Elements: M

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• Machine learning early warning algorithm using in- and out-of-school data to estimate per-student, per-problem, per-quarter risk scores - The report describes an algorithm that uses "a range of in- and out-of-school data to estimate the specific risk of each academic problem for each student in each quarter." Unlike simple prior-perform
• Maker Learning Self-assessment Rubric - A self-evaluation instrument (Appendix B) that maker champions used to rate their district's maker learning program in six categories: Faculty and Staff Support; Administration Support; Resources and
• Makerspace - A Makerspace is a physical or mobile space, formal or informal, where learners use digital and physical tools to design, build, and iterate on self-directed projects.
• Mandatory-random student drug testing programs for high school students - Mandatory-random student drug testing is a school-based intervention approach whose effectiveness was evaluated in the study introduced by this executive summary, titled "The Effectiveness of Mandator
• MAP for Primary Grades Skills Checklist tests (NS34 and LI52) as the empirical data source - The study uses two computerized linear Skills Checklist tests from NWEA's Measures of Academic Progress for Primary Grades: the 34-item Number Sense (NS34) mathematics test and the 52-item Letter Iden
• MAP Growth assessment product - MAP Growth is NWEA's assessment product, listed as the product behind multiple 2026 research publications.
• MAP Growth grade-level item pool simulation design (on-grade, ±1-grade, and all-grade pools with on- and off-grade simulees) - A simulation design crossing three item pool types (on-grade, ±1 grade, all-grade) with two simulee ability types (on-grade, off-grade), yielding six conditions.
• Map set of Pearce and Garcia attendance zones documenting survey response, support, and respondent ethnicity - A set of six maps supplementing the Fall 2012 telephone survey of the Pearce and Garcia Middle School attendance zones.
• Maqueta de esferas de telgopor, alambres y linterna para representar los arcos solares diurnos en tres momentos del año - Una maqueta de bajo costo construida con esferas de telgopor, alambres semirrígidos doblados en semicircunferencia, un gnomon de varilla y una linterna que emula al Sol.
• Massachusetts PARCC versus MCAS predictive-validity study - A study commissioned by the state of Massachusetts and conducted by Mathematica Policy Research comparing how high school PARCC exams and the existing MCAS predict college grades and placement in reme
• Mastery criterion with remediation and retesting - A mastery criterion is a single criterion — such as a specified number of correct responses or a quality of performance — that defines when learning is complete.
• Mastery Learning - Mastery learning is the element in which progression depends on demonstrated understanding rather than time alone.
• Mastery learning and classroom management staff development program for secondary mathematics teachers - A staff development program combining mastery learning principles with research-based classroom management strategies, delivered to 21 volunteer high school mathematics teachers randomly assigned by s
• Mastery Progression - Learners cannot advance until they demonstrate mastery of foundational content.
• Matched comparison group design for charter school impact evaluation - The evaluation method used for this report: a quasi-experimental, matched comparison group design estimating the Kauffman School's impacts on student achievement, attendance, and suspensions.
• Math Story Chart: a four-step word-problem organizer (Tell-Show-Solve-Answer and Look Back) - The Math Story Chart is a teacher-made graphic organizer based on Polya's four-step problem-solving method, with four components: Tell (the information given), Show (the equation demonstrating the alg
• Mathematica Center for Improving Research Evidence issue brief on conducting high quality systematic reviews - An issue brief released by Mathematica's Center for Improving Research Evidence that "offer[s] recommendations for conducting high quality systematic reviews." The brief is positioned as guidance for
• Mathematica Ecree study methods documentation - A methods summary accompanying a series of findings briefs about the Ecree study.
• Mathematica implementation study of Strategic Data Use in Education (2011–2015), prepared for the Gates Foundation - An implementation study, titled on the page under the associated project "Strategic Data Use in Education," with a stated time frame of 2011–2015 and prepared for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
• Mathematica issue brief on charter high schools' attainment and earnings effects - A published issue brief from Mathematica Policy Research, dated Jan 30, 2014, authored by Kevin Booker, Brian Gill, Tim Sass, and Ron Zimmer.
• Mathematica multi-site random assignment evaluation of TIF pay-for-performance bonuses - Mathematica's congressionally mandated study, prepared for the U.S.
• Mathematica national evaluation of four early elementary math curricula - A large-scale, national study conducted by Mathematica Policy Research for the U.S.
• Mathematica presentation on student selection, attrition, and replacement at KIPP middle schools - A presentation by Mathematica researchers, published April 9, 2011, addressing "Student Selection, Attrition, and Replacement at KIPP Middle Schools." It was "Prepared for: Arnold Ventures" under the
• Mathematica random assignment study of alternative routes to teacher certification - A large-scale random assignment evaluation of alternative routes to teacher certification conducted by Mathematica for the U.S.
• Mathematica Working Paper 29 on charter high schools' long-term attainment and earnings effects - A published working paper (Working Paper 29, published Jan 30, 2014) by Mathematica Policy Research in its Evidence/Publications series, categorized under Human Services, Education, and School Choice
• Mathematica's congressionally mandated study of educational technology (reading and math software products, two student cohorts) - A congressionally mandated evaluation of educational technology conducted by Mathematica, examining computer-based reading and math software products across two student cohorts.
• Mathematica's design for the Teacher Preparation Models Impact Evaluation (2003-2009), prepared for the U.S. Department of Education - This element is the evaluation design presented in the report, created for Mathematica's "evaluation of these issues" concerning the effectiveness of different teacher training strategies.
• MATHia strategy-choice problems where students select between independently taught strategies - MATHia instructional content in which students choose between math strategies that were previously taught to them independently.
• Measurement and Evaluation Plan Template - A companion resource listed on the publication page, titled "Measurement and Evaluation Plan Template," published Feb 06, 2023 by Kate Place, Gregory Chojnacki, Virginia Knechtel, Andy Gothro, Megan S
• Measurement Rulers linking ITBS scores on a new 0-100 scale to the difficulty of test content - The guide encloses Measurement Rulers for reading and math that show how to relate specific test results to the content of the ITBS.
• Measures of Effective Teaching project data as the evidence base for comparing five observation instruments - The report draws on data from the Measures of Effective Teaching project to compare five widely used teacher observation instruments.
• Media corner / flexible multimedia learning space - A prepared open classroom space equipped with multimedia tools and learning aids such as guidebooks, activity sheets, and orientation leaflets that fosters diverse production activities.
• Mental Models - A mental model is a learner's internal representation of how a system, process, or domain works, which they use to explain phenomena, predict outcomes, and reason about new situations.
• Merlyn Mind Practitioner Advisory Board - A six-member advisory board of educators formed by Digital Promise in January 2022 to give feedback to edtech startup Merlyn Mind on its AI classroom digital assistant.
• Meta-analysis corpus of 21 published policies and papers on Indonesian bilingual higher education (2015–2019) - The study's sample is a corpus of published policies and papers limited to the last five years (2015–2019), drawn from "reputable documents indexed in Scopus and Web of Science." Table 1 lists 11 jour
• Meta-analytic corpus of 130 dropout program evaluation samples - The article's evidence base is a coded corpus of "130 independent samples of students" drawn from a comprehensive literature search of evaluations of school-based, school-affiliated, and community-bas
• Meta-analytic corpus of 20 pretest-posttest control-group studies on creativity applications (2000–2015) - The article assembles a corpus of 20 studies meeting its inclusion criteria: pretest-posttest control-group designs comparing CBL, PBL, or DI against traditional lecture-based instruction, published b
• Metacognition - Metacognition is the element in which learners monitor, explain, and regulate their own thinking.
• Metacognitive Reflection - Metacognitive reflection is the element in which learners examine how they thought, what strategies they used, where they were confused, and what they should do next.
• Metacognitive Strategies - Metacognitive strategies are deliberate learner moves for planning, monitoring, checking, and revising thinking during learning.
• Metaphor anchors for supporting newly admitted youths - Metaphor anchors are objects and tasks workers use to anchor experiences for recently admitted youths, adapted from Peterson (1988) into the article's admissions context.
• Metaphors - Metaphors are explanatory comparisons that map a less familiar concept onto a more familiar image or experience.
• Method for isolating principals' persistent effects on student achievement growth from school value added - The article describes an analytic approach that isolates principals' effects on student achievement growth and examines how much of principals' persistently demonstrated effectiveness is captured by s
• Methods for identifying effective schools in Memphis City Schools (Year 2) - This report documents a set of methods applied to identify effective schools within the Memphis City Schools district, carried out in the second year of a multi-year measurement project.
• MI Write study briefs series for multiple audiences - The study results are communicated through "a series of briefs summarizing results of the MI Write study for different audiences (teachers, students and families, school and district leaders, and tool
• Micro-credentialing (digital badges) for recognizing teacher competencies - Micro-credentialing, or badging, is described as "a competency recognition system aligned with a series of gates or milestones recognized by a community." Issuers create credentials that can reward pa
• Micro-credentials as competency-verified recognition of educator professional learning - Micro-credentials are a mechanism for recognizing specific competencies that support a student-centered classroom, such as checking for understanding, using exit tickets, using student data for decisi
• Midterm Exam - A summative assessment administered at the midpoint of a course to evaluate learning progress and retention of material covered to date.
• Misconception Probes - A diagnostic question or task designed to surface learners' incorrect intuitions so they can be confronted and revised before instruction consolidates them.
• Mission-Based Learning - Learners engage in a structured, goal-oriented challenge framed as a mission with a clear objective, constraints, and success criteria.
• Missouri Career Ladder Program - The Missouri Career Ladder Program is a teacher incentive program in which school districts participate and teachers receive bonuses.
• MLL-supportive technology features identified across research and design practice - The report catalogs the technological features that reviewed studies and interviewed designers embed to support multilingual learners, spanning multiple modes of engagement, emerging technologies, and
• Mnemosyne Flashcard Review Log Data - Large-scale log data from the Mnemosyne flashcard software, used by the article to compare memory models.
• Model of the motivational and multimedia instructional message with six activity groups for lesson introductions - A model developed by Bistrovic (2017) and used in this study, in which the introductory 7-10 minutes of each lesson is delivered as a multimedia instructional and motivational message built from "six
• Model Revision - Learners refine their conceptual models based on evidence and feedback.
• Modeling - Instructors or advanced learners demonstrate expert thinking and behavior so learners can observe expert performance before attempting it themselves.
• Modeling feedback: an original native-speaker text used as a comparison model - Modeling feedback is the feedback type used in this study: it "involves the use of a text that is written by a native speaker, but the text is original and not a reformulation of a learner's writing".
• Modelo de Coaching Basado en Retos (Challenge-Based Coaching Model) - El Modelo de Coaching Basado en Retos es un modelo de coaching instructivo desarrollado por Digital Promise a partir del Proyecto de Aprendizaje Dinámico, estructurado en seis pasos: identificar y com
• Moderation - An instructor or facilitator guides discussions to ensure productive engagement.
• Modified identity status interview - A modified version of Marcia's identity status interview, used in this study to classify participants into the achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion statuses based on crisis and commitme
• Modified task analysis charts specifying ABE teacher knowledge and skills - The project produced modified task analysis charts (Figure 2) detailing activities performed by ABE teachers and the specific and generic knowledge/skills each requires.
• Monitoring Report form for submitting self-monitoring results to the state JTPA office - A summary reporting form mirroring the 28 instrument items, with spaces for the JTPA coordinator visited, superintendent, date, ratings, and comments per item.
• Moral case deliberation as a ten-step structured dialogue method - Moral case deliberation is a structured method of ethical conversation developed in healthcare practice, consisting of ten steps from introducing the aim and presenting the case through formulating th
• MORE tasks for individual out-of-class work - In addition to classroom investigations, Core-Plus Mathematics provides sets of MORE tasks, which are designed to engage students in "Modeling with, Organizing, Reflecting on, and Extending their math
• Motivational Delivery Checklist - The digest describes the Motivational Delivery Checklist, developed by Keller and Keller (1989), as "a 47-item ARCS-based instrument for evaluating the motivational characteristics of an instructor's
• Multi-district teacher effectiveness equity study of grades 4-8, 2008-09 to 2012-13 - The study underlying the snapshot covers "fourth- to eighth-grade teachers over five school years (2008-2009 to 2012-2013) in 26 school districts across the country." It examines whether low-income st
• Multi-mode expression - Expressing understanding through combined modes of information (text, image, sound, video).
• Multi-state longitudinal assessment dataset for early-grade growth analysis - The study draws on what the authors call "rich assessment data from three states," covering students' achievement across the first three years of school.
• Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) framework for alternative discipline approaches in CPS - CPS adopted a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS), also known as Response to Intervention (RtI), to guide the use of alternative discipline approaches.
• Multimedia Instruction - Multimedia instruction is the element in which teaching combines spoken or written language with visuals, diagrams, animation, or other media in a coordinated instructional sequence.
• Multimedia Learning - Multimedia learning is the element in which learners engage with coordinated combinations of words, visuals, audio, animation, or interactive media.
• Multimedia pop-up gloss combining synonym, definition, picture, audio, video, and hyperlink - The study's gloss is a pop-up window that appears when a reader clicks an underlined target word in a computerized text.
• Multimedia production project - A learning activity in which pupils design and produce a multimedia product, such as a CD-ROM encyclopedia, slide-show, home town database, botanical database, computer art gallery, or handmade TV pro
• Multimedia Projects - Multimedia projects are the element in which learners create artifacts that combine text, visuals, audio, video, or interaction.
• Multiple child assessments used together to measure and evaluate preschool students' school readiness - In the studied program, teachers used multiple child assessments, including a newly added assessment alongside existing tools, to "measure and evaluate preschool students' school readiness." The brief
• Multiple-choice retrieval practice questions with competitive alternatives - A recognition-format retrieval practice item: a multiple-choice question whose incorrect options are competitive alternatives, intended to make recognition practice demand retrieval comparable to shor