Elements: R

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• Randomized factorial experiment of school choice website display formats - A randomized factorial experiment in which 3,500 low-income parents of school-aged children chose schools for their children in a hypothetical school district while school information was displayed in
• Randomized impact evaluation design for teacher induction programs - A study-design artifact: a randomized impact evaluation of high-intensity teacher induction programs.
• Randomized survey experiment for isolating parents' latent school preferences - The study uses a randomized survey experiment as its method for measuring parents' preferences for school qualities.
• Rapid-guessing behavior as a validated indicator of test-taking disengagement on state summative assessments - The study identifies disengaged test taking through rapid-guessing behavior, which the article describes as "a validated indicator of disengagement".
• Rate the Leader infographic on staff feedback in principal evaluation - A published infographic from the Regional Educational Laboratory Mid-Atlantic, released by the Institute of Education Sciences, that "discusses the use of staff feedback in evaluating school leaders'
• Read-aloud and think-aloud technique with semistructured interview for identifying reading strategies - The study used the read-aloud and think-aloud technique, which "requires them to express what they are doing and thinking while performing a task" and "enables the readers to identify different cognit
• Reading comprehension test with passages aligned to Common Core State Standards administered under computerized adaptive test designs - The article describes a reading comprehension test whose passages are aligned to the Common Core State Standards and which is administered under computerized adaptive test (CAT) designs.
• Reading interventions for grades 4–9 as defined by the WWC practice guide - The guide defines reading interventions for students in grades 4–9 as comprising two forms: "supplemental programs provided in addition to regular classroom English language arts instruction as part o
• Real district example of an RCT on a summer reading program - As an illustrative case, the guide includes "a real life example of how one district took advantage of an opportunity to learn whether a summer reading program worked." The example shows leaders how a
• Real-World Math - Real-world math is the element in which mathematical reasoning is embedded in practical or authentic contexts.
• Real-World Problems - Real-world problems are tasks framed around authentic issues, needs, or dilemmas outside purely academic abstraction.
• Reassessment - Learners revisit and revise their responses after discussion or additional learning.
• Rebuttals - Learners counter opposing viewpoints with evidence-based arguments.
• Recall prior knowledge - Activates learners' existing mental models to connect new information.
• Reciprocal Teaching - Learners take turns leading structured dialogue — predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing — to build comprehension of shared text or content.
• Reflection - Learners analyze their experiences, actions, or decisions to deepen learning.
• Reflection Activities - Reflection activities are structured tasks that ask learners to examine what they did, understood, or would change next.
• Reflective culture assignments: Identity wheel, reflective description, professional development context, past products reflection - The study's data-collection and instructional toolkit comprised four named assignments plus reflective journals, think-aloud protocols, and reflective reading and discussions.
• Reflective written journal plus semi-structured interview data collection instruments - The study used two data collection instruments: a one A4 page reflective written journal completed before the interview, and a one-hour semi-structured interview per participant.
• Registered qualitative evidence synthesis protocol on AAC use in school (PROSPERO CRD420251229480) - A protocol for a qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) that will identify, review and collate findings from existing qualitative research on stakeholder experiences of AAC use for children with communi
• Registered scoping review protocol on evidence synthesis education for pharmacy students - A protocol for a scoping review registered in the Open Science Framework (registration DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/ZQVGY), designed per PRISMA-P and to be reported per PRISMA-ScR.
• Regression discontinuity design applied to NCLB AYP thresholds in Title I schools - The report is an exploratory quasi-experimental study that "use[s] a regression discontinuity design to examine the relationships between certain features of No Child Left Behind accountability and su
• Regression discontinuity design exploiting oversubscription rationing of SEdS - The study's identification strategy exploits a program rule: oversubscribed districts must serve the lowest-achieving eligible applicants first, and districts use "a continuous measure of prior academ
• Reinforcement - Reinforcement is the delivery of a consequence (reward, praise, feedback, or removal of an aversive condition) contingent on a learner's behavior, intended to increase the frequency or persistence of
• REL Mid-Atlantic literature review on alternative student growth measures for teacher evaluation - A literature review produced by Regional Educational Laboratory Mid-Atlantic that "summarizes the evidence on measures of student achievement growth used in teacher evaluation that do not rely on trad
• Relational Trust measures built from teacher-parent, teacher-principal, and teacher-teacher trust scales across 1991, 1994, and 1997 - Relational Trust is measured in three survey waves.
• Released learner performance prediction code and public dataset links - The article releases its experimental code and links to the nine public benchmark datasets used in the comparison.
• Repeated reading practice procedure - Repeated reading is an academic practice, without a single developer, that "aims to increase oral reading fluency." In the described implementation, "a student sits in a quiet location with a teacher
• Repository of approved and denied edtech tools - DPS developed an online repository listing tools approved through its evaluation process, tools reviewed and not approved with explanations, and alternative approved tools offered when a request is de
• Representational Drawing - Representational drawing is the element in which learners sketch, diagram, or draw structures and relationships to support understanding.
• Representative online survey of 200 Pennsylvania LEAs on pandemic-era instruction - An online survey the Pennsylvania Department of Education and Mathematica distributed to a representative sample of 200 LEAs during the summer and fall of 2021.
• Research - Learners conduct investigations to explore topics, gather evidence, and develop conclusions.
• Research breadth taxonomy: six structure-focused elements, each at minimum Milestone 2 for high impact - The research breadth layer contains six elements focused on the structure of the research experience: originality of research, systematic disciplinary inquiry, evaluated research process work, activit
• Research brief on progress towards pandemic recovery at the start of the 2022-23 school year - A research brief by Megan Kuhfeld and Karyn Lewis examining achievement trends as students returned for the 2022-23 school year after COVID-19 disruptions.
• Research Data Collection Methods - Observation, surveys, and archival/content analysis are the main methods researchers use to gather data, each with a distinct tradeoff between ecological validity, depth, and cost that mirrors — but i
• Research depth taxonomy: seven research-process elements with Milestones 1-4, at least one at Milestone 2 for high impact - The research depth layer includes each step of the research process as an element with its own Milestones 1-4: literature review, formulating question, research design, data collection, data evaluatio
• Resource Evaluation - Learners assess the credibility and relevance of sources.
• Resource Hubs - Resource hubs are centralized collections of materials, links, tools, or references that learners can return to during a course or project.
• Response redundancy index of relational congruence based on information theory - A quantitative index operationalizing relational congruence as patterning in verbal interaction, drawing on Shannon and Weaver's mathematical theory of communication.
• Responsible and Acceptable Use Policy drafting guide organized by the six topics - The deck includes a drafting guide serving as "a starting point" for districts applying the six topics to their policies, with pages of do-and-do-not checklist items per topic.
• Retrieval - Retrieval practice asks learners to actively recall information from memory rather than re-read or re-hear it, strengthening the memory trace each time it is accessed.
• Retrieval Practice - Retrieval practice is the element in which learners recall information from memory rather than only re-exposing themselves to it.
• Retrieval unit: alphabetical reference sheets recording word, grammar, equivalents, examples, source, date, synonyms and definition - The retrieval unit is a set of ring files with alphabetically indexed sheets, one sheet per word.
• Review - Learners reflect on their own or peers' work before finalizing.
• Review And Summarizing - Review and summarizing asks learners to re-engage with previously covered material by condensing it into their own words, consolidating memory and revealing gaps in understanding.
• Review Exercises: injected review items sampled from earlier skills for scalable, fine-grained assessment - Review Exercises are assessment items inserted into randomly selected Level 0 lessons of skills beyond the first five in a course, sampled from the exercise pools of skills three or five skills earlie
• Revised CMP2 mathematics lesson visuals based on signaling, contiguity, and coherence principles - The revised lesson was derived from Connected Mathematics 2 (CMP2) and covered graphing independent and dependent variables, set in a story about planning a long-distance bike trip.
• Revision - Learners improve their work based on feedback and self-reflection.
• RFI response corpus: 178 submissions on AI-powered mathematics innovations collected April–May 2024 - A corpus of 178 responses to a 21-question Qualtrics RFI launched by Digital Promise and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in April 2024, closing May 20.
• Rhetorical Strategies - Rhetorical strategies are deliberate moves learners use to persuade, frame, emphasize, appeal to an audience, or strengthen the force of an argument.
• Rightful Presence Implementation Guide (swiftschools.org) - The brief points readers to the "Rightful Presence Implementation Guide (swiftschools.org)" for "ideas about how to get started on the journey in your community." It is a companion resource released a
• Role Reversal - Learners switch sides in a debate or discussion to argue from the opposite perspective.
• Role-Playing - Role-playing is the element in which learners adopt roles and act through a scenario, interaction, or decision process from that perspective.
• Roster confirmation process for verifying teacher/student links - A roster confirmation process is a data-quality procedure in which "teachers verify the subjects and students they taught," producing confirmed teacher/student links.
• Rotating materials kits supplying all hands-on math and science instructional materials - A supporting component of AMSTI is the provision of complete instructional materials to teachers.
• RSU 3 Virtual Learning Center: a human-supported virtual world for adult learners - The RSU 3 Virtual Learning Center is a virtual world built solely for adult learners, developed with Reaction Grid and grown by SPICE's IT department to four levels including a HiSET prep class, a fam
• Rubric Design - Rubric design is the element in which criteria and performance levels are made explicit through a structured evaluative framework.
• Rubric-based self-assessment instrument for OER competencies (instrument 4) - The study's central instrument is a set of four rubrics, one per competency module, used for self-assessment at the end of the seminar.
• Rubrics - Rubrics are the element in which criteria and performance levels are made explicit to guide quality work and evaluation.
• Rubrics for Examining Historical Thinking Skills in High School World History Activities and Student Work - A two-part rubric toolkit created and validated for evaluating the Gates Ventures World History Project curriculum.