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Observations and Conversations - Monitoring student learning through structured observation and purposeful questioning to gauge understanding and inform instruction in real time.
Observe the classroom for dissonance between what students say and what teachers see - Step 3 directs teachers to observe their own classroom and interactions during CS/CT activities, attending to seating, self-formed groups, and which voices are heard.
Offer a STEM-specific pre-college preparation course emphasizing mathematics and effective learning habits, and expose female high-school students to extra-curricular advanced mathematics - Because the gap traces to incoming preparedness and does not shrink on its own, the authors recommend intervening before fixation in first year: "perhaps a STEM-specific preparation course, with an em
Offer a structured advance organizer before the full article for readers who benefit from one - The article recommends that "Readers who benefit from a structured advance organizer should consider reading the appendix at the end of this article before reading the entire article." This is an impl
Offer balance training as a cognitive intervention alternative for individuals unable to do aerobic training - The article recommends balance training "might represent a promising alternative intervention for individuals who are not able to participate in aerobic training following health restrictions".
Offer candidates multiple ways of demonstrating competence, crediting prior teaching experience and using performance-based alternative assessments - Among its policy recommendations, the report advises states to offer candidates multiple ways of demonstrating competence for credential requirements.
Offer course lectures both live and as posted recordings to balance equity of access with schedule and accountability - The report describes a strategy that emerged at the case study institutions: "Building in options by ofering lectures both in real time and as recordings posted online emerged as a common strategy at
Offer data-use recommendations and strategies targeted to state officials, district-level staff, and system developers - The brief directs its guidance at specific role groups across the education system.
Offer domestic study away alongside study abroad and community-engaged learning to broaden intercultural access - The review recommends that educators expand the portfolio of intercultural program options beyond international travel.
Offer flexible part-time instructional roles to bring certified, nonemployed educators back into classrooms - The brief recommends that states and districts offer flexible instructional roles with less stringent full-time commitment to attract certified teachers who have retired, taken breaks, or moved to edu
Offer full-group or small-group follow-up sessions for staff needing aid in implementing the learning system model - Among the report's recommendations drawn from the innovation diffusion experience is that staff members who request or require help implementing the learning system model be supported through follow-u
Offer generative formulaic expressions instead of rigid sentence starters - The brief recommends replacing typical sentence starters, which "limit language choice for students" and act as "questions in disguise," with formulaic expressions that flexibly connect multiple ideas
Offer high achievers in high-poverty schools accelerated and advanced programs, plus explicit support for college-knowledge and academic-behavior skills - To close the performance gap that persists despite equivalent growth, the report recommends that high-poverty schools provide their top students the accelerated and advanced coursework standard in wea
Offer high-interest text alternatives and choice alongside short stories to sustain engagement during strategy instruction - Because some students found single-theme short stories boring, the article recommends that the curriculum "should also provide high-interest alternatives and choice." The same strategies can be taught
Offer implications for funders and program implementers engaged in systems change - The brief closes by offering "implications for funders and program implementers engaged in systems change," responding to growing philanthropic and community development interest in investing in syste
Offer instructional choices to students to increase engagement and agency - Recommendation 4 has teachers offer students instructional choices during learning activities.
Offer lectures both live (synchronously) and as posted recordings so students with connectivity, work, or time-zone constraints are not disadvantaged - During the spring 2020 shift, case study institutions commonly built in options by delivering the same lecture in real time and as an asynchronous recording.
Offer multiple pathways to the early childhood credential, including integrated bachelor's, transfer articulation, postbaccalaureate, dual certification, and residency routes - The eight studied institutions of higher education designed multiple pathways to attract diverse candidates and serve educators entering by varying routes.
Offer optional professional development for administrators and educators alongside program implementation - Imagine Learning offers optional virtual or on-site professional development and training in addition to Customer Success support.
Offer optional virtual or on-site professional development tailored to administrators and educators - Imagine Learning offers optional virtual or on-site professional development and training for administrators and educators, in addition to Customer Success support.
Offer pre-arrival materials and self-evaluation paired with developmental exercises, plus peer mentoring, to foster adaptive traits and social support before students arrive on campus - Drawing on the PHABS-PSS framework, the review recommends that practitioners ensure students have or are developing a social support structure on arrival, and foster key adaptive traits and skills suc
Offer privacy-preserving participation alternatives such as on-site labs and bootable privacy-oriented operating systems - For sensitive data, the article recommends moving participation on-site into lab rooms allowing anonymous participation with privacy-oriented software, or having participants boot a privacy-oriented o
Offer researchers and stakeholders concrete examples, frameworks, and recommendations to reimagine the role of research in mathematics education - The chapter's stated method for change is to supply usable research tools: "Specific examples, frameworks, and recommendations are offered for researchers and other stakeholders seeking to reimagine t
Offer scalable summer school as a post-pandemic academic recovery intervention for districts - The brief positions summer school as a scalable academic intervention districts can use for post-pandemic recovery, addressing "Seasonal learning patterns & summer loss".
Offer schools and districts guidance for replicating CMO behavior-expectations and teacher-coaching practices - The report's stated purpose is to translate the CMO findings into actionable guidance: "The latest report offers guidance for schools and districts looking to replicate these promising practices." The
Offer selective financial transfer incentives to staff hard-to-staff schools with high-performing teachers - A district staffing strategy in which high-performing teachers are offered a large one-time payment — here $20,000 — to transfer into the district's hardest-to-staff schools.
Offer Services and Events to Bring Parents into the School - Offer free classes and workshops that focus on topics of interest to parents, such as family nutrition, child development, or homework help.
Offer student success courses in varied content, timing, and delivery modes matched to student needs rather than a one-size-fits-all model - This strategy addresses student criticism that student success courses can feel irrelevant, costly, and like wasted time.
Offer summer and out-of-school-time programs for current-ELs and dually-identified students - Because EL groups lost more learning during summers than never-ELs despite faster school-year growth, the author recommends that "schools and communities might consider offering programs during summer
Offer summer credit recovery to expand newcomer English learners' access to academic subjects - The article investigates a summer credit recovery program aimed at expanding high school newcomer ELs' access to academic subjects, in which students recover or earn credits outside the regular school
Offer targeted service scholarships, loan forgiveness, and 1-year postbaccalaureate residency programs to rapidly expand the supply of well-prepared teachers in shortage fields and locations - The report recommends state incentives that recruit candidates into high-need fields and locations: service scholarships and loan forgiveness covering tuition and living expenses, and high-retention 1
Offer templates and exemplars to streamline edtech review requests for vendors and staff - The report recommends providing completed example forms and a vendor-facing intake form so that technical compatibility, accessibility, and legal compliance information is gathered in one interaction.
Offer test corrections and retakes, diverse performance-based assessment options, and peer-teaching opportunities so students can learn from mistakes and demonstrate understanding - Students in the focus groups recommended concrete assessment changes: test retakes or corrections with partial credit, more open-ended questions instead of multiple choice, and diverse options such as
Offering financial awards to effective educators as part of a principal-training initiative - New Leaders for New Schools, a nonprofit committed to training school principals, heads an initiative that "offers financial awards to effective educators." The strategy ties monetary recognition to i
Offering Multiple Options for Family Engagement - Providing a variety of options will improve overall participation, particularly for families with significant barriers to engagement.
Offline Learning Packets - Self-contained printed or downloadable packets that let learners work through structured instruction, practice, and self-assessment without connectivity or live instruction.
Ohio State's three-pronged approach: early college pipeline, continuous on-campus support, and national best-practice hub - Ohio State attributes its gains to a "three-pronged approach to boosting retention and completion among black students." The first prong, the Young Scholars Program, connects first-generation, low-inc
On-country visits where students interact with Aboriginal Elders as experiential learning - A specific teaching practice at Woolyungah takes students "out of the university domain and into Indigenous domains": on-country visits where students interact with Aboriginal Elders.
On-the-Job Training (OJT) - Training delivered at the workplace during real production work, where an experienced worker guides a learner through actual tasks rather than simulated ones.
Onboard new educational AI assistants to shared analytics via configuration payloads, not new code - The authors recommend that future educational AI assistants adopt the pipeline's existing statistical options by writing an analysis configuration payload rather than new analysis code.
One Minute Paper - A brief end-of-class writing task in which learners respond to two questions — what was the most important thing learned, and what remains unclear.
One-day teacher workshop plus optional training-of-trainers for implementing CSC - The program's professional development model centers on a one-day workshop: "Teachers participate in a one-day workshop in which they explore the program components, discuss ways to build caring and s
One-on-One Conference - One-on-one conferences involve providing individualized feedback to a learner in a private setting.
One-Sentence Response - When instructors ask a question, rather than having students raise hands, every learner writes a sentence to answer the question.
Ongoing Feedback - Ongoing feedback provides feedback at multiple stages of the writing process rather than only on final products, allowing iterative revision while work is still in progress.
Ongoing Feedback and Reflection - Pairing regular feedback with structured learner reflection over an extended period, so learners progressively take over the work of judging and adjusting their own performance.
Ongoing math-specialist coaching and curriculum-based professional development for implementing teachers - Each school is assigned "a designated on-site instructional coach who is a math specialist" supporting implementation monitoring, professional development, and coaching.
Online asynchronous professional learning series completed in teams across the school year - SERP offers an online professional learning series in which teachers and coaches explore STARI practices and skills and learn to implement the program.
Online college search tools should prominently display both four-year and six-year completion rates, disaggregated by race/ethnicity, gender, and Pell eligibility - The report recommends that college data tools show both completion timeframes because most tools emphasize six-year rates and omit the on-time completion information four-year rates provide.
Online SRL Peer Feedback Groups After Each Training Lesson - Participants who took the web-based SRL training were placed in groups; "Participants in Group TDP were assigned to peer feedback groups of five persons each", drawn where possible from the same field
Online Videos for Family Learning - Using online videos to make it easier for families with different language needs to explore and learn together.
Open Classroom Climate - A learning environment where students feel safe to discuss controversial social and political issues and express opinions freely without judgment.
Open Communication and Trust - Establishing friendly, low-barrier communication channels between teacher, students, and families so that mutual respect and shared responsibility for learning improve both academic outcomes and attit
Open convenings with equity sentence stems and equity champion keynotes to build trust and shared commitment - The article describes opening the convening with an equity-related icebreaker and framing talks to build common language around diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Open Ended Questioning - Posing questions with multiple valid answers or unknown endpoints to elicit reasoning, discussion, and elaboration rather than recall of a single correct response.
Open language lessons with a brief incidental multimodal activity pairing foreign word forms with pictures for concrete, depictable vocabulary - The article recommends that teachers include an incidental learning activity at the start of a lesson to introduce new concrete, depictable vocabulary: any activity focusing attention on word forms or
Open post-qualification courses by demonstrating time-saving AI uses and secure free access to AI tools for teachers - The article recommends leveraging teachers' most common motive for AI use in lesson preparation and follow-up — saving time (n = 63) — as an opening argument, and having post-qualification specificall
Open proportional-reasoning work by asking two diagnostic questions about the scenario - The paper offers a worked-example routine for approaching any scenario: first ask 'Are there two measurable quantities in the scenario of interest that can, or do, adopt a variety of different values?
Operate high-dosage virtual tutoring with program-managed tutors and monthly literacy-specialist data meetings so school staff need no additional professional development - The program hires and manages all tutors, provides a literacy specialist who oversees student outcomes and reports data monthly, and supplies a customer success manager for scheduling and technology.
Operation Math App - A game-based math app in which learners complete timed spy-themed missions to build fluency in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Operationalize abstract ethical frameworks as concrete LLM agent personas with demographic cues and value prioritizations - The authors found that instructing LLMs with naive ethical frameworks (e.g., "adopt a deontological perspective") often produced underspecified responses with vague language.
Operationalize AI-supported SRL support through the detect–diagnose–act cycle, with the act stage developed as a pedagogical theory of support - The paper endorses Molenaar's (2022) detect–diagnose–act framework for using AI in instructional design: to detect current states, to diagnose what detected data mean with respect to conceptual criter
Operationalize the faculty standards through structured professional learning pathways with modules, microcredentials, and peer review - The article recommends embedding the standards into structured professional learning pathways that include orientation sessions, mentoring, and ongoing microcredential opportunities.
Optimal Student Flow - Arranging the physical classroom layout, materials, and routines so that movement between activities and spaces is efficient, visible, and low-friction.
Optimize Classroom Acoustics - Reduce external noise intrusion and internal reverberation in learning spaces to protect speech intelligibility, attention, and teacher vocal health.
Optimize Classroom Lighting - Maximize the use of natural lighting in classrooms, supplementing with full-spectrum artificial light and adjustable controls where daylight is limited.
Optimize Classroom Size and Space - Adjusting class size and the physical layout of learning spaces to reduce crowding, support varied activity, and improve engagement and behavior.
Optimize Classroom Temperature - Maintaining classroom temperatures in a moderate range (roughly 68–74°F / 20–23°C) protects attention, working memory, and achievement, with air conditioning offsetting most heat-related learning loss
Optimizing Classroom Space - Deliberately arranging physical space — density, seating configuration, and layout flexibility — to support attention, engagement, and the intended mode of learning.
Optimizing School Facilities - Improving the learning environment by addressing factors like acoustics/noise, air quality, lighting, temperature, and space.
Orchestrate meta-design and capacity building so practitioners can engage in design in-use - This fifth IMPROV action area builds capacity for end-user design.
Organise Embodied Hands-on and Cognitive Hands-on deliberately according to different learning objectives - The review recommends that design education organise the relationship between Embodied Hands-on and Cognitive Hands-on deliberately according to different learning objectives, rather than treating the
Organize community education events with participation-driven and voice-oriented settings covering time, location, hybrid access, transportation, and feedback channels - The article summarizes its event-design considerations into two categories: "participation-driven environment settings", covering time, location, hybrid, transportation, and room arrangement to accomm
Organize instruction thematically with a thematic organizer rather than presenting knowledge piecemeal - Wholetheme teaching structures instruction around an overarching theme so students can 'reflectively develop intuitive knowledge of the whole before focusing on the parts'.
Organize integrated support systems as universal, supplemental, and intensive tiers - The report recommends organizing integrated supports in tiers because all students experience different needs at different times.
Organize on-site, hands-on explorative activities that introduce adolescents to unfamiliar contents and identity positions - The review's synthesis supports organizing learning experiences that introduce adolescents to learning contents, activities, and identity positions they were thus far unfamiliar with, because such exp
Organize participatory design meetings for one teacher with a small heterogeneous group of student co-designers - Based on a preliminary study, the article recommends that participatory design meetings be held for one teacher with a small group of students rather than a whole year group, that co-designers represe
Organize process-based value education activities matched to each RBT process dimension - The article prescribes concrete classroom activities for each RBT process dimension so that any subject teacher can transact values within regular lessons.
Organize schools into educational clusters where older students teach younger ones to break the linearity of the system - In her 1971 interview, Mead proposed educational clusters placing day-care centers, kindergartens, elementary schools, junior and senior high schools, and community colleges close together so differen
Organize student well-being supports through a three-tier MTSS with universal screening - The report recommends that school leaders use multitiered systems of support (MTSS) to organize academic, behavioral, and social-emotional interventions based on three tiers: universal (all students),
Organize teachers into shared-content teams with at least 90 minutes weekly to plan instruction and embed social-emotional skills - The guide recommends structuring master schedules so teachers in shared-curriculum teams get protected collaboration time.
Organize VAM development information around data elements, modeling considerations, role-specific features, and implementation features - The report structures the information needed to develop a value-added evaluation system into four areas: "typical data elements, important modeling considerations, features specific to teachers or pri
Organized Online Resources - Curating and structuring digital learning materials — websites, documents, media, and tools — into a coherent, navigable collection so learners and instructors can locate and use resources efficiently
Organizing Information and Taking Notes - Learners structure and record information using graphic organizers, sorting tasks, and structured note-taking systems to improve comprehension and retention.
Orient students' reflection onto their own tracking methods to foster monitoring of goal-directed counting - This teaching strategy has the teacher-researcher mirror and describe the student's own counting gestures back to him, prompting recognition of errors in the unit-rate count.
Orton Gillingham Approach - A structured, explicit, multisensory approach to literacy instruction that teaches phonemic awareness, phonics, and decoding through simultaneous visual, auditory, and kinesthetic-tactile channels.
Outdoor Book Walk - Find a public park or walkable street where you can post pages of a book to create a walkable reading experience that families can do together.
Outline a half-year 'Social Problems' course distributed in bi-weekly sessions over the four high school years, moving from basic facts to social aspects and eugenics - The author recommends that high school students 'would take the keenest sort of interest in the larger social aspects of these questions' and proposes 'A half-year course in "Social Problems" could ad
Outline strategies and technological interventions to alleviate over-reliance and foster responsible use of AI dialogue systems - The review commits to outlining potential strategies and technological interventions to alleviate the challenges of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems, "aiming to foster responsible use of AI dialog
Outlining - Learners construct or complete a hierarchical skeleton of main ideas and supporting details before (or while) composing, reading, or studying.