Theories: S

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S*NLS as the linking mechanism between spatial structuring and numerical structuring - S*-numerical linked structuring (S*NLS) is a form of reasoning coordinating S*-structuring, the mental construction of organization for sequences of physical/mental actions on perceptual or imagined m
SAMHSA-based framework of trauma-informed approaches: four assumptions, six key principles, and three core domains - The review defines a trauma-informed approach, drawing on SAMHSA and NCTSN, as a program, organization, or system that "realizes the impact of trauma, recognizes the symptoms of trauma, responds by in
SAMR model of technology integration (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, Redefinition) - The SAMR model (Puentedura, 2006) describes four levels of classroom technology integration: substitution, augmentation, modification and redefinition.
Sauvé's taxonomy of fifteen currents of environmental education - The article reports that, grounded in a review of the international EE literature, Sauvé (2005) established fifteen different "currents," each a general way of envisioning and practicing EE, divided i
Scaffolding-Transfer Integration Framework for teacher observational skill development - A two-phase framework integrating Cognitive Load Theory and Situated Learning Theory for sequencing technologies in teacher observation training.
Scale drift across years and grades as a measurement challenge arising from changing instruction, materials, and standards - The article frames scale drift as the measurement-stability problem that arises when educational measurement scales must remain interpretable across years and grades.
Scaling depth is multidimensional: depth, sustainability, ownership, and evolution beyond participant counts - The chapter argues scale is not just a bigger n, drawing on Coburn (2003) and Clarke and Dede (2009).
Scaling in tandem as the foundational way of thinking for proportional relationships - The paper organizes the entire treatment of proportionality around a single way of thinking: two measurable quantities are related proportionally when their measures scale in tandem.
Scaling up defined as achieving greater reach with predictable, measurable impact - The chapter defines scaling up, building on McDonald et al.
Schema theory as a theory of knowledge: networks of a superordinate concept with supporting information that interface with incoming information - Schema theory, in its broadest sense, is "a theory of knowledge" (Rumelhart, 1980) concerning how material is organized, encoded and retrieved from memory.
Schema theory: learning new information depends on relating it to existing mental blueprints - The article invokes schema theory and cognitive science to explain how the brain structures knowledge.
Schmidt's noticing hypothesis - Schmidt's claim that second language acquisition requires conscious noticing of features in the input, that learners who notice more learn more, and that noticing the gap between one's own output and
Schon's knowing-in-action and the distinction between reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action - The paper presents Schon's account of tacit knowledge: knowing-in-action (KIA) is knowledge tacit in the way we do things, which 'unconsciously controls how we act in relationship to our environment i
Schon's reflective coaching: learning design-like practice through a dialogue of words and actions - The paper analyzes Schon's account of how master practitioners induct novices into design-like practices.
School choice architecture as a behavioral design framework - The article organizes its inquiry around the idea that the architecture of school choice — the ways school information is presented to parents — systematically shapes parents' knowledge, attitudes, an
School closure as spatial injustice - The paper adopts the framing, attributed to Tieken and Auldridge-Reveles (2019), that closures concentrated in poor communities and communities of color constitute "spatial injustice." The injustice l
School engagement as the organizing framework for dropout prevention - The panel's organizing account holds that 'The panel viewed increasing student engagement as critical to preventing dropping out.' Engagement has behavioral components — attendance, class participatio
School entry age as a determinant of early-grade academic growth trajectories - The article frames school entry age as a factor shaping academic growth through second grade, rather than only initial achievement.
School organizational processes mediating principal influence: a five-process framework - The chapter organizes principal influence around a set of school organizational processes that mediate achievement growth: "parent-teacher trust, school climate, professional capacity, instructional g
School social-organizational structure mediates community influences on school safety - This framework holds that a school's internal social organization—particularly the relationships among adults and students, the quality of teacher-student interactions, and family engagement—mediates
Science–literacy integration as a partnership for student success - The brief's organizing framing treats science and literacy not as separate subjects but as a "Powerful Partnership for Student Success", in which instruction in each domain supports the other.
SDT motivation continuum: four forms of extrinsic motivation varying in autonomy - The article describes SDT's motivational continuum ranging from externally regulated to internally driven, self-directed behavior.
SDT motivational spectrum from amotivation through four extrinsic regulations to intrinsic motivation - The article describes SDT's motivational spectrum as a fine-grained alternative to viewing motivation as all-or-nothing: "a spectrum of motivation from amotivation (literally, without motivation) thro
Seasonal learning patterns and summer loss as an accountability-relevant phenomenon - The brief treats seasonal learning patterns and summer loss as a measurable phenomenon with direct consequences for how schools are evaluated.
Segmentals and suprasegmentals: two groups of language features involved in pronunciation - The digest organizes pronunciation features into two groups: "segmentals" (the basic inventory of distinctive sounds, 40 phonemes in North American English) and "suprasegmentals" (stress, rhythm, adju
SEL frameworks as organizing tools distinct from the competencies they structure - The brief distinguishes frameworks from competencies: competencies are the knowledge, attitudes, and skills people need to be socially and emotionally competent, while a framework organizes and names
Select-then-generate paradigm for feedback generation on overlength documents - The select-then-generate paradigm decomposes feedback generation for long documents into two sequential sub-problems.
Self-Determination Theory - Self-Determination Theory (SDT) explains motivation in terms of the degree to which behavior is experienced as autonomous, competent, and socially connected.
Self-Determination Theory as a framework for L2/ESP motivation - SDT is a broad framework distinguishing intrinsic motivation (knowledge, accomplishment, stimulation subtypes) from extrinsic motivation subtypes ranked along a continuum of self-determination (extern
Self-determination theory framework of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations for L2 learning - The study adopts Noels and associates' intrinsic/extrinsic motivation framework derived from self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan) as its "informative framework".
Self-determination theory: a motivation and personality theory built on three basic psychological needs - Self-determination theory is described in the article as "a comprehensive theory of motivation and personality, focused on nurturing inner motivational resources to enhance optimal functioning." Its k
Self-determination theory: three basic psychological needs underpin intrinsic motivation - The article presents self-determination theory as an explanatory framework in which intrinsic motivation, the drive to engage in activity for its own sake, is sustained by satisfying three basic psych
Self-directed learning as a five-step process learners control themselves - Self-directed learning (SDL) derives from andragogy and describes a process in which the adult learner guides and directs the process, participating fully in evaluating learning needs, planning, imple
Self-Efficacy Theory - Self-Efficacy Theory holds that a learner's task-specific belief in their own capability to succeed — distinct from general self-confidence or actual ability — is one of the strongest drivers of motiv
Self-efficacy theory: beliefs about one's capabilities to learn or perform behaviors at designated levels - The paper presents self-efficacy theory as beliefs concerning one's capabilities to learn or perform behaviors at designated levels.
Self-in-relation: development as growth within relationship rather than toward individuation - Drawn from the Stone Center writers (Jordan, Kaplan, Miller, Stiver & Surrey), this account holds that maturation is "an evolutionary process of development through relationship." The authors contrast
Self-management (SM) intervention framework: eleven self-directed elements spanning assessment, monitoring, and evaluation of behavioral performance - The review defines SM as "a set of strategies that students are trained in to assess, monitor, and/or evaluate their own behavioral performance", drawing on behavioral psychology and cognitive-behavio
Self-originated elaboration account of acceptance without comprehension - The article's preferred formulation is a cognitive response account in which acceptance rests on the recipient's own thoughts rather than on message meaning.
Self-Other Orientation Theory of interpersonal conflict - The article proposes that conflict arises from the interrelationship of the self and significant others: 'A condition of conflict exists when the relationship between self and Other is such that the t
Self-reflexive justificatory strategy - A justificatory strategy in which a theory or commitment is justified by applying to itself the very standards it endorses, without vicious circularity or question-begging.
Self-Regulated Learning - Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) explains learning as a cyclical process in which learners set goals, choose strategies, monitor progress, and reflect on outcomes in order to improve later performance.
Self-regulated learning as a motivational, cyclical process of goal setting, monitoring, and control - The review frames self-regulated learning as a cognitive-motivational approach in which learners actively manage their own learning.
Self-regulated learning as the priority outcome of remote independent work - The paper defines self-regulated learning as "the ability for a student to plan, monitor, reflect on, and adjust their own learning" and argues it should be the priority during pandemic schooling.
Semantic Distinctiveness Model (SDM) - The SDM is a distributional model of lexical semantics that incorporates an attention-weighting mechanism when encoding a new context entry in a word's vector.
Semantic diversity as a graded measure of contextual diversity based on document content overlap - Semantic diversity, introduced by Jones et al.
Semantic network theory of learning - Knowledge is represented as semantic networks of nodes and links; learning consists of building new structures by constructing new nodes and interrelating them with existing nodes.
Seven basic characteristics of trialogical learning processes - The paper enumerates seven features that any learning or knowledge creation process following the trialogical approach shows: activities organised around developing shared objects aimed at re-usable a
Seven goals for secondary science education with spatial consequences - The paper organizes science education goals into seven reference words: power, social impact, product, process, enquiry, world view, and individual responsibility for learning.
Seven Stages of Concern About an Innovation - The Stages of Concern (SoC) concept, generalized from Fuller's work on teacher concerns and part of the Concerns-Based Adoption Model, describes seven hypothesized stages through which individuals' co
Seven-category disaggregation of U.S. private schools in the specialty school dashboard - The appendix organizes private schools covered by the dashboard into a seven-part classification by religious affiliation and secular status.
Seven-element framework for effective professional development - The report organizes its professional learning analysis around seven elements that a meta-analysis by Darling-Hammond, Hyler, and Gardner (2017) identified in effective PD: content focus, active learn
Seven-stage CHAT-based research model for technology integration studies (context exploration through interpretation and reporting) - The article proposes a research model generated from the CHAT case study, moving through seven stages: research context exploration, literature review, defining research questions, establishing a rese
Shared cognitive operations account: identity and reversibility underlie conservation, pretense play, and gender constancy - The article proposes that qualitative and quantitative forms of identity and reversibility share common cognitive system properties, so exercise of these operations in one domain transfers to others.
Shared epistemic agency framework for analyzing knowledge creation in collaborative design - This framework conceptualizes how members of a community engage in creating shared knowledge objects as productive participants, extending individual epistemic agency.
Shared metacognition in online CoI as two interdependent dimensions: self-regulation and co-regulation - Within the online CoI, metacognition is defined as higher knowledge and skills to monitor and regulate cognitive processes of self and others, consisting of monitoring (awareness) and managing (regula
SHOP operational readiness framework positioning astronauts as operational athletes - The Spaceflight Human Optimization and Performance (SHOP) framework is a translational, multidisciplinary framework that positions astronauts as operational athletes and organizes countermeasures and
Siegel's broad rationality: critical thinking as an educational and moral ideal grounding Constructivism - Drawing on Siegel's (1996) Rationality Redeemed?, the paper presents a broad notion of rationality with both epistemological and moral dimensions as a cognitive tool supporting Constructivism.
Siegel's reasons conception: critical thinking as being appropriately moved by reasons - Harvey Siegel's plenary paper presents a conception in which critical thinking is closely linked to reasons and rationality: 'a critical thinker is one who is appropriately moved by reasons.' The acco
Siegel's two-component account of critical thinking: reason assessment ability plus critical attitude - The paper adopts Harvey Siegel's definition of the critical thinker as one who is "appropriately moved by reasons." The account has two components: a reason assessment component, "the principled asses
Similarity account: first and adult second language acquisition are neither wholly identical nor wholly different, but similar - The article proposes that adult second language acquisition resembles child first language acquisition in key respects without being identical to it.
Simple View of Reading as the design basis for MAP Reading Fluency - The assessment's test design is explicitly grounded in the Simple View of Reading model (Gough & Tunmer, 1986), which the report describes as "a research-validated model of reading development that pr
Simple View of Reading as the organizing framework for Spanish MAP Reading Fluency - The report organizes the entire assessment around the Simple View of Reading (Gough & Tunmer, 1986), which it calls "a research-validated model of reading development that proposes two broad factors t
Simple View of Reading: comprehension as the product of word recognition and language comprehension - The Simple View of Reading, proposed by Gough and Tunmer in 1986, holds that reading comprehension is the product of word recognition and language comprehension.
Simple View of Reading: reading comprehension as the product of decoding and linguistic comprehension - The Simple View of Reading is a theoretical model of reading comprehension that the review adopts as a core framework.
Simulated student approach: using computational models of learning (Apprentice agents) to evaluate knowledge tracing online before classroom deployment - The article introduces "a novel way of using machine-learning models to generate simulated students" for evaluating knowledge tracing in online mastery learning settings.
Situated cognition as an epistemological framework for professional learning communities - The paper adopts the situated cognition model, which portrays "mental activity as dependent on the situation or context in which it occurs," contrasting it with cognitive individualism.
Situated cognition: context, authenticity, and activity as key dimensions - Situated cognition holds that cognitive processes are located in physical and social contexts, drawing on Lave and Wenger's view of learning as participation in social practice.
Situated Learning - Situated learning holds that knowledge is inseparable from the social, material, and cultural contexts in which it is used.
Situated Learning theory (legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice) - The review presents Situated Learning as the framework originating with Lave and Wenger in the early 1990s, in which learning occurs within authentic activities, contexts and cultures rather than isol
Situated learning: knowledge and skills are learned in contexts that reflect how the knowledge will be used in real life - Situated learning is defined as "the notion of learning knowledge and skills in contexts that reflect the way the knowledge will be useful in real life," and is called "the sine qua non of apprentices
Situational Leadership Model as a framework for assessing library learners and selecting instructional style - The paper adapts Hersey's Situational Leadership Model, already used in management, teaching, nursing and counseling, as a conceptual framework for librarians providing individual instruction.
Six areas of values in evaluation conflicts - A second organizing axis of the taxonomy is the set of value areas in which evaluation conflicts arise.
Six change-agent roles framework for regional staff development staff - The project adopts a change-agent role framework, attributed by the report to writers such as Leach and Owens, in which project staff perform six roles: analyst, advisor, advocate, systems linkers, in
Six desirable characteristics of routine marking movement toward explorative participation - The paper presents, in Table 1, a list of observed changes in learners' performance that indicate a move toward explorative participation, drawn from Lavie et al.
Six emerging design genres organize cyberlearning design research - The report organizes cyberlearning design research into six general designs, which project leaders call genres: Community Mapping, Expressive Construction, Digital Performance Spaces, Virtual Peers an
Six models of staff development ordered by ascending complexity, each implying a distinct staff-developer role - The monograph's second organizing axis identifies six models: expert-presenter, clinical-supervision, skill-training, action-research, organization-development, and change-process.
Six organizational conditions of early childhood education programs as higher-level essentials constructs - The framework organizes ECE program quality around "six organizational conditions of early childhood education programs." Rasch item response theory modeling creates scales, and "theory and explorator
Six participant roles in feedback loops: translators, facilitators, users, informants, advisors, designers - The report identifies recurring participant roles that contribute to knowledge transformation in feedback loops.
Six theories of anthropomorphism explaining why learners attribute human characteristics to nonhuman entities - The article reviews six accounts of anthropomorphism, defined as "the tendency to atribute human motvaton, characteristcs, or behavior to nonhuman enttes".
Six transformative indices for evaluating value-creating education, from self-centeredness toward well-being in the greater social good - Makiguchi delineates six transformative indices whereby the results of value-creating education can be evaluated.
Six-barrier taxonomy of K-12 ed-tech procurement challenges - The report organizes its interview and workshop findings into six themes that name the major barriers districts face when purchasing education technology: public scrutiny, school culture, procurement
Six-category categorization of the ethic of care in female principals' leadership - Through constant comparative analysis of interview, observation, and document data, the study conceptualized the ethic of care and female principals as six categories shown in Figure 1: teaching and l
Six-category question taxonomy for measuring curiosity in STEM contexts - The article devises a categorization scheme for student questions as a simple measurement tool for curiosity, since existing curiosity theories do not categorize question types.
Six-component taxonomy of evidence synthesis skills based on the JBI Manual - The protocol defines the core evidence synthesis skills to be explored, identified based on the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis.
Six-dimension framework of historical thinking skills for high school world history - The report organizes historical thinking into six aligned dimensions: historical argumentation (making, supporting, or assessing a historical claim in relation to evidence), historical causation, hist
Six-dimension taxonomy of historical thinking skills for assessment - A taxonomy of six historical thinking skill assessment targets derived from a thorough literature review of how historical thinking skills were conceptualized by academics and educators, plus review o
Six-domain framework of moral injury as the organizing structure for impact assessment - The article adopts the six domains of moral injury delineated by an international consortium (Litz et al.) as the syndromal definition of moral injury and the organizing structure of the interview's i
Skehan's limited attention capacity prediction as an account of task complexity effects on child L2 development - Skehan's limited attention capacity model holds that learners have finite attentional resources, so increasing the cognitive demands of a task shifts attention toward task content and away from lingui
Skill acquisition theory account of written CF effects: declarative knowledge proceduralized into implicit knowledge through repeated practice - The article explains its findings within skill acquisition theory (citing DeKeyser and Ellis), which distinguishes explicit declarative knowledge of facts and rules from implicit procedural knowledge.
Skill acquisition theory applied to second language learning: declarative knowledge first, then proceduralization and partial automatization - The article's central explanatory framework is skill acquisition theory, which it describes as stressing "the role of declar ative knowledge in the development of procedural and eventually la rgely au
Skill acquisition theory in second language learning - DeKeyser's application of cognitive skill-learning theory to second languages: explicit declarative knowledge is proceduralized through practice and then, with much more practice, partly automatized,
Skill discovery BKT: end-to-end stochastic learning of the problem-KC assignment matrix with Gumbel-Softmax - This model estimates the binary problem-to-KC assignment matrix within a neural network framework by sampling each problem's KC assignment from a categorical distribution and backpropagating through s
Smith et al.'s value-based and cognate-based categorization of privacy definitions as an analytical lens for LA - The article adopts Smith et al.'s (2011) framework, which classifies privacy definitions into value-based (privacy as a right or commodity) and cognate-based (privacy as a state or control) approaches
Social cartography as heterotopic mapping of perspectival difference - Social cartography is the paper's own methodological contribution: a spatial, postmodern mapping practice that juxtaposes in one intertextual field all knowledge positions in a debate, including outly
Social constructionism as the basis for collaborative writing instruction - The paper defines social constructionism as "a philosophy of knowledge whichasserts that truth is not something eternal" but a product of human activity, holding that "meaning is not privately constru
Social justice impact spectrum for OEP: transformative, ameliorative, neutral or negative - The article extends Hodgkinson-Williams and Trotter's framework, built on Fraser's model of social justice, to expansive process-centric OEP.
Social Learning Theory - Social Learning Theory, developed primarily by Albert Bandura, proposes that learning occurs not only through direct reinforcement (as behaviorism holds) but also through observation of others and the
Social learning theory account of proactive aggression as learned, goal-directed behavior - The article grounds proactive aggression in social learning theory, under which "people acquire aggressive responses in the same way that they acquire other complex forms of social behavior" via obser
Social learning theory expectancy framework (generalized and specific expectancies) - Rotter's social learning theory, as applied in this article, conceptualizes behavior as determined by generalized expectancies, such as locus of control (internal versus external reinforcement), and b
Social network analysis as a methodological approach to measuring and mapping relationships - The brief presents social network analysis as a methodological approach for program evaluation.
Social regulation of learning framework: three interacting components (self-regulation, co-regulation, socially shared regulation) - The primer presents social regulation of learning as "the broader category of regulation in social contexts," accomplished "through three interacting component sets of skills: self-regulation, co-regu
Social support for academic learning and academic press as complementary school conditions - The report defines two complementary conditions for achievement.
Social-psychological construct framework for Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety - The article grounds its study of Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety in four social-psychological constructs: goal-centred theory (Dreikurs, 1972), motivation as extrinsic and intrinsic forces (Maslow,
Socio-didactic-mathematical norms (SDMNs) as metadiscursive rules in pre-service teacher discourse - SDMNs extend sociomathematical norms by capturing constraints, conditions and particularities related to mathematics as a school subject, its teaching and its learning, as they arise in interaction am
Sociocultural account of CALL feedback as scaffolding toward desired performance - The article frames feedback within sociocultural theory, in which language learning is not isolated and unmediated but supported by more knowledgeable others or tools.
Sociocultural Model of L2 writing - The Sociocultural Model emphasizes the social and contextual situatedness of writing as an activity, stressing language as a social, cultural and interactional phenomenon rather than a property of the
Sociocultural Theory - Sociocultural theory, developed from Vygotsky's work, holds that higher-order thinking develops first through social interaction and is then internalized, with learning most effective within a learner
Sociocultural theory as a framework for gifted education - The essay proposes applying Vygotsky's sociocultural theory to gifted education, arguing the field lacks a widely accepted theoretical framework.
Sociocultural theory as the lens through which SLA views learners and learning - The article treats sociocultural theory — Vygotskian sociocultural theory and ZPD, Lave and Wenger's Community of Practice, and contemporary identity-oriented theorizing — as the dominant lens through
Sociomaterial Agency of Tools - A new-materialist perspective holding that instructional tools and materials are non-neutral actors that actively shape what learners can think and do, carrying forward cultural histories (including g
Soft skills as a distinct set of capabilities employers seek in new hires - The publication treats soft skills as a recognizable category of capabilities that employers evaluate when hiring, distinct from technical credentials.
Soka value-creating education: the aim of education is the learner's happiness in a contributive, transformative social context - Value-creating pedagogy, outlined by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, holds that creating value is a uniquely human endeavor augmenting daily life and the joy of learning.
Solution-focused cognitive-behavioural (SF/CB) coaching framework for a psychology of coaching - The dissertation proposes a solution-focused, cognitive-behavioural framework for coaching with normal, non-clinical populations, defining coaching as "a collaborative solution-focused, results-orient
Special participant observer role stepping within the artist's artistic serial - Because arting is a unitless psychic phenomenon centered in the artist's stream of consciousness, the report argues the researcher must adopt a special participant observer role.
Spectral BKT: a BKT variant combining feature compensation (3-gram observations) with model compensation (four latent states) - Spectral BKT is a reconceptualization of Bayesian Knowledge Tracing as a first-order HMM that applies two noise-handling paradigms from speech processing.
Stages of Cognitive Development - Piaget's theory that children construct their own understanding of the world by progressing through four universal, sequential stages of qualitatively different reasoning.
Stages of Concern About the Innovation: a seven-stage developmental taxonomy of individuals' concerns - The Stages of Concern (SoC) framework, one dimension of the Concerns-Based Adoption Model, classifies the concerns a person may have about involvement with an innovation into seven ordered stages.
Starting-point difference account of the Catholic-public school achievement gap - The article frames the Catholic school achievement advantage as substantially a starting-point phenomenon: Catholic school students score higher on average in math and reading, but they also enter eac
State education agency LRE policies cluster around three goals: influencing out-of-district placement, controlling institutional programs, and deinstitutionalization - The report organizes the state policies it surveyed into a three-goal taxonomy.
State-trait composition framework for social-emotional learning constructs - The page names an associated journal article, "Examining the state-trait composition of social-emotional learning constructs: Implications for practice, policy, and evaluation", which frames SEL compe
Statistical significance as the criterion distinguishing a program effect from chance - The brief's organizing account is that an observed difference between program and comparison groups counts as a program effect only when it is "not likely due to chance alone (that is, it is statistic
Steffe's Number Sequences and Multiplicative Double Counting - A constructivist model of how children's numerical reasoning progresses through three number sequences (initial, tacitly nested, explicitly nested), and how the explicit reversal of nesting enables mu
STEM-based instructional model for elementary ICT skills with five main elements - The article proposes an instructional model based on the STEM education approach to enhance ICT skills for Thai elementary students.
Stepped/matched care model for psychological care in diabetes - The review proposes stepped- or matched care as the organizing model for embedding psychological care in diabetes services: people receive the least intensive yet effective care first, with escalation
Sternberg's mental self-government model of intellectual styles - Sternberg proposes that intellectual style concerns how people use their intelligence rather than how much they have, analogizing the mind to a government.
Strategic Human Resource Management as a Framework for Instructional Improvement - Strategic HRM integrates various human resource management practices to enable and encourage employees to meet organizational goals.
Strategic surprise as an organizing concept for education R&D - The paper defines strategic surprise as an exogenous or emergent shift that outruns existing sensing and response cycles, forcing rapid reorientation.
Strategy adaptability as an index of cognitive flexibility in mathematics problem solving - The paper frames cognitive flexibility in mathematics as the ability to select strategies that are appropriate and efficient for a given problem.
Strauss's dual disequilibrium framework extended with a Bias directionality indicator - The article tests and extends Strauss's (1972) elaboration of Piaget's equilibration model, which distinguishes two aspects of structural instability: "external disequilibrium refers to the interplay
Strength and Retrieval Effort Account (New Theory of Disuse and Bifurcation) - This account holds that effortful retrieval strengthens knowledge and that "The degree to which knowledge is strengthened is assumed to be proportional to the amount of effort involved in retrieval".
STRP five-phase professional development model - STRP is grounded in a five-phase professional development model whose phases the article enumerates as "building a knowledge base, observing models and examples, reflecting on your own practice, chang
Structure-building trigger model: adult L2 learners scan input for cues but use different triggers than children - Vainikka and Young-Scholten's structure-building approach holds that adult L2 learners, like children, scan the input for cues in three UG-related steps: a head projects a maximal projection, then com
Student Orientation Toward Achievement - Covington's self-worth typology classifies students by how they combine motivation to approach success with motivation to avoid failure, yielding four profiles — success-oriented, overstriving, failur
Student test engagement as a measurable construct affecting testing-day effort - The brief treats student test engagement as a construct that varies during a test session and shapes the effort students give on testing day.
Students' mathematics-related belief systems are constituted by beliefs about mathematics education, the self, and the class context - The article proposes a framework in which students' mathematics-related belief systems are organized around three constitutive dimensions: the object (mathematics education), the self, and the classro
Subregional strategy for reorienting school curricula towards environment and development education - The IEEP strategy holds that because countries of a region share characteristics and benefit from exchanging information, resources and competences, curriculum harmonisation for environment and develo
Supervisory teacher coaching as a reform professional-development activity - Supervisory teacher coaching is a form of coaching in which "an outside expert or supervisor who gives specific, positive, and corrective coaching when needed provides supervisory teacher coaching," o
Support-and-pressure principal leadership framework for productive school improvement - The article's central framework holds that principals of improving Chicago elementary schools lead by combining support and pressure on the adults who work with children.
Support-and-scaffolding framework of five design principles for adult learner technology - The brief organizes its recommendations as a framework of five key design principles drawn from instructional strategy research: focused lessons, visual learning, easily accessible resources, learner-
Swain's Comprehensible Output Hypothesis with a circular input-output-intake model - The Comprehensible Output Hypothesis, advanced by Swain in deliberate contrast to Krashen's Comprehensible Input Hypothesis, holds that learners must be "pushed toward the delivery of a message that i
Swain's output hypothesis - Swain's claim that comprehensible input is not enough for second language acquisition: learners must be pushed to produce precise, coherent and appropriate output, which serves noticing, hypothesis-te
Swain's output hypothesis with three functions of output in second-language acquisition - The article's theoretical framework presents Swain's output hypothesis, which assigns production of language a significant role in second-language acquisition alongside comprehensible input.
Symbol system translation as a problem-solving construct - The review proposes translation among symbol systems as a construct: the process of mapping information contained in one or more symbolic forms into one or more other symbolic forms.
Symbol systems framework: symbols, symbol systems, and symbolic products - The review organizes its analysis with Gardner's distinction between symbols, symbol systems, and symbolic products.
Symbolic interactionism: individuals and society as inseparable, held together by changing shared symbols - The essay locates Goffman in the symbolic interactionist tradition of Mead, Blumer, James, Cooley, Dewey and Thomas, a tradition favoring field research over laboratory studies and armchair writing.
Syntactic dissimilation: cognate verbs replaced by pro-verbs - Syntactic dissimilation is a transformational process operating on cognate constructions, in which the object holds the same meaning as the verb.
Systematic Error Tracing (SET) model - The SET model is a knowledge-based recommendation system that traces the latent causes of a student's systematic errors using a bipartite graph linking causes to errors, derived from the Ising model.
Systemic and economic barrier taxonomy across the technology learning and workforce ecosystem - The scan organizes barriers to Black learners' and workers' technology career entry and advancement into six ecosystem layers: educational and training opportunities, social capital access, financial
Systems change defined as shifting the conditions that produce and hold societal problems in place - The brief's organizing framework is systems change, which it defines as "shifting the conditions that produce and hold societal problems in place." It applies this framework to place-based partnership
Systems-theory view of the infant as a competent adaptive system - The report adopts a conceptualization of the infant and young child as a "controlled system" in constant interaction with the environment, where mutual adaptation produces a fit that enables continuin