Theories: B

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• Balanced assessment system encompassing a wide range of methods beyond tests - The article defines a balanced assessment system as an organizing framework for school assessment practice.
• Baldwin's four successive modes of consciousness embedded in the growth of logical thought - Baldwin proposed four "modes of consciousness" embedded in the growth of logical thought: prelogical, quasi-logical, logical, and hyperlogical.
• Baldwin's genetic logic as the elaboration of natural thought processes - In his four-volume Thought and Things, Baldwin differentiated three types of logic: formal, dialectical, and genetic.
• Bandura's four self-efficacy building experiences framework - The article organizes its synthesis around Bandura's four experiences critical to developing self-efficacy: mastery experiences (successfully accomplishing a task), vicarious experiences (observing an
• Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy as a framework for educator practice with marginalised students - The paper applies Bandura's social cognitive theory, under which perceived self-efficacy refers to "beliefs in one's capabilities to organize [sic] and execute the courses of action required to produc
• Bandura's social learning theory: four fundamental requirements for people to learn and model behavior - The paper presents social learning theory as a century-old body of work in education, psychology and sociology, with Albert Bandura as one of its most prominent experts.
• Barriers framework: differential item functioning as the mechanism of math inaccessibility for students with visual impairments - The brief organizes its findings around a barriers account of math inaccessibility: some assessment items function differently for students with visual impairments who use screen readers than for othe
• Bartholomew and Horowitz four-category model of adult attachment - The article adopts Bartholomew and Horowitz's (1991) model, in which adult attachment is classified into four categories based on combinations of positive and negative models of self and others.
• Basic career pathway model with multiple entry points, stackable credentials, and multiple exit points - The guide presents a basic career pathway model as a structural framework for organizing connected education and training programs.
• Basic Systems Model for staff development planning with six sequential decision points - The workbook teaches a Basic Systems Model in which staff development planning proceeds through sequential decision points: Rationale, Objectives, Criterion Measures, Techniques and Strategies, Field
• Bayes factor testing of homogeneous within-person variance in hierarchical models - A methodological framework that reframes measurement reliability as an individual-level property rather than a stable property of a questionnaire or task.
• Bayes factors as interpretable weight of evidence for competing scientific theories - The article frames the Bayes factor as a hypothesis-testing framework whose outcome is directly interpretable as evidence for competing theories.
• Bayesian adaptive approach to randomized policy evaluations for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects - The article presents a statistical method for randomized policy evaluations that efficiently estimates heterogeneous treatment effects, identifying what works for whom.
• Bayesian adaptive randomized program evaluation framework - The article presents a Bayesian approach to randomized program evaluations in which the design "adapts to accumulating evidence": over the course of an evaluation, "more study subjects are allocated t
• Bayesian approach to factorial design using hierarchical priors and partial pooling - The paper introduces a Bayesian framework for factorial experiments in education research.
• Bayesian hypothesis testing as an approach to the multiple testing problem - The report treats Bayesian hypothesis testing as one of the approaches addressed for handling multiple testing in education impact evaluations.
• Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (Two-State Hidden Markov Model) - The survey describes Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT), introduced by Corbett and Anderson, as a special case of the Hidden Markov Model with learning parameters (transition, forgetting) and performanc
• Bayesian Knowledge Tracing as a model of changing skill mastery during game-based assessment - BKT models students' changing knowledge states during practice by updating, after each response, the probability that a skill is mastered.
• Bayesian Knowledge Tracing: a four-parameter student-learning model in two forms (HMM and Knowledge Tracing Algorithm) - Bayesian Knowledge Tracing models student learning of a skill with four parameters: P(L0) the initial probability the student knows the skill, P(G) the guessing probability, P(S) the slipping probabil
• Behaviorism - Behaviorism is a learning theory that defines learning as a change in observable behavior produced by environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies.
• Behaviorism as a learning theory: learning is the acquisition of new observable behavior, not a mental process - The review presents behaviorism, associated with B.F.
• Behaviorism frames reading fluency instruction as sub-skill training with response and feedback - The review presents behaviorism as a theory in which information is passed from a more knowledgeable teacher to a less knowledgeable learner, and reading tasks are separated into smaller components.
• Behavioristic theory: children learn language through imitation of those around them, supported by models and reinforcement - The paper describes the behavioristic theory of language acquisition, which holds that children learn language by imitating individuals around them, with those around the child providing a model along
• Belief structure: sources, levels (zero-order, first-order, higher order), and the belief-value-attitude distinction - Drawing on Daryl Bem, Apps describes the nature of beliefs: they come from two sources—experience and authority—and are held at levels.
• Berliner's stages of pedagogical expertise development as a grouping framework for teacher expertise research - The article applies Berliner's (1988) proposed model of pedagogical expertise development as a cross-sectional framework for grouping teachers by expertise stage.
• BICS/CALP distinction: conversational and academic language proficiency as conceptually distinct dimensions with different developmental patterns - The BICS/CALP distinction separates basic interpersonal communicative skills (conversational language) from cognitive academic language proficiency.
• Biglan classification of academic disciplines as a framework for analyzing disciplinary variation in faculty work - The Biglan classification characterizes academic disciplines along three dimensions: pure/applied (degree of concern with application of disciplinary knowledge), hard/soft (degree of paradigm consensu
• Biglan's four-dimension model for classifying academic departments - Biglan's empirically derived model classifies academic departments on dimensions of hard versus soft (paradigm existence), pure versus applied (concern with application), non-life versus life (involve
• Bildung as a theoretical framework for open education - The article introduces Bildung (self-cultivation, self-realization) as "a powerful reflective tool and framework for approaching open education." Bildung is understood as a free, dialogical, dialectic
• Bildung as self-formation through encounter with the world and return to oneself - The article presents Bildung, rooted in Von Humboldt and extended by Gadamer, as the development of a personal and academic identity achieved by going out to the external world and reflecting the expe
• Bilingual language policy conceptual framework based on Spolsky's three elements - The article builds a conceptual framework for researching language policy on bilingual education in higher education, grounded in Spolsky's definition that "a language policy consist of three elements
• Bioecological Model of Human Development - Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model holds that development is driven by sustained proximal interactions occurring within a nested set of environmental systems, from the immediate to the broadly cultu
• BKT Brute Force (BKT-BF): grid-search parameter estimation minimizing Residual Sum of Squares - BKT-BF is an algorithm to estimate BKT parameter values by brute force: a grid of possible parameter values is set, and for each combination a Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) value is obtained; "the com
• BKT+IRT: Bayesian Knowledge Tracing augmented with multidimensional generalizable student abilities and problem effects - BKT+IRT merges BKT's temporal hidden-state dynamics with IRT-style student ability and problem difficulty effects: student ability and problem-specific offsets modulate BKT's guessing, slipping, learn
• BKTransformer: transformer-based generation of temporally-evolving BKT parameters - BKTransformer extends OptimNN by generating BKT parameters that vary over time within a student's problem sequence.
• Bloom's Taxonomy - Bloom's Taxonomy classifies learning goals into cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains, each organized as a hierarchy from simpler to more complex levels, to help teachers select objectives and
• Bloom's Taxonomy as a six-level scheme for classifying the cognitive level of multiple-choice questions - The article uses Bloom's Taxonomy as the classification scheme for the cognitive level of multiple-choice questions, describing it as organizing 'the levels of learning into six categories ranging fro
• Bloom's Taxonomy cognitive domain as a six-level framework for classifying examination questions - The article uses Bloom's cognitive domain, established by Benjamin Bloom in 1956, as the organizing framework for analyzing assessment.
• Body-listening framework: five components of somatic exploration for the dance technique class - The article proposes a pedagogical framework for infusing a somatic, body-listening approach into the dance technique class.
• Boundary Crossing Learning - Boundary crossing explains learning that occurs when people move between, or bring into contact, sociocultural practices with different norms, tools, and ways of knowing — mediated by four dialogical
• BRT clue variable paradigm shift: clues become the learning field itself - The article proposes a paradigm shift in which Bloom's clue variable, originally a parameter affecting teaching quality, is elevated to directly define the learning unit.
• Bruner's account: language acquisition as necessity for thinking and the highest levels of cognitive development - The article presents Jerome Bruner's (1983) cognitive-developmental account, in which first language acquisition is primed by knowledge of the world and a push to communicate, not acquired abstractly.