Elements: P

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• Parent-facing infographic on the importance of pre-kindergarten and kindergarten attendance - The publication is described as an "Infographic for parents on the importance of attendance in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten." It is a communication artifact produced by Regional Educational Labor
• Parent-provider communication and book sharing during well-child primary care visits to support early math development - The brief describes a promising approach to support early childhood math development that synthesizes the influence of parents, the home environment, and children's health care providers.
• Part-task practice - Isolated, repeated practice of elements that require automation for efficient task performance.
• Participant Examples - A discourse move in which a learner positions themselves as a character within a case or example under academic study, using the case to reason about their own identity category membership rather than
• Pasco data acquisition hardware and software for real-time data collection and representation in modeling physics labs - The technology intervention consisted of Pasco data acquisition hardware and data analysis software supporting real-time data collection and representation in hands-on labs.
• Pedagogical Agent Signaling for Feedback Salience - An embodied on-screen agent that points and gazes directly at feedback text when it appears, using social cueing rather than a generic arrow to pull elementary students' attention to feedback they wou
• Pedagogical Judgment Rubric (PJR/FPJR) - A faculty-designed rubric that "makes visible the components of sound instructional reasoning." The final version (FPJR) has four criteria — A: rich descriptions of students and how they responded to
• Peer Assessment - Peer assessment is the element in which learners evaluate the work or reasoning of peers against shared criteria.
• Peer Collaboration - Learners work together to complete tasks or solve problems, negotiating meaning and distributing cognitive effort.
• Peer Discussion - Learners engage in structured conversations with classmates to explore, articulate, and refine ideas.
• Peer Explanation - Learners verbalize their thinking to peers, strengthening their own understanding.
• Peer Feedback - Peer feedback is the element in which learners respond to one another's work with comments intended to improve revision or performance.
• Peer Instruction - Peer instruction is the element in which learners explain, compare, and revise answers with one another around conceptual questions.
• Peer Interaction - Learners engage with one another through discussions, debates, or collaborative tasks.
• Peer Review - Peer review is the element in which learners examine and respond to one another's work using shared criteria, prompts, or examples.
• Peer Teacher Workshops (PTWs) - Peer Teacher Workshops were week-long, module-based professional development sessions, each "based on one of the curriculum modules used in the districts," designed to deepen teachers' science content
• Peer Teaching - Learners explain concepts to peers, reinforcing their own understanding.
• Peer Tutoring and Response Groups practice: paired tutoring and small response groups for English language learners - An instructional practice aiming to improve the language and achievement of English language learners by pairing or grouping students to work on a task.
• Pennsylvania Teacher and Principal Evaluation Pilot (2010-2015) - A pilot of teacher and principal evaluation in Pennsylvania, running from 2010 to 2015, for which Mathematica produced value-added estimates in its first phase.
• Pennsylvania Teacher and Principal Evaluation Pilot (2010-2015), Phase 2 classroom-observation study - A three-year pilot conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, running from 2010 to 2015, in which principals evaluated teachers' classroom practice using The Framework for Teaching.
• Performance Support - Performance support provides task-specific guidance at the moment of need within the work context, reducing reliance on memorized knowledge.
• Performance-Based Assessment - Performance-based assessment is the element in which learners demonstrate knowledge or skill by performing, producing, or solving something observable rather than only selecting answers.
• Personal and group evaluation forms for cooperative learning participation - The handbook provides two ready-to-use evaluation instruments for cooperative learning activities: a Personal Evaluation Form and a Group Evaluation Form, each with Always/Occasionally/Never rating sc
• Personalized message added to a test score report - A behavioral-science-informed intervention in which a personalized message about a student's potential to succeed in Advanced Placement coursework is added to a test score report.
• Personalized novel-sentence generation task for L2 vocabulary lessons - An instructional task component in which learners write two to three personalized novel sentences for each target vocabulary item, based on a provided model answer, integrating the word's meaning, gra
• Personalized Pacing - Personalized pacing is the element in which learners move through content or practice at different rates based on need and progress.
• Perspective-Taking - Learners deliberately consider multiple viewpoints on an issue to build cognitive flexibility, empathy, and deeper conceptual understanding.
• Persuasion - Learners develop techniques to convince others using logic and evidence.
• Pete Frazer's eight guiding moves for working as a co-thinker with novice teachers - Through interviews and observations, Feiman-Nemser documented the strategies of Pete Frazer, a thoughtful support teacher who enacted his role as "co-thinker" with novice teachers.
• Phenomenon-based tasks on dissolution and boiling point administered after relevant instruction - The study's assessment instruments were two open-response phenomenon-based tasks administered immediately after the relevant course content in each learning environment.
• Philadelphia's accelerated schools: alternative high schools serving students at high risk of dropping out - Philadelphia's accelerated schools are alternative high schools serving students at high risk of dropping out.
• Phonological Awareness Training plus Letter Knowledge Training practice for preschool early literacy - A general early childhood practice combining phonological awareness training (activities teaching children to "identify, detect, delete, segment, or blend segments of spoken words") with letter knowle
• Phonological Awareness Training practice (rhyme detection, blending, and segmentation activities for young children) - Phonological Awareness Training is a general practice aimed at enhancing young children's phonological awareness, defined as "the ability to detect or manipulate the sounds in words independent of mea
• Phonologization: final segment applying phonology to the bracketed utterance - Phonologization is the last of the five segments in Labov's production model.
• Physical Education - Physical Education (PE) is a curricular domain in which learning goals — motor skill, tactical understanding, fitness, and dispositions — are achieved primarily through structured physical activity ra
• Physics of the Life Sciences draft textbook (McKay) - A draft calculus-based textbook by Prof.
• Pigelleto's Summer School of Physics: a full-immersion orientation program for high-school students - The Pigelleto's Summer School of Physics is a four-day full-immersion residential school held in a natural reserve since 2006, oriented toward physics.
• Pilot Planning Checklist and Ideal Pilot Timeline artifacts - The report provides two planning artifacts for districts conducting ed-tech pilots: a pilot-planning checklist and a model pilot timeline, released as appendices.
• Pittsburgh performance-based pay plans for teachers and principals - As part of the same project, Mathematica assisted Pittsburgh Public Schools in developing performance-based pay plans for teachers and principals, building on the value-added estimates of educator eff
• Pittsburgh Public Schools value-added models using multiple outcome measures - A set of value-added models created for the Pittsburgh Public Schools and the Pittsburgh Federation of Teachers.
• Planetary Health and Climate Resilient Health Systems course - An interdisciplinary and international 6-week course at the intersection of global and planetary health, climate change, and health systems transformation, built by the EWUU alliance (TU/e, WUR, UU, U
• Please Go and Bring for Me (PGBM) game for promoting reflection on units in multiplicative reasoning - PGBM is a paired game in which a Sender asks a Bringer to build and bring back several same-size towers of cubes, one tower at a time, then answer four questions about towers, cubes per tower, total c
• Policy Analysis and Decision-Making Capacity project (Phases 1-3) - A project funded by the Office of Science and Data Policy within ASPE at the U.S.
• Polya Method: a six-step heuristic strategy for solving verbal problems - The Polya Method (PM) is a heuristic instructional strategy derived from Polya's How to Solve It, operationalized here as six programmed steps: read the problem carefully; decide what question the pro
• Portfolio - A portfolio is a purposeful, curated collection of learner work assembled over time, accompanied by reflection, used to document growth and assess competence.
• Position Development - Learners construct and refine a defensible stance on a contested issue through evidence-based reasoning and adversarial or dialogic testing.
• Positive Interdependence - A structural condition in cooperative learning where group members cannot succeed unless all members succeed, linking individual outcomes to shared goals.
• Positive interdependence and individual accountability as the two necessary elements of cooperative learning - The digest identifies the two elements that all cooperative learning advocates agree are absolutely necessary for cooperative learning to be successful: positive interdependence and individual account
• Post-stratification raking weighting procedure for linking study samples - Because the linking study sample is voluntary and may differ from the state population, NWEA applies post-stratification weighting on race, sex, and performance level — variables "known to be correlat
• Power4Kids evaluation: impact study, implementation study, and functional neuroimaging study of four reading interventions - The Power4Kids evaluation is a multi-component assessment of four reading interventions for struggling elementary readers, conducted in the Allegheny Intermediate Unit near Pittsburgh.
• PPSD districtwide text-messaging platform for parent and guardian communication - An engagement tool implemented in all PPSD schools in 2018/19 that lets administrators and staff send and receive messages to parents and guardians of the whole school, groups, or individual students.
• Practice - Encourages learners to apply new knowledge or skills through structured activities.
• Practice Testing - Learners actively retrieve information from memory as a learning activity, rather than rereading or reviewing material.
• Practitioner's Guide to Integrating Literacy and Science - A companion guide listed under Associated Research for this brief, titled "Practitioner's Guide to Integrating Literacy and Science".
• Pre-Class Preparation - Pre-class preparation is the element in which learners engage with readings, videos, prompts, or other materials before a live class session so that class time can focus on discussion, application, or
• Pre-Class Video/Lecture - Instructional content is delivered via video or recorded lecture before in-class activities, freeing class time for active learning.
• Pre-K Mathematics supplemental preschool program - Pre-K Mathematics is a supplemental mathematics program for preschool children that develops informal mathematical knowledge through three components: a set of 24 in-class, small-group activities with
• Pre-Reading Activities - Pre-reading activities are tasks completed before reading in order to activate prior knowledge, establish purpose, surface key vocabulary, or prepare attention for important ideas.
• Pre-Reading Questioning - Pre-reading questioning is the element in which learners preview a text through guiding questions before or during initial reading.
• Pre-Seminar Preparation - Learners review content before engaging in discussion-based activities.
• Precis summary notes placed alongside the basic text - Concise summary notes placed alongside the basic text that explain key concepts, key terminology, and key questions.
• Prediction - A prediction asks learners to commit to an answer or outcome before instruction, activating prior knowledge and creating a gap that subsequent teaching resolves.
• Predictive model of near-term academic risk combining school and child welfare data - The article describes a predictive model that uses both school data and child welfare data to flag students at risk of near-term academic problems.
• Principal buy-in typology table from the Excellence in Teaching Year 1 exit interviews - A descriptive typology table produced from exit interviews with 39 principals in the Excellence in Teaching pilot.
• Prior Knowledge Activation - Prior knowledge activation is the element in which learners recall, surface, or organize what they already know before engaging with new material.
• Probing - Probing uses targeted follow-up questions to push learners beyond initial answers, exposing reasoning, surfacing misconceptions, and deepening elaboration.
• Problem Presentation - Learners are introduced to a real-world problem to analyze and solve.
• Problem Scenario - Learners engage with a structured real-world scenario that requires problem-solving.
• Problem Solving - Problem solving is the element in which learners identify, analyze, and respond to a challenge by generating and evaluating possible solutions.
• Problem-Based Learning - Problem-based learning, as an element, refers to the use of an authentic or ill-structured problem as the immediate driver of inquiry, information seeking, and solution development inside a larger des
• Procedural Information - Step-by-step instructions and just-in-time guidance to assist learners in acquiring procedural fluency.
• Procedural Learning - Procedural learning is the element in which learners acquire stepwise routines, methods, or operations through guided performance.
• Proctor notification feature for detecting and responding to student disengagement - A notification mechanism within a testing platform that alerts proctors when students disengage.
• Product - A product is the tangible artifact or performance a learner creates to demonstrate learning — the observable output that anchors assessment, feedback, and transfer.
• Progress Tracking - Progress tracking is the element in which learners or instructors monitor advancement through goals, tasks, competencies, or milestones over time.
• Progressive Disclosure - Progressive disclosure presents information in sequenced stages, revealing complexity only as the learner is ready, rather than showing everything at once.
• Promise Neighborhoods Case Studies: a 2014-2015 multi-site profile project for the Promise Neighborhoods Institute at PolicyLink - Promise Neighborhoods Case Studies is the associated project under which this site profile was produced, with a stated time frame of 2014-2015.
• Promote a Sense of Home - Promote a sense of home is the element of creating belonging, familiarity, and social warmth within a learning environment.
• Promotion power measure of high school effects on long-term student success - Promotion power is defined as "a school's effect on the long-term success of its students as indicated by high school graduation, college or career readiness, college enrollment and persistence, and s
• Promotion power measure of Louisiana high schools - Promotion power is defined in the report as "a school’s effect on the long-term success of its students" as indicated by high school graduation, college or career readiness, college enrollment and per
• Prompts - A prompt is a cue, question, or instruction embedded in a learning task that directs learner attention, elicits a response, or scaffolds a cognitive process at the moment it is needed.
• Propensity-for-retention measure built by grade-specific logistic regression on prereform retention policy - A student-level covariate produced by logistic regression on 1987-1988 data with retention as the outcome and academic and demographic factors as predictors, applied to later years to yield "a propens
• Propensity-score inverse-probability-weighting design with publicly reported school-quality tiers - The study classifies all Chicago high schools into selective, top-tier, mid-tier, and bottom-tier groups using publicly available average ACT scores and 4-year graduation rates, combined "via principa
• Proposed MMLA design for maritime simulation combining body sensors, eye-tracking, and speech recognition - The proposed multimodal learning analytics design for full-mission bridge simulators proposes sensors and technologies to capture collaborative navigation training: "Body sensors: Capturing the amount
• Prototype practice framework for differentiated instruction in secondary mathematics - The article presents a prototype practice framework developed within a broader study in regional Australia to assist secondary mathematics teachers in developing and implementing strategies for differ
• Provide Feedback - Gives learners corrective or reinforcing feedback to improve performance.
• Provide guidance - Offers scaffolding, modeling, or examples to support learning.
• Provocative Objects - A digital-environment design construct specifying five characteristics — consistent feedback, frequent failure tightly coupled to that feedback, non-standard representations, late or absent formal not
• Proximity - Placing related text and graphics close together on the page or screen so learners can process them as a single unit rather than searching and holding them in working memory.
• Public and patient involvement (PPI) panel embedded across all stages of the AAC evidence synthesis - The protocol establishes a PPI panel of AAC-familiar stakeholders to support the review from the outset.
• Public Display - Public display is the element in which learner work is made visible to a wider audience in the classroom or beyond.
• Public Product - Public product is the element in which learners create work intended for real audiences beyond the teacher alone.
• Public Speaking - Public speaking is the element in which learners present ideas aloud to an audience with attention to clarity, organization, evidence, and delivery.
• Publisher Directory listing publishers sensitive to treatment of minorities and females - Part III's Publisher Directory (Section 11) opens with the Association of American Publishers' "Statement on Bias-free Materials" reproduced in its entirety, then presents an alphabetical listing of p
• Python with matplotlib as a module-development technology leveraging existing graduate research skills - Python is an interpreted language typically used for desktop applications or server-side scripting rather than browser-run web applications.