Elements: S

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SACD multiprogram evaluation of seven schoolwide programs - The multiprogram evaluation is the report's central artifact: a coordinated experimental evaluation of seven named SACD programs (4Rs, ABC, CSP, Love In a Big World, Positive Action, PATHS, and Second
Salesforce-based web database and online survey infrastructure for program management - The program's stated technology requirements include "Internet access with an updated web browser to access a web-based Salesforce database system".
Sample practice-driven R&D agendas for adolescent literacy, computational thinking, and implementation - The article presents three illustrative R&D agendas built from district driving questions: an adolescent literacy agenda (covering diverse texts and writing identity), a computational thinking agenda
SAS NLMIXED implementation of the general polytomous testlet model, 2PL/GPCM, and MIRT-SS models - The report implements all three models (the general polytomous testlet model, the 2PL/GPCM, and the multidimensional IRT model with simple structure) using the SAS NLMIXED procedure, which fits nonlin
Scaffolded Inquiry - Gradually shifts learners from guided exploration to independent inquiry.
Scaffolding - Scaffolding is the element in which support is added temporarily so learners can perform tasks they could not yet complete independently.
Scaffolding: adjusting support to the child's level of development - The paper identifies scaffolding as a key teaching skill within the ZPD: "Scaffolding is an instructional process by which the teacher adjusts or modifies the amount and type of support offered to the
Scenario-Based Learning - Scenario-based learning is the element in which instruction is organized around a realistic situation, case, or mission that requires learners to interpret information and make decisions in context.
Scenario-based standardized assessments with simulated peer and teacher interaction - ETS researchers developed technology-based assessments that emulate real interactions.
Schematic taxonomy of eight types of adult education in the Philippines (Table 2) - The article constructs a schematic analysis (Table 2) dividing Philippine adult education into eight types across two streams: formal vocational/technical (items 1-2: vocational trade high schools and
Schon's design-studio practicum as a reflective learning environment - The paper describes Schon's ideal learning environment, the practicum, in which teacher and student confront real problems in a secure, almost-real setting and grow together through dialogue.
School data tools for family and LSC inquiry: CIWP, 5Essentials, CPS School Profiles, To&Through, and ISBE report card - The playbook's Data Dive section assembles six data sources parents and LSC members can use to learn about their school: the Continuous Improvement Work Plan, 5Essentials Survey results, CPS School Pr
School disadvantage classification by free/reduced-price lunch quintiles within districts - To measure school disadvantage, the study ranked schools "by grade span (elementary separate from middle school) within each district based on the percentage of their students eligible for free and re
School-based coaching and support for using student data to inform instruction - The evaluated intervention is a set of coaching and support services delivered to schools to help teachers use student data when planning instruction.
School-by-grade enrollment prediction analysis for the School District of Philadelphia - A comparative analysis that used "data from prior years" to predict fall enrollment "at the school-by-grade level" in the School District of Philadelphia, a district with school choice and substantial
School-specific summary and details reports generated from survey participation - The UChicago Consortium prepares two kinds of school-specific reports: summary reports showing how teachers and students responded on survey measures over several years, and details reports showing ho
Scientific Reasoning - Scientific reasoning is the element in which learners generate explanations, evaluate evidence, test claims, and revise models using disciplinary norms of inquiry.
Scoring standards and rubrics for assignments and student work in writing and mathematics - The report translates the three criteria into specific scoring standards for assignments (Figure 7) and student work (Figure 8) in writing and mathematics, with detailed scoring rules such as a 4-poin
Scratch coding activities expressing content as interactive illustrations, games, or stories - The deck proposes Scratch as a block-based coding environment for content-area algorithm lessons, stating "Students will use Scratch to code: Rock Cycle, Animal Ecosystems, Story retellings or new end
Scratch-based summative assignment: define, simulate, and reflect on a computational process in one's own subject - The examined artifact is a course summative assignment in which prospective teachers apply conceptual and practical CT knowledge in Scratch, chosen for its block-based, visual interface suited to novi
SDP/EP agency profiles documenting data use in twelve education agencies - A set of twelve agency profiles developed by Mathematica Policy Research, each summarizing one agency's experience with using data and working with Strategic Data Project (SDP) and Education Pioneers
Sealey's layered reference frame for Riemann sum and definite integral understanding - The article synthesizes Sealey's (2014) framework characterizing students' understanding of Riemann sums and the definite integral.
Seed germination observation activity for K-2 data collection - Seed germination is presented as a K-2 activity in which students observe and record changes over time, producing data for analysis.
SEERNet Practitioner Advisory Board: six practitioners meeting monthly to advise the research network - The advisory board comprises six practitioners—classroom teachers, school psychologists, instructional coaches, district-level and state leaders—recruited to give practitioners "a direct voice in SEER
Selected-Response Assessment Items - Multiple-choice, true-false, and matching items ask students to select rather than construct a response — easy to score objectively, but hard to write well, and appropriate mainly for recognition-leve
Self Efficacy - A learner's belief in their own capability to organize and execute the actions required to perform a task, which strongly influences motivation, effort, persistence, and achievement.
Self-Assessment - Self-assessment is the element in which learners judge their own work, understanding, or progress against explicit criteria.
Self-Explanation - Self-explanation is the element in which learners explain to themselves why something is true, why a step works, or how a solution fits the problem.
Self-Monitoring - Self-monitoring is the element in which learners track their own attention, behavior, progress, or accuracy during learning.
Self-Paced Learning - Self-paced learning is the element in which learners control the rate or sequence of progress through material within a designed structure.
Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) - The Self-Regulation Questionnaire is a 63-item self-report instrument, built on the Miller and Brown seven-step model of self-regulation, that scores a person's overall self-regulation capacity as hig
Self-talk as the mediating internal verbalization of teacher feedback - Self-talk is the internal verbalization by which students perceive, interpret, and integrate teacher statements and feedback, serving as the mediating step between external feedback and academic self-
Self-Testing - Self-testing is the element in which learners quiz themselves or otherwise attempt to retrieve knowledge without immediate external prompting.
Semantic mapping as a pre- and post-reading comprehension technique - Semantic mapping is a classroom technique for teaching reading comprehension that integrates new information with prior knowledge.
Semantic network: content words connected by lines as the starting point of the production model - The semantic network is the first of Labov's five segments of linguistic description.
Semi-structured interview protocol for undergraduate statistics students using Lumen One courseware - A semi-structured interview instrument conducted with undergraduate Statistics students as part of a Digital Promise study of the Lumen One courseware.
Seminar Format - Seminar format is the element in which learning is organized around sustained discussion of a shared text, question, or issue with facilitator support but strong learner participation.
Sentence Starters - Sentence starters (or sentence frames) provide partial sentence openings that structure learner responses, reducing the language-generation burden so learners can focus on content and reasoning.
Servant leadership component of the Team Learning Foundation - Servant leadership is the final component of the Team Learning Foundation, introduced through principles drawn from Hunter (2004).
Service-Learning Assistant Mentors (SLAMs): undergraduate peer mentors embedded in service-learning courses - SLAMs are undergraduate students with prior service-learning experience who serve as peer mentors to enrolled students and as liaisons between faculty and students.
SES provider landscape and service delivery characteristics in oversubscribed districts - The provider survey describes who delivered SES and how.
Set of 10 large-scale education RCTs used to compare CACE variance formula significance findings - The article's empirical base is a set of "10 large-scale RCTs" in the education field, used to compare significance findings for the CACE estimator under correct variance formulas versus commonly used
SETA (Scientific and Engineering Technical Assistance) roles as embedded technical expertise in education R&D - SETAs are embedded technical experts in the ARPA tradition who provide continuity, systems-level insight, and rapid response capacity across short-term, high-ambition research programs.
Seven agency profiles companion document - The companion document is a released artifact presenting "seven profiles, one for each agency in the study," describing each agency's experience with data-driven decision making groundwork.
Shared Documents - Shared documents are the element in which multiple learners contribute to a common editable artifact.
Sharing Study Data: A Guide for Education Researchers (NCEE 2022-004) - A practical guide published by the U.S.
Short-story-based explicit strategy instruction package (strategy presentations, in-class examples, and student products) - An instructional package combining researcher-developed strategy presentations with English short story books.
Short-term longitudinal study of theory of mind and school readiness in 120 low-income children - A short-term longitudinal study of "120 low-income preschool and kindergarten children" examining "relations among theory of mind, the understanding of teaching, and learning behaviors and their colle
Shorter work-aligned certificates as a credential type experiencing renewed market emphasis - Certificates are described as one type of shorter, work-aligned credential.
Significant Others Statements Inventory (SOSI) - The SOSI is an eight-subscale instrument measuring children's perceived frequency of positive and negative statements made by parents, teachers, siblings, and peers.
Simple-to-complex sequencing - Learning progresses from basic concepts to more detailed, complex ideas, so foundational knowledge is established before advanced material is introduced.
Simplifying Procurement concept: user-centered tools and case studies for navigating district purchasing - One of five concepts developed at the workshop, Simplifying Procurement is a set of user-centered tools meant to demystify district procurement.
Simulation - A simulation is an interactive model of a system or environment in which learners act, observe consequences, and iterate, learning through controlled experimentation rather than direct instruction.
Simulation and empirical comparison of scoring approaches for longitudinal survey growth estimation - A methodological artifact consisting of a series of simulation and empirical studies in which scores were produced "in a single-cohort repeated measure design using sum scores as well as multiple IRT
Simulation model of 108 school situations predicting infections and in-person attendance under opening, quarantining, and closing strategies - A modeling tool developed by Mathematica to support school reopening decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Simulation study of Bayesian adaptive design conditions - The article includes a simulation study built around a randomized experiment of students in an online course as a motivating example.
Simulation-based power calculation procedure comparing classical and Bayesian MDEs across factorial designs - The paper describes a simulation procedure for comparing the statistical power of classical and Bayesian factorial designs.
Simultaneity, proximity, social skills, and group evaluation as elements differentiating cooperative learning from group work - Digest 3 presents four further elements differentiating cooperative learning from ordinary group work.
singKT: an open dataset of note-level singing practice from Chinese classrooms - The singKT dataset is an openly released corpus of singing interactions collected from Chinese primary and middle schools, distributed by the iTEC Lab at Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
Six guiding commitments accompany the framework: reflect deeply, recognize intersectionality, anti-oppression, trauma awareness, trust-based relationships, learning and unlearning - The co-design process produced a set of commitments that guide how the framework is used, developed after in-person participants emphasized the need for principles giving context for how the framework
Small-Group Instruction - Small-group instruction is the element in which learners work with an instructor or facilitator in a reduced-size group for targeted teaching, discussion, or support.
SMARTER Goals - SMARTER goals are a structured goal-setting element that asks learners to define goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound, evaluated, and revised or rewarded, depending on
Social Learning - Social learning is the element in which interaction with peers, models, or communities is treated as a direct source of learning.
Social skills training: a behavioral, practice-based approach to teaching preschool social skills - Social skills training is "not a specific curriculum, but rather a collection of practices that use a behavioral approach for teaching preschool children age-appropriate social skills and competencies
Socratic Questioning - Socratic questioning is the element in which prompts are used to probe assumptions, clarify reasoning, test evidence, and extend implications.
Socratic Seminar - Socratic seminar is the element in which learners build understanding through text-centered questioning and discussion.
Solution Development - Learners synthesize information to propose and test solutions.
Solution-step difficulty levels for simultaneous-equation problems - A five-level scheme for grading simultaneous-equation problems by the number of variables and solution steps, following Sweller's production/solution step method, in which "the difficulty of the conte
Spaced Learning - Spaced learning is the element in which practice or review is distributed over time rather than massed together.
Spaced Repetition - Spaced repetition is the element in which key material is revisited at strategically increasing intervals rather than massed into a single session.
Specific Learning Disabilities - A learning disability is a significant, specific gap between a student's ability and one narrow area of academic achievement (reading, writing, or math) that persists despite ordinary teaching effort
Spectrum of blended learning implementation models for adult education - The report describes implementation models along a spectrum of blended learning, from models where the instructor delivers most teaching with little computer time, to models where most instruction is
Spectrum of school operational approaches during COVID-19, from fully remote to fully in-person with hybrid approaches between - The report situates hybrid instruction on a spectrum of pandemic-era school operational approaches.
Speech-to-text - Speech-to-text converts spoken language into written text, giving learners another route for composing, capturing ideas, and participating in text-based environments.
Spiral Curriculum - Spiral curriculum is the element in which important ideas are revisited repeatedly over time, with each return expanding complexity or depth.
Sponsor consortium of seven funders supporting the study - The page lists the study's sponsors as the Alfred P.
Spup: a spoon taped to a cup used as a fading utensil - The spup is a modified drinking utensil consisting of a large Maroon spoon taped to a blue cut-out cup, used to bridge spoon drinking and cup drinking.
SSI Youth Solutions project set of 12 proposed intervention papers - A set of 12 papers commissioned by ODEP's SSI Youth Solutions project, initiated in 2019 to "generate testable ideas for improving outcomes among youth receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI)." S
Standards-based alternate portfolio assessment with multi-domain scoring rubric - An alternate assessment in which student portfolios—a purposeful and systematic collection of student work evaluated against predetermined scoring criteria—document progress toward the same content st
STaR Chart: a self-assessment tool for school technology and readiness - The School Technology and Readiness (STaR) Chart, first released by the CEO Forum in October 1997 and updated in this Year 2 report, is a self-assessment tool that helps K-12 schools chart their readi
State and district survey of Title I and Title II-A implementation under the ESSA transition - A survey-based data collection examining how key policies and initiatives related to two large ESEA programs were implemented in 2017–18.
State Apprenticeship Systems Capacity Assessment study - A multi-publication evidence-building study examining how the public sector and its partners support and implement Registered Apprenticeship programs across US states.
State objectives - Clearly communicates the learning goals to set expectations and focus attention.
Statistical matching and weighting procedure for the MAP Reading Fluency–Amira linking study - The linking study dataset was built by matching MAP Reading Fluency records to Amira records on student attributes (gender, ethnicity, English learner status, special education status, score percentil
Stellar Populations inquiry activity in which students construct their own Hertzsprung-Russell diagram from stellar images and spectra - A two-day, paper-based inquiry for advanced high-school to senior college students in which students analyze pictures and spectra of stars, organize data via tables and plots, and build their own vers
Sticht's three theoretical positions linking oral and written language - The article cites three theoretical positions from Sticht's Reading for Working supporting the stage sequence: "1.
Strategic Data Project and Education Pioneers fellowship programs placing data-skilled fellows in education agencies - The Gates Foundation invested in two programs, the Strategic Data Project (SDP) and Education Pioneers (EP), that "seek to provide, train, and support staff (known as fellows) who can enhance the capa
Strategic Data Project and Education Pioneers programs supporting data capacity in education agencies - The Strategic Data Project (SDP) and Education Pioneers (EP) programs are initiatives studied in this implementation study.
Strength-based Teacher Report/IEP Reflection Template with key information, academic/cognition, and SEL/behavior sections - Section Two of the guide is a fillable template where teachers "capture the most important information you gathered from your reflection about your student." It is broken into three parts — Key Inform
Structured Academic Controversy - Structured academic controversy is the element in which learners argue multiple sides of an issue before synthesizing a shared conclusion.
Structured Debate - Structured debate is the element in which learners examine opposing claims using explicit roles, turn structures, evidence requirements, and response rules.
Structured Discussion - Structured discussion is the element in which talk is guided by prompts, roles, turns, protocols, or evidence requirements rather than left entirely open.
Structured pedagogy package: student books, teachers' guides, and teacher professional development - The brief describes structured pedagogy as "a coordinated approach to improving classroom instruction that involves provision of student materials and lesson plans, training, and continuous support."
Structured problem cases built on Kim et al.'s four conceptual elements (content, structure, attributes, process) - The instructional tool of the model is the well-constructed problem case, built using the conceptual structure of Kim, Phillips, Pinsky, Brock, Phillips and Keary (2006).
Structured Questioning - Instructors guide learners with sequenced, purposeful questions to scaffold deeper inquiry.
Structured relationship-building teacher home visits as a family engagement program component - The evaluated element is a family engagement program in which teachers conduct "structured relationship-building teacher home visits" with students in grades 1-5, delivered "before the start of the sc
Student follow-up instruments: initial card, follow-up card, and work diary - The TPI procedure includes three follow-up instruments developed "in the form of a 'card'" to support monitoring of the trainee researcher.
Student learning objectives set by individual teachers and approved by principals - The second alternative measure type profiled: student learning objectives (SLOs).
Student needs assessment template for designing comprehensive advising - A sample template (Figure 1.2, from Achieving the Dream, 2018) that advising teams can use to begin evaluating the extent of student need on campus.
Student outcomes dimension: engagement, mindsets, belonging, and grade-level proficiency - Dimension 6 of the construct map defines student outcomes as "Students have positive learning experiences and master grade level content".
Student Ratings of Teaching project at the University of Salzburg - The concrete evaluation context used in the article is the project "Student Ratings of Teaching" at the University of Salzburg, partly based on the project "Evaluation in Education", grant No.
Student-centered learning environments - Student-centered learning environments provide "interactive, complimentary activities that enable individuals to address their unique learning interests and needs, examine content at multiple levels o
Student-created Facebook group network as informal learning infrastructure in a design Master's program - A network of five student-created and managed Facebook groups (three cohort-based, a current years group, and an all years group including alumni) that supported an interaction design Master's program
Student-facing dashboard for online and distance education with selected features - A student-facing learning analytics dashboard designed with and for online and distance learning students, displaying assignment scores, credits passed and studying, last time active on the module, VL
Student-Led IEPs - Student-led IEPs place the student with a disability in the driver's seat of their own Individualized Education Program meeting — preparing, presenting, and negotiating goals with support from educato
Student-led mental health teacher professional development model - A professional development model in which high school students, in partnership with a mental health counselor and community-based non-profit Bristol Cares, "led a series of professional development se
Student-made glossary assignment for MATLAB syntax - A homework intervention in which students complete a five-column glossary form: "syntax, overview of the syntax, student developed test case(s) based on instructor guidelines, hand computations to pre
Student-reported learning climate measures covering academic press, personalism, peer support, classroom behavior, engagement, and safety - The 1994 student survey includes Rasch measures of the learning climate: Press Toward Academic Achievement (individual reliability 0.78), Peer Support for Academic Work (0.82), Classroom Behavior (0.6
Student-Written Texts - Learner-authored texts used as supplementary reading resources in literacy instruction.
Studies of Arkansas AIIM and THRIVE with findings presentations and infographic products - The logic model lists two studies as partnership activities: "Study of Arkansas AIIM" and "Study of Arkansas THRIVE." Each is paired with dissemination products — presenting findings and producing inf
Study carrel as an individual work area shielding a child from disturbance - The booklet defines and details the study carrel as a behaviour-support fixture: "A carrel is a work area for individual study.
Study of School Turnaround: case studies of 11 SIG schools with high ELL enrollments - The Study of School Turnaround is a multi-year evaluation examining school improvement in SIG-funded schools.
Study of Title I and Title II-A implementation: nationally representative 2013-14 surveys of states, districts, principals, and teachers - A national study of the implementation of policies promoted through Title I and Title II-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, conducted as part of the project "Improving America's Schools"
Submission - Learners submit work for assessment, feedback, or peer review at structured checkpoints.
Summarization and Synthesis - Learners distill key concepts from a discussion, reading, or experience into their own condensed restatement or integrated account.
Summary and details report formats for school survey results - The Consortium produces two report formats from the survey.
Summative Assessment - Summative assessment is the element in which a learner's performance is judged at the end of a unit, course, or other instructional sequence.
Summer bridge program (Challenge Program at Georgia Tech) - The Challenge Program is a 5-week summer bridge program at a selective technical university in the southeastern United States, originally offered in 1981 as a developmental education program for minor
Summer counseling intervention for college-intending high school graduates - Summer counseling helps college-intending high school graduates complete the steps needed to matriculate, such as "enrolling in courses, completing housing forms, registering for orientation, finalizi
Summit Public Schools' embedded R&D system: internal R&D team, mentoring program, self-directed learning curriculum, and progress-tracking platform - Summit Public Schools, a charter network in California and Washington, embeds R&D in its educational model using continuous improvement principles.
Support for data-driven instruction intervention (coaching and support to schools for using student data) - An intervention evaluated in a random assignment study that involved "providing coaching and support to schools to help them use student data to inform teachers’ instruction." It was examined for effe
Supportive information - Supportive information provides the cognitive strategies, mental models, and conceptual frameworks necessary for tackling complex tasks.