational approaches onto predefined evidence synthesis skill components, delivery modes and outcome-measure categories when charting the literature - The protocol's Stage 5 analysis plan specifies how to organise extracted data on educational approaches: compile and map them per the predefined evidence synthesis skill components (research question
Map It Out! - Before a trip, children map the route, calculate mileage, estimate travel time, and track progress along the way.
Map the curriculum by grading periods to eliminate gaps and redundancy and enable interdisciplinary planning - The authors use a modified curriculum-mapping process in which subject-area committees identify their purpose in terms of the board design, their standards, and how the area teaches general learning s
Mapping Online Reading Behavior - Learners create visual maps to track the links and sites they visit while reading online texts, then reflect on their navigation decisions.
Mask small table cells (fewer than five students) when publishing study data - The agreement's Privacy Measures definition instructs receiving parties publishing tables to use cell suppression and other disclosure avoidance methods so students cannot be identified through small
Mask the reinforcement learning policy's action space to a zone-of-proximal-development difficulty band (success probability 0.4–0.8) - The adaptive training component treats content sequencing as a sequential decision problem solved with Proximal Policy Optimization.
Mass, Density, and Buoyancy Experiments - Learners explore how mass and density determine buoyancy by comparing object behavior across liquids and correlating weight with water displacement.
Mastery Based Progression - Learners advance to new content only after demonstrating a defined standard of proficiency on current content, with time varying and mastery held constant.
Mastery Based Retesting - Learners must demonstrate a defined performance standard on an assessment, then receive instruction and retest opportunities until they reach it — grades reflect final mastery, not first-attempt speed
Mastery Learning - Learners must demonstrate a defined level of competence on each unit before progressing, with time varying and achievement held constant.
Mastery Oriented Feedback - Feedback framed around progress toward learning goals and strategy improvement rather than evaluation of the person or comparison to others.
Mastery Reassessment - A strategy in which learners who have not yet demonstrated proficiency on an assessment are given targeted reteaching and a new opportunity to show mastery, with the reassessment replacing — not avera
Match assessment tool to research question: task-based measures for within-person change, questionnaires for stable between-person differences - Because the same adolescents showed curvilinear growth on the Stop Signal Task but no detectable growth on the parent-reported EATQ-R, the authors recommend that "questionnaire-based assessments may b
Match candidate skills to school needs using multiple data sources, prioritizing highest-need schools - In the Talent Development domain, the guide's practice description directs districts to "Use multiple sources of data to match candidate skills and competencies to a school's needs, prioritizing the h
Match decision rule to gender composition when convening deliberative groups - This implementable recipe follows from the article's interaction finding: when few women participate, use unanimous rule; when many women participate, majority rule preserves their voice and authority
Match each study subject to the candidate intervention most likely to benefit them - The article recommends that evaluators use its Bayesian approach to consider multiple candidate interventions simultaneously within one trial, matching each study subject with the intervention most li
Match glossed-text difficulty to learners' proficiency level and vary gloss placement beyond marginal glosses - The article's findings support two implementable practices for EFL reading instruction: selecting texts whose readability matches learners' ability, and presenting glosses in forms other than the fami
Match LLM deployment role in language education to the model's assessed proficiency level - Based on the stratification of model proficiency on CSEBench, the article recommends differentiated roles for LLMs in educational applications: "higher-proficiency systems may function as effective sc
Match LLM temperature settings to construct characteristics when coding educational dialogue - The article recommends calibrating LLM sampling parameters to the psychological construct being coded rather than applying one configuration universally.
Match personalization strategy to learners' prior knowledge: give low prior knowledge learners system-decided support and reserve learner control for advanced learners - Based on the moderator results, the article recommends that personalization strategies be chosen in light of learners' prior knowledge: for learners with low prior knowledge, adaptable scaffolding con
Match PLC artifacts and norms to the intended object, and treat collaboration norms as a prerequisite object where collaboration is unfamiliar - The review's findings assist designers and organisers in making informed decisions about PLC in mathematics.
Match scaffolding type to learners' prior professional knowledge level - The article recommends organizing learning environments for diagnostic competences by matching scaffolding to the learner's knowledge base: learners with low prior knowledge benefit from scaffolding w
Match shared-control teaching to intermediate student self-regulation skill - The article analyzes which teaching strategy fits which level of student self-regulation.
Match statistical control methods to variable structure and measurement quality, preferring stratification, covariate adjustment, matching, or regression discontinuity accordingly - The article outlines implementable options for blocking back-door paths when randomization is infeasible: group-specific (stratified) analyses, third-variable inclusion in regression, matching (noting
Match students' gender with their learning companions in adaptive learning programs to promote engagement and prevent disengagement - The review recommends assigning learning-companion agents whose gender matches the student's.
Match teacher education, mentoring, and evaluation to developmental stage: routines and scripts for novices, analytical mentors from the competent and proficient, and stage-appropriate evaluation - The article's policy section recommends that early training concentrate on perceptual training and identifying instances of concepts, that novices be given 'standard lesson forms and scripts' and prac
Match the input-parameter estimation method (managerial estimates vs. time study) to the accuracy the simulation purpose requires - The report advises choosing how to determine simulation input parameters according to the purpose of the run.
Match the refinement coordination strategy to the quality criterion: decentralized refinement for localized criteria, centralized planning for holistic ones - The article recommends coordinating validator feedback differently depending on the criterion being refined.
Match the visualization format to the learning task: use animations for learning the specifics of change and static pictures for teaching spatial configurations - The article concludes that instructional visualizations should be chosen according to what the learning task demands.
Matched Examples and Non-examples - Present matched examples and non-examples for concepts with closely related attributes, so learners can discriminate the defining features of a concept.
Math Anxiety Reduction - Design and instructional moves that lower learners' anxiety about mathematics so working memory and attention can be directed at learning rather than worry.
Math Art - Math Art involves creating drawings and designs that explore mathematical concepts and patterns.
Math Cards - An activity using cards showing different representations of the same numerical answer (area model, dominoes, number sentence) to build number sense and conceptual understanding of multiplication rath
Math Centers - Math centers involve setting up various stations in the classroom where learners can practice and apply mathematical concepts through activities like games, manipulatives, and tablets.
Math Coach Role-Playing - Organize students into small groups where they take turns acting as "math coaches." One student reads a word problem aloud, and the other students (the math coaches) advise the reader on which mathema
Math Coaching - Learners take turns solving word problems aloud while peers act as "math coaches" who advise on operations, underline key words, and verify solutions.
Math Fact Fluency Games - Using structured, timed, and often game-based activities to build automatic recall of basic arithmetic facts.
Math Games - Math games are structured activities designed to stimulate enthusiasm for math learning by providing opportunities to explore fundamental number concepts, engage in strategic mathematical thinking, an
Math Games and Movement Breaks - Incorporating quick, fun, physical math games for when learners get antsy.
Math Journals - Math journals are a structured writing practice in which students explain mathematical reasoning, document problem-solving, and reflect on their learning, with periodic teacher feedback.
Math Key Word Flashcards - Learners create and use flashcards mapping key words (e.g., "total," "left," "of") to the four arithmetic operations as a visual aid for solving word problems.
Math Songs - Math songs are musical compositions designed to teach and reinforce math concepts and skills through rhyme, rhythm, and repetition.
Math Talks - Structured whole-class or small-group conversations in which learners share, compare, and justify mathematical reasoning and problem-solving strategies.
Math Talks / Number Talks - Short, daily classroom routines in which students solve a mathematics problem mentally, then share and compare solution strategies through facilitated whole-class discussion.
Math Vocabulary Word Walls - Create a class word wall displaying mathematical terms and vocabulary to support working memory and develop language skills.
Mathematical Dance - Mathematical dance uses choreographed movement to embody and illustrate mathematical concepts, combining performance with conceptual learning.
Maximize Transfer and Generalization - Deliberately designing instruction so that knowledge and skills acquired in one context can be applied to new problems, domains, and real-world situations.
Maze Cloze Assessments - A maze cloze assessment replaces every nth word of a passage with three choices, measuring sentence-level comprehension quickly and objectively.
Meaningful Grading Through Feedback - Grades should represent multiple opportunities for students to demonstrate learning based on descriptive, concrete, and actionable feedback.
Measure and Graph Data - Learners collect quantitative measurements and represent them graphically, using the act of measurement and visualization to build understanding of a phenomenon.
Measure student learning between school years using remote test administration when in-person testing is disrupted - The presentation describes ongoing work to quantify pandemic learning effects by measuring student learning between the 2019-20 and 2020-21 school years "in the context of mostly remote test administr
Measure teachers' assessment-to-instruction practice across planning, collection, interpretation, and use - The article's approach for examining data-informed individualization is to structure observation across the full cycle: planning data collection, collecting valid data, organizing and interpreting dat
Measure usability, usefulness, and utilization during development and early implementation - The guide recommends timing 3Us measurement early: it states that understanding the three indicators "is critical for implementing organizations and their funders, especially during development and ea
Measurement Tasks - Measurement tasks involve using measurement tools and techniques to quantify physical properties such as length, volume, and temperature.
Media Literacy Education - Teaching learners to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media messages, with emphasis on evaluating the credibility of online information sources.
Mediate AI feedback for equity by adapting it to learner readiness, vocabulary, confidence, and bodily awareness - The article recommends making AI-assisted feedback usable across differences in training background, language resources, bodily awareness, confidence, and interpretive readiness.
Meet consistently with the coach throughout the school year in dedicated one-on-one time - The report's fourth action is consistent administrator-coach meetings across the year.
Memory Game (Matching) - A memory game where learners match pairs of word cards to reinforce vocabulary and memory skills.
Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions - A self-regulation strategy that pairs visualizing a desired goal and its obstacles (mental contrasting) with if-then plans specifying when, where, and how to act (implementation intentions).
Mentor Text Analysis - Learners closely study an exemplary text (the "mentor text") to identify and name the craft moves they will later apply in their own writing or production.
Mentor Texts - Using published or exemplary texts as models that learners study, imitate, and adapt to develop their own writing, reading, or disciplinary craft.
Mentoring - A sustained one-to-one relationship in which a more experienced person provides guidance, feedback, and psychosocial support to a less experienced learner.
Menu of techniques for generating new ideas in subsequent C/I iterations - In later iterations of the C/I cycle, the article recommends a menu of techniques for breaking fixed thought patterns and generating novel connections: "Using a random word as a prompt to break a ﬁxed
Metacognitive Accountable Talk Stems - Accountable talk stems are sentence starters that structure classroom discussion around evidence, reasoning, and explicit monitoring of one's own thinking.
Metacognitive Awareness for Self-Regulation - Structured journaling or recorded reflection helps students develop metacognitive awareness that supports self-regulated learning.
Metacognitive Prompting - Embedding questions or cues that prompt learners to plan, monitor, and evaluate their own thinking during a learning task.
Metacognitive Reflection - A strategy in which learners deliberately examine their own thinking, monitoring, and problem-solving processes to improve future performance rather than to be assessed.
Metacognitive Reflection Prompts - Structured questions inserted into learning activities that direct learners to plan, monitor, and evaluate their own thinking and learning processes.
Metacognitive Strategies - Metacognitive strategies teach students to plan, monitor, and evaluate their own thinking and learning processes.
Metacognitive Strategy Instruction - Explicitly teaching learners cognitive and self-regulation strategies — planning, monitoring, and evaluating their own thinking — along with when and why to use them.
Method of Loci (Memory Palace) - The method of loci involves creating a mental 'memory palace' by associating items to be remembered with specific locations in a familiar place.
Methodological orientations and strategies for professors to promote integrated learning of civic competence - The article offers ten methodological orientations and twelve methodological strategies for professors promoting civic and social competence through integrated learning.
Micro Credentials And Badging - Awarding granular, verifiable credentials (digital badges or certificates) for demonstrating specific competencies, rather than only for completing whole courses.
Micro Flipped Classroom - Short video lectures are distributed as pre-class study material along with short assignments, freeing class time for active application.
Micro-Goal Setting - Setting achievable micro-goals encourages consistent, incremental learner progress.
Mind Mapping - Mind mapping is a visual thinking tool in which learners represent ideas as nodes radiating from a central concept, connected by labeled branches to capture structure, hierarchy, and relationships.
Mindful Break - A mindful break involves students ringing a bell when they feel the class needs a break, stopping the lesson, standing up and stretching in silence, and then sitting down for mindful breathing.
Mindful Breathing - A brief, structured breathing exercise used to regulate attention and arousal before or during learning tasks.
Mindful Listening - Mindful listening is a practice of focusing attention on sound as a concrete anchor for introducing mindfulness and attentional self-regulation.
Mindful Moment - A mindful moment involves pausing, settling the nervous system, and refocusing attention and energy on a new task.
Mindfulness And Breathing Exercises - Brief structured practices — focused breathing, body scans, and attention anchoring — used to regulate arousal and attention in support of learning.
Mindfulness and Movement Integration - Integrating mindfulness with movement combines physical activity with practices that promote awareness, focus, and presence.
Mindfulness Breaks - Short, structured activities that direct attention to the present moment, used to restore focus, reduce stress, and support self-regulation during learning.
Mindfulness Practice - Brief, structured attention-training exercises (breath focus, body scans, mindful observation) integrated into instruction to improve attention regulation, self-regulation, and stress management.
Mindfulness Techniques - Brief, structured practices — focused breathing, body scans, and attention monitoring — that train learners to regulate attention and emotion in support of learning.
Mindfulness Techniques for Emotional Regulation - Incorporating mindfulness techniques helps students manage their initial emotional impulses and reactivity.
Mindfulness Techniques for Managing Emotional Impulses - Incorporating mindfulness techniques helps students manage their initial emotional impulses and reactivity, resulting in improved self-regulation skills.
Mini Classroom Exercise Breaks - Short, scheduled physical activity sessions embedded in the school day to restore attention and increase daily movement.
Mini homework defenses: short oral one-on-one assessments of student solutions - A formative oral assessment structure shared by a faculty member in Electricity and Magnetism 2: "short booked appointments in which a Learning Assistant randomly selects one of the student's complete
Mini Lessons - A short, focused instructional segment (typically 5–15 minutes) that teaches one discrete concept, skill, or strategy before learners move into guided or independent practice.
Mini-Lessons on Features - Deliver short, focused lessons on individual writing features (organization, titles, sentence variety, imagery, evidence, introductions) so students can study and emulate one craft move at a time.
Minimally Invasive Hand Gesture - Using a minimally invasive hand gesture to secure student attention.
Minimise efficacy burden and foster trust elements such as data security and privacy to support AI adoption - The article recommends that universities, policymakers and Big Tech support successful AI adoption among Gen Z students by reducing the demands placed on learners' self-efficacy and by building trust.
Mirror Faces - Learners pair up; one makes an emotional face while the other mirrors it, building recognition of facial expressions and the emotions they signal.
Mirrors, Windows, and Sliding Glass Doors - Curating texts and experiences so learners encounter both reflections of their own identity (mirrors), views into others' lives (windows), and immersive entry into unfamiliar worlds (sliding glass doo
Misconception Repair - A strategy that surfaces learners' incorrect intuitions and then confronts and restructures them through targeted contrast, refutation, and conceptual conflict.
Misconception-aware contrastive remediation videos triggered by incorrect quiz answers - When a learner answers a quiz question incorrectly, the system generates "a targeted explanatory video contrasting the incorrect reasoning with the correct solution".
Miscue Analysis - A diagnostic reading assessment in which a learner reads aloud from connected text while the teacher records and analyzes deviations ("miscues") to infer the reader's use of cueing systems and compreh
Mistake-Friendly Classroom - Fostering an environment where mistakes are treated as a fundamental part of learning rather than a source of embarrassment or failure.
Mitigate extraction errors by requiring high-resolution PDFs, equation-editor equations, and legible graph axes, units, and legends - Because extraction errors in equations, figures, tables, and graphs can generate plausible but insufficiently supported feedback or invalid assessments, the article recommends submission practices tha
Mitigate LLM feedback errors by supplying course materials and compiler errors in the prompt, fact-checking generated feedback, and adapting feedback structure to student behavior - The article's discussion and future-work section recommend concrete mitigations for LLM-generated feedback errors: providing relevant learning materials in the prompt may mitigate issues "especially w
Mitigate transcription failures through image-quality supports: quality review before submission, preview transcriptions, and multiple submission modes - Because most grading errors stem from transcription rather than rubric misapplication, the article recommends mitigations targeting image capture and preprocessing.
Mitigating Racial Bias in Edtech Products - A design-and-development strategy that audits and redesigns edtech products — data, algorithms, and assumptions — so they serve Black and Brown students equitably rather than reproducing racialized ha
Mitigation strategies for GenAI challenges in PBL (validation, AI-free periods, equity monitoring) - The article's recommended responses to the risks of GenAI in PBL: rigorous validation of outputs, retrieval-augmented generation anchored in verified literature, explicit training in critical evaluati
Mitigation strategies pairing each AI-DSS challenge with a targeted countermeasure - The review maps each identified challenge—model interpretability, algorithmic bias, scalability, data security, ethical implications, cost and infrastructure, and resistance to adoption—to a specific
Mix It Up - A structured social-mixing strategy that creates facilitated opportunities for learners to interact with peers outside their usual social circles, using conversation prompts and low-stakes formats to
Mnemonic Devices - Mnemonic devices are memory aids that use patterns, rhymes, acronyms, imagery, or structured associations to help learners recall information.
Mnemonics - Mnemonics are structured memory aids — acronyms, acrostics, keyword images, method-of-loci, rhymes, and peg systems — that organize or transform to-be-learned material into more memorable forms.
Mobile Communication for Family Engagement - Utilizing text messages to inform families about their student's progress, as well as general tips for supporting children's learning.
Mobilize & Implement: provide professional learning throughout the pilot and use real-time data dashboards to keep usage aligned with dosage requirements - Step 4 directs leaders to "Provide professional learning throughout pilot period to ensure educators are prepared to effectively use the tool, including the ability to leverage real-time data dashboar
Mobilize community colleges to address low-income students' basic needs and financial stability to support completion - The report concludes that "community colleges can mobilize to address the needs of low-income students and students of color" by integrating services that help students "improve their financial knowle
Modality - Presenting words as spoken narration rather than on-screen text when accompanying graphics, to balance verbal and visual channels of working memory.
Model and Example Feedback - Communicating assessment expectations to learners by showing annotated models of strong and weak work, so feedback criteria become concrete rather than abstract.
Model assets and threats to availability by blending inter-individual self-reports with process-oriented intraindividual online measures - The article closes by proposing a research paradigm for handling complexity captured in real-life circumstances.
Model Assignment or Skill - Modeling a skill or assignment by verbalizing thought processes while working through it, so learners can observe expert reasoning before attempting the task themselves.
Model comprehension with read-aloud/think-aloud demonstrations and strategy mini-lessons - Teachers model the comprehension process using read-aloud/think-aloud demonstrations and provide mini-lessons on specific comprehension strategies.
Model CRA by co-designing course assessment with students through an in-class assessment conversation - The guide recommends that instructors model culturally responsive assessment by treating course assessment itself as an object of co-design: holding an in-class assessment conversation in which studen
Model Drawing Strategy - Teaching fraction and percentage word problems by explicitly instructing learners to draw schematic diagrams that represent the relations in the problem before formulating a solution.
Model Empathy and Explain - Explicitly demonstrate empathic behavior — active listening, perspective-taking, expressing concern — while verbalizing the reasoning behind it, so learners can observe and internalize how empathy wor
Model partial and uncertain defending outcomes and keep the facilitator human when deploying drama-based robot interventions - The article's deployment recommendations are twofold.
Model perseveration explicitly when computing switch costs in young children - The article recommends explicitly modeling and accounting for perseveration when computing mixing and local costs in preschoolers, because children who perseverate on a single task show "artificially
Model Positive Connections to Literacy - Teachers share their own positive experiences with reading and writing to foster a positive literacy environment.
Model Positive Connections to Math - Model positive connections to math is a strategy in which educators explicitly demonstrate curiosity, usefulness, and positive affect toward mathematical thinking.
Model Receiving Feedback - The instructor demonstrates — aloud and visibly — how to interpret, respond to, and act on feedback, treating feedback reception as a learnable skill rather than an assumed one.
Model Reflection - Students need to encounter reflective role models.
Model social imagination of fictional characters' perspectives using connection stems, character-focused questions, and letters to characters - In Relationally Oriented Reading Instruction, the teacher first models the social imagination of fictional characters' perspectives by using predefined connection stems such as I wonder and this is ma
Model Texts - Providing learners with exemplar texts of the target genre or quality to study, analyze, and imitate before producing their own writing.
Model-Eliciting Activities (MEAs) - Open-ended, team-based problems that require learners to invent, test, and revise mathematical or conceptual models of complex real-world situations, making their thinking visible through written prod
Modeled Writing - The instructor composes text in front of learners, verbalizing decisions and reasoning, so they can observe the full writing process before producing their own text.
Modeling - The instructor or a peer demonstrates a skill, process, or way of thinking so learners can observe expert performance before attempting it themselves.
Modeling a Growth Mindset - School leaders and experienced educators deliberately demonstrate growth-mindset behaviors — treating challenges, errors, and feedback as learning opportunities — so that teachers and, in turn, their
Modeling And Demonstration - The instructor or system performs a skill while making reasoning visible, so learners can observe expert performance before attempting it themselves.
Modeling and Practice (Source Evaluation) - Explicitly model how to evaluate each dimension of source credibility, then provide repeated practice applying these strategies to real information learners encounter during research.
Modeling And Think Alouds - The instructor performs a task while verbalizing their reasoning, making expert thinking visible for learners to observe and imitate.
Modeling Empathy - Teachers' behaviors and actions create the culture in the classroom.
Modeling Multi Step Processes - Explicitly demonstrating each step of a multi-step procedure, with reasoning narrated, so learners can observe the full sequence before performing it themselves.
Modeling Revision - The instructor makes the revision process visible by thinking aloud while revising a text (or other artifact), demonstrating how writers evaluate, diagnose, and improve their own work.
Modeling Skills and Interaction - Modeling involves demonstrating the skills you expect from your students, both in terms of interaction and analysis.
Modeling Writing And Revising - The instructor composes or revises text in front of learners while verbalizing decisions, making the invisible planning, drafting, and revision processes of expert writing observable and imitable.
Modified Grading Scale - Replacing the 0–100 percentage scale with a compressed scale (e.g., 0–4) so that a single missed or failed assignment cannot mathematically destroy a course grade.
Modified Jigsaw Activities - The jigsaw strategy involves dividing a task into subtopics, assigning one to each group member.
Monitor and Adjust Classroom Temperature - Actively monitoring and adjusting classroom temperature toward a moderate range (roughly 68–74°F / 20–23°C) to protect attention, task performance, and engagement.
Monitor and publicly report chronic absence data early, disaggregated by student group - This strategy directs advocates and leaders to track chronic absence data in real time and respond early in the school year.
Monitor children's math anxiety from the earliest stages of schooling to support proficient math performance - The article recommends that teachers and schools attend to math anxiety from the beginning of primary school, because anxiety at that age already predicts later math performance.
Monitor early group processes and provide group-adapted task-related communication scripting for linguistically heterogeneous CSCL groups at risk - The article recommends a group-specific intervention approach for its identified risk constellation of "a combination of high first-language heterogeneity and low task-related communication".
Monitor freshman-year grades and intervene early, treating D students as needing attention comparable to F students - The article supports district and school use of ninth-grade GPA as an early warning indicator, beyond the binary Freshman OnTrack measure, to identify students who will benefit from assistance.
Monitor preK and K–12 inclusion rates and collect systematic SELPA service and funding data before permitting more single-district SELPA conversions - The report recommends that if large districts are allowed to leave multidistrict SELPAs, the state should monitor inclusion rates for students receiving special education services in preK and grades K
Monitor preschool attendance at student and school levels with watch lists and share records across the preschool-to-kindergarten transition - The report recommends that schools routinely collect and monitor preschool attendance data and act on it early.
Monitor tutoring implementation and attendance regularly during program rollout - This recommendation directs districts to establish regular monitoring of how a tutoring program is being implemented and whether students attend sessions, as an ongoing support activity after selectio
Monitoring Progress - Monitoring progress involves regularly assessing advancement towards goals, identifying deviations from the plan, and adjusting effort or strategy accordingly.
Montessori method: teach writing as a game from ages three to four using sandpaper letters, crayon filling, and progressive tracing - Madam Montessori teaches writing as a game between three and four years of age, beginning with children tracing with their fingers the forms of letters cut from coarse black sandpaper and pasted on wh
Montessori Prepared Environment - A carefully designed physical and social environment in which materials, freedom of movement, and structure are arranged so children can learn through self-directed, hands-on activity with minimal dir
Monthly Action Team meetings with shared leadership and activity-quality evaluation - An implementable operating routine for school-family partnership teams: ATP members meet monthly, work together, and share leadership while conducting activities that engage all families in their chil
Monthly check-ins and co-led collaborative learning events across partner institutions - The RPP supported teams through monthly meetings with a designated Digital Promise liaison to share progress, identify needs, and build trust, plus cross-institution learning events held approximately
Mood Meter Check In - A brief structured check-in in which learners locate their current emotional state on a two-dimensional mood grid (valence × energy) to build emotion vocabulary and self-awareness.
Mood Meters - A color-coded grid for plotting emotional states along energy and pleasantness dimensions, used as a quick check-in and emotion-labeling routine.
Moose Math App - A game-based early-mathematics app in which cartoon "Dust Funnies" characters guide children through progressive levels of counting, arithmetic, geometry, and sorting problems.
Morphological Analysis Instruction - Teaching learners to analyze the meaningful parts of words (roots, prefixes, suffixes) to decode unfamiliar vocabulary and infer word meanings.
Morphological Analysis of Latin and Greek Roots - Teaching learners to decompose unfamiliar words into meaningful morphemes — roots, prefixes, and suffixes — drawn largely from Latin and Greek, and to use that structure to infer meaning.
Morphological Awareness Instruction - Explicitly teaching learners to analyze, manipulate, and use the meaningful units of words (roots, prefixes, suffixes) to support decoding, spelling, and vocabulary growth.
Morphology Instruction - Teaching learners to analyze and use the meaningful units of words (roots, prefixes, suffixes) to decode, spell, and comprehend vocabulary.
Motion and Forces Experiments - Hands-on physical science investigations in which learners manipulate variables (ball mass, ramp height, pendulum length) to observe and measure how forces affect motion and energy transfer.
Motor Images - Motor images use physical movement, gesture, and enacted action to encode and retrieve information, exploiting the memory advantage of self-performed acts.
Mount a new program of research on anti-bullying program effectiveness building on meta-analytic findings - The authors conclude that the evidence base from 44 evaluations is now sufficient to justify and guide a new wave of evaluation research: "the time is ripe to mount a new program of research on the ef
Move beyond explorative expert-novice comparisons to hypothesis-driven designs investigating application of evidence-based pedagogical principles - The article recommends that research on professional vision shift from explorative expert-novice comparisons to controlled, hypothesis-driven designs examining how teachers learn to apply evidence-bas
Move beyond generic AI policies to method-based ethical policies and process-oriented assessment - The article recommends that ethical policy for AI in online education be tailored to specific teaching methods rather than generic, method-agnostic guidance, because each method places distinct pressu
Move beyond individualized belonging approaches toward structural transformation - The article's concluding recommendation is that research, policy, and practice should move beyond individualized or superficial approaches toward structural transformation.
Move beyond permit-or-restrict GenAI policies toward policies that clarify appropriate use, support equitable access, and extend rather than replace independent reasoning - The article's concluding recommendation is that educators should design GenAI course policies that go beyond simple permission or prohibition.
Move beyond static skill-targeted rewriting toward interaction-aware adaptive error explanations - The authors recommend that future programming-support systems adapt explanations dynamically to the user's interaction state rather than assigning a fixed style.
Move from extractive research toward research-practice partnerships, practitioner-facing outputs, and transparent privacy documentation - The report proposes a path forward toward a "research with, not research on" model for DLP research.
Move from life stories to life histories: collect stories of action within theories of context - The article recommends that educational research move beyond collecting personal narratives toward life history work that builds contextual background around the story.
Movement Based Learning - Using physical movement, gesture, and whole-body activity as a vehicle for encoding, practicing, or expressing academic content.
Movement Breaks - Brief, structured physical activities (1–5 minutes) embedded in instruction to restore attention, manage energy, and support self-regulation.
Moving toward the touch: partnered touch-guided improvisation for spatial-perceptual listening - A partner improvisation exercise in which a blindfolded-eyed (eyes-closed) mover responds to an initiator's soft, direct touch by moving the touched body part toward the touch.
MTSS wraparound services with adequate counseling ratios and continuous improvement monitoring - The brief describes multi-tiered or integrated systems of support (MTSS), also known as wraparound services, as frameworks that connect students to resources to overcome academic and non-academic barr
Muddiest Point - A one-minute classroom assessment technique in which learners write down the single least-clear point from a lecture or lesson, giving the instructor immediate diagnostic feedback.
Multi Sensory Learning - Combining multiple sensory modalities (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile) in instruction so that information is encoded through complementary channels.
Multi-component TA professional development program for teaching interactive-engagement discussion/labs - Because graduate TAs lead over 90% of CLASP DL sections, the program runs a significant professional development sequence for new TAs: a mandatory 3-day introduction in which TAs experience CLASP acti
Multi-format professional learning for curriculum implementation (on-site, virtual, blended, coaching) - The program offers professional development in multiple formats: "webinars, in-person workshops, and blended formats," ranging "from foundational training on curriculum content and platform use to ong
Multi-format teacher professional development for implementing the Facing History and Ourselves curriculum - The program's professional development model combines an intensive Summer Institute, introductory workshops, online courses, and ongoing follow-up support.
Multi-layer coach training and support system: coach camp, paired mentoring, ongoing webinars, and coach-the-coach sessions - Digital Promise supports program coaches through a layered professional learning system: new coaches attend a four-day in-person coach camp practicing coaching conversations and coaching cycles; first
Multi-layered, multi-year rollout combining guidance resources, webinars, workshops, and training-of-trainers to build local capacity for a new assessment tool - The OPTEL rollout was planned as a multi-layered, multi-year endeavor whose initial priority was guidance that was compliant with law, clear and digestible, and informed by evidence.
Multi-level coaching structure for tutors: internal school coach plus program Coaching Specialist - Math Corps sustains tutoring fidelity through two coaching layers: a school-appointed Internal Coach provides "monthly coaching and feedback that focuses on ensuring high fidelity to the program" plus
Multi-pronged policy strategy for COVID-19 learning recovery for BIPOC students - The report offers a set of policy recommendations meant to encompass a wide range of supports: improving remote learning (broadband, devices, technical support, family communication, teacher professio
Multi-pronged state investments to diversify and retain the educator workforce - The brief recommends states diversify the educator workforce through loan forgiveness and reimbursement programs to attract students of color into preparation programs, rigorous program approval stand
Multi-stakeholder analytics partnership using improvement science with strict data governance - The report recommends that districts, technology providers, and researchers form partnerships that use learning analytics for continuous improvement rather than evaluation.
Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) - A tiered prevention framework that delivers universal instruction to all students, escalating to targeted small-group and intensive individualized intervention based on continuous progress monitoring.
Multimedia Design - Applying evidence-based principles for combining words, images, audio, and video so that multimedia materials support rather than overload learning.
Multimodal Assignments - Multimodal assignments ask learners to demonstrate understanding through varied output formats — video, audio, essays, visualizations, or quizzes — rather than a single medium.
Multimodal Learning Logs/Blogs - Learning logs or blogs are used for groups to reflect on their learning, document the content of each session, and share what supported or interfered with their learning.
Multimodal Presentation - Presenting content through coordinated combinations of modalities — typically words with pictures, audio, or animation — rather than words alone.
Multiple Display Boards/Screens - Using multiple physical or digital display surfaces simultaneously so instruction, group work, and student-generated content are visible and shareable across a learning space.
Multiple Examples - Presenting several varied examples of a technique or concept so learners can abstract its underlying structure and apply it in their own work.
Multiple Exposures - Multiple exposures provide students with repeated, varied opportunities to encounter, engage with, and elaborate on new knowledge and skills.
Multiple Modalities for Perceiving Information - Sharing information through various modalities beyond text and images, such as audio, video, simulations, or interactive models.
Multiple Representations - Presenting the same concept in two or more forms (verbal, visual, symbolic, concrete) so learners build richer, more flexible understanding.
Multiple Representations Visual Representations - Presenting content in two or more coordinated formats (e.g., verbal and visual) so learners can build richer, better-connected mental models.
Multiple Representations: Number Line - The number line is used as a visual representation of numerical relationships, supporting number sense, magnitude comparison, and place value through spatial-quantitative mapping.
Multiple Texts - Reading multiple texts on the same topic expands learners' understanding, encourages critical thinking, and fosters synthesis skills.
Multiple Ways to Perceive Information - Presenting information through more than one sensory channel or representational format (visual, auditory, tactile, interactive) to improve comprehension and accessibility.
Multiple Writing Surfaces - Multiple writing surfaces involve providing learners with a variety of spaces where they can write and express their ideas, such as walls, tables, or portable whiteboards.
Multiple-Choice Quizzing with Plausible Alternatives and Feedback - The chapter concludes that "For practical purposes, multiple-choice questions produce positive effects on learning", and that the risk of picking up erroneous lure knowledge is dramatically reduced wh
Multiplicative Double Counting - Multiplicative double counting involves tracking all three units (groups, unit rate, and total) to solve a multiplication problem.
Multipurpose Spaces - Designing physical learning environments that can be readily reconfigured to support multiple activities — presentation, discussion, collaboration, and independent work — rather than a single fixed ar
Multisensory Encoding - Presenting content through multiple sensory channels (e.g., visual plus auditory) so that information is encoded in more than one representational format.
Multisensory Handwriting Instruction - Teaching letter formation by simultaneously engaging visual, auditory/verbal, and kinesthetic-tactile channels so that motor, perceptual, and phonological representations of letters are built together
Multisensory Instruction - Multisensory instruction combines visual, auditory, and tactile-kinesthetic techniques simultaneously to teach skills — most prominently decoding and spelling — so that learning is reinforced through
Multisensory Letter Formation - Teaching letter shapes by simultaneously engaging visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile channels — seeing, saying, tracing, and writing each letter.
Multisensory Memory Strategies for Irregular Words - Multisensory memory strategies for irregular words involve using multiple senses (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile) to enhance memory and retention of irregularly spelled words.
Multisensory Phonics Instruction - Teaching letter–sound correspondences through simultaneous visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic-tactile channels — seeing the grapheme, saying the phoneme, and tracing or building it.
Multisensory Teaching - Teaching that deliberately pairs visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile input so learners encode content through multiple modalities simultaneously.
Multisyllable Word Instruction - Multisyllable word instruction teaches learners to break words into syllables using the six syllable types, affixes, and schwa patterns to improve decoding and spelling.
Music & Dance - Incorporate music, rhythm, and dance into lessons to engage auditory, visual, and kinesthetic channels for memorization, engagement, and understanding.
Music and Dance Integration - This strategy uses movement, rhythm, and music to enhance learning and understanding of various concepts, particularly in mathematics.
Music and Emotions - Learners listen to different types of music and discuss how it makes them feel, fostering emotional awareness and providing a creative outlet for emotional expression.
Mystery Emotion - Learners are challenged to guess the emotion the instructor is acting out in order to solve the mystery of what it is.
Mystery Motivator - An unpredictable, concealed reward delivered contingent on meeting a behavioral or academic criterion, using uncertainty itself as a motivational amplifier.