Elements: D

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• Dahmus DPPC Method: direct, pure, piece-meal, complete translation strategy - The Dahmus Method (DM), based on Dahmus's DPPC Method (direct, pure, piece-meal, complete), directs students to translate each phrase of a verbal problem into mathematical symbol statements as it appe
• Daily Before-and-After SRL Learning Diary - A daily online learning diary with two sections per learning day.
• Data Analysis - Data analysis is the element in which learners inspect, interpret, organize, or transform data in order to answer questions, identify patterns, or justify conclusions.
• Data Routine for working with existing scientific data - The Data Routine is a teaching routine described by Penuel et al.
• Data warehouse linking student and teacher data to support instructional improvement - The report recommends that DRE "develop and manage a data warehouse to support teaching and karning." Currently, "except for ITBS data, there is no source of data to inform and sup- port local or syst
• Data-driven neighborhood-characterization method using publicly available census data - A data-driven method for characterizing neighborhoods that leverages publicly available census data and allows researchers to consider many neighborhood characteristics simultaneously.
• Days of Learning translation of growth results - Days of Learning is CREDO's translation device for making statistical growth results accessible to non-technical audiences.
• Days of Learning: CREDO's translation of growth in standard deviation units into days of a 180-day school year - Days of Learning is CREDO's translation device for making statistical growth results accessible to non-technical audiences.
• DC 2007 systemic school reform package (staff evaluation, charter sector growth, unified enrollment) - Beginning in 2007, the District of Columbia implemented a systemic reform of educational governance and processes.
• De-identified data category exempt from agreement restrictions with a re-identification ban - The agreement defines De-identified Data as data where any and all Personally Identifiable Information has been removed, such that no one knows who the students are when analyzing the data.
• Debate - Debate is the element in which learners take positions, justify them with evidence, and respond to alternatives in a structured exchange.
• Debrief - A structured reflective conversation after an experience (simulation, discussion, case, or task) in which learners examine what happened, why, and what it means for future performance.
• Decision-Making - Learners evaluate options and make informed choices within a structured learning activity.
• Decision-making restaurant-choice task: pairs merge into larger groups across cycles while re-choosing a restaurant - Adapted from a textbook task, pairs compare three real English menus and must agree on one restaurant, then merged groups of four and eight re-run the choice with the previously chosen and rejected me
• Demonstration - A demonstration presents a complete or partial model of a skill, process, or solution so learners can observe expert performance before attempting it themselves.
• DepEd-aligned assessment and evaluation tools measuring linguistic accuracy, cultural awareness, communication, and collaboration - A component of DL2F implementation is a set of assessment and evaluation tools developed to align with the Philippine Department of Education's national language proficiency standards.
• Descriptive, evaluative and substantive peer criticism progression - The paper describes Bruffee's sequence of written peer criticism: descriptive (saying something about a text without judging it), evaluative (what is good and what could improve it), and substantive (
• Design report for the evaluation of the Effective Practice Incentive Community (EPIC) initiative - A design report by Mathematica Policy Research researchers for evaluating the Effective Practice Incentive Community initiative, an education program.
• Developmental checklists for one-to-one correspondence, classification, and seriation as teacher assessment and curriculum-planning tools - Three appended checklists (Appendices I–III) trace staged development of matching and one-to-one correspondence, sets and classification, and order and seriation, with dated observation columns (Sept.
• Dialogic Reading - An interactive shared-reading method in which an adult prompts children with questions, expands their responses, and gives feedback, turning storybook reading into a dialogue that builds expressive la
• Dialogic Reading practice with CROWD prompts and PEER technique - Dialogic Reading is an interactive shared picture-book reading practice in which "the adult and the child switch roles so that the child learns to become the storyteller" while the adult acts as an ac
• Dialogic reading: interactive shared picture-book reading with CROWD prompts and the PEER sequence - Dialogic reading is "an interactive shared picture-book reading practice designed to enhance young children's language and literacy skills" in which adult and child switch roles so the child becomes t
• Didactic-mathematical tasks as a teacher-education element situating pre-service teachers in professional activity - Didactic-mathematical tasks combine a professional activity of secondary teachers (e.g.
• Differentiated Team Roles - Learners take on distinct, interdependent roles within collaborative work to enhance accountability, engagement, and role-specific expertise.
• Digital Learning - Digital learning is the element in which instruction, resources, or interaction are mediated through digital tools, platforms, or networks.
• Digital Open Badges - Digital Open Badges are portable, metadata-rich micro-credentials that recognize discrete competencies, including informal learning that traditional grades and degrees do not capture or make transpare
• Digital Tools - Digital tools are the element in which learners use software, platforms, or digital applications to create, collaborate, practice, or receive feedback.
• Digital video and Vernier force plates as low-setup measurement tools for dance motion - The course uses two measurement tools: digital video cameras, from which position vs.
• Digital Village Square: student-designed app for sharing writing ideas and feedback - Digital Village Square is a concept for an app designed by Sunnyside student interns in which "students can share ideas on writing topics, get feedback on their writing, interact through comments and
• Direct instruction - Presents new content through explicit explanations, lectures, or demonstrations, with structured guidance before independent practice.
• Direct Instruction (Distar) reading program - Direct Instruction, known as Distar in the 1960s, is a reading and mathematics instructional program for elementary students.
• DISC and StrengthsFinder 2.0 behavioral self-assessments for team self-understanding - Two established behavioral self-assessments are implemented in the course to grow students' understanding of their own and classmates' working strengths.
• Discrepant Events - Discrepant events are demonstrations, observations, or scenarios that violate learner expectations in a noticeable way.
• Discriminant function analysis (Wilks method) - A multivariate statistical technique (Wilks method) used to identify variables that maximally discriminate among outcome groups and to determine the number and interpretation of discriminating dimensi
• Discussion - Discussion is a structured verbal exchange in which learners articulate, question, and build on ideas together to construct and refine understanding.
• Discussion Prompt - A structured question or statement that initiates meaningful conversation among learners.
• Discussion Sections - Smaller, instructor- or TA-led sessions where learners analyze and discuss course material in depth.
• Discussion-Based Learning - Discussion-based learning is the element in which talk, interpretation, and response are central vehicles for learning.
• Distilled crisis response guidance from federal agencies and technical assistance centers - The fact sheet is itself a synthesized guidance artifact: the authors state they "distilled crisis response guidance from federal agencies, national professional associations, and federally funded res
• District-Charter Collaboration Grant program evaluation survey - A survey of district and charter school educators (teachers and principals) sampled from 21 cross-sector collaboration activities across the seven grantee cities in 2014-2015, conducted by Mathematica
• Districtwide data system for secure, reliable data management - The guide states that "effective, sustainable data use requires a secure and reliable data-management system at the district level".
• DKT-Sem: Deep Knowledge Tracing with Semantic Embeddings - DKT-Sem is the article's simpler alternative KT method for dialogues, described as a strong baseline.
• Double-dose algebra policy in the Chicago Public Schools - A district policy initiated in the Chicago Public Schools in 2003 requiring that all students with 8th-grade test scores below the national median enroll in a support algebra course in addition to reg
• Drawing laboratory with time-lapse photography of drawing evolution - A purpose-built laboratory for collecting in-process records of drawing: a neutral white room with a fixed tilt-top drawing board, a front-surface mirror, and a camera outside the studio area.
• Drill & Practice - Drill and practice is the element in which learners repeatedly perform a focused skill or response pattern until it becomes more fluent or automatic.
• Drop-in tutoring center model with circulating peer tutors and TutorTrac usage tracking - The Tutoring Center at Western Washington University uses a model in which "students use the TC as a study area where tutors are available and freely circulate among students as they have questions,"
• Dual Coding - Dual coding is the element in which verbal and visual representations are used together to support understanding and memory.
• Dual coding elucidation booklets for confusing lexical item pairs - Instructional booklets presenting 25 pairs of commonly confused lexical items drawn from Hancock's Is That What You Mean?, mostly high-frequency words (90% among the 2,000 most frequent items).
• Dual language programs: multi-year instruction in English and a partner language - Dual language programs are school programs in which "classroom teachers instruct students from an early age and over multiple years in both English and a second language called the partner language."
• Dynamic characteristics of digital content: randomly accessed, authentic, multi-level, interactive, manipulatable, instantaneous and creative - The report enumerates the dynamic characteristics that make digital content essential to digital learning: randomly accessed; relevant, up-to-date and authentic; explored on many levels; interactive a