Claims: Y

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• Yeager et al. (2016) and Fink et al. (2018) found indeterminate effects on enrollment, credit completion, and chemistry final exam scores - Yeager et al.
• Year 10 teacher and parent educational expectations have consistently positive effects on student expectations, academic self-concept, GPA, and age-26 outcomes - Year 10 teacher and parent educational expectations have consistently positive effects on student expectations, academic self-concept, GPA, and age-26 outcomes
• Year 3 and Year 4 student achievement growth in mathematics and reading showed no significant differences between 2019 and 2020 cohorts in NSW primary schools - Year 3 and Year 4 student achievement growth in mathematics and reading showed no significant differences between 2019 and 2020 cohorts in NSW primary schools
• Year 3 regional students in mid-ICSEA schools demonstrated three months additional reading growth in 2020 compared with 2019 - Year 3 regional students in mid-ICSEA schools demonstrated three months additional reading growth in 2020 compared with 2019
• Year 3 students in low-ICSEA schools achieved significantly less mathematics growth in 2020, equivalent to two months less than the 2019 cohort - Year 3 students in low-ICSEA schools achieved significantly less mathematics growth in 2020, equivalent to two months less than the 2019 cohort
• Year 3 students in mid-ICSEA schools achieved two months additional mathematics growth in 2020 compared with 2019 - Year 3 students in mid-ICSEA schools achieved two months additional mathematics growth in 2020 compared with 2019
• Year 4 students in major cities demonstrated one month's additional reading growth in 2020 compared with 2019 - Year 4 students in major cities demonstrated one month's additional reading growth in 2020 compared with 2019
• Year of study is only weakly positively associated with reported AI usage frequency, indicating tool normalization across cohorts - Year of study is only weakly positively associated with reported AI usage frequency, indicating tool normalization across cohorts
• Year Up is likely to increase short-term earnings for low-income young adults - Year Up is likely to increase short-term earnings for low-income young adults
• Year Up may result in little to no change in industry-recognized credential, certificate, or license completion - Year Up may result in little to no change in industry-recognized credential, certificate, or license completion
• Year Up may result in little to no change in medium-term earnings - Year Up may result in little to no change in medium-term earnings
• Year Up may result in little to no change in medium-term employment - Year Up may result in little to no change in medium-term employment
• Year Up may result in little to no change in short-term employment - Year Up may result in little to no change in short-term employment
• Yearly high school attendance grew up to 3.55 percentage points more in schools with strong 5Essentials Survey measures than in schools with average scores - Yearly high school attendance grew up to 3.55 percentage points more in schools with strong 5Essentials Survey measures than in schools with average scores
• Years of education correlate positively with pre-workshop digital literacy scores in older adults - Years of education correlate positively with pre-workshop digital literacy scores in older adults
• Years of primary schooling and months of language lessons explain 70% of variance in adults' total literacy scores; age and years of residence do not predict - Years of primary schooling and months of language lessons explain 70% of variance in adults' total literacy scores; age and years of residence do not predict
• Years of science study in high school are directly related to college entrance exam achievement, and Hispanic and Black students complete advanced science courses at smaller rates - Years of science study in high school are directly related to college entrance exam achievement, and Hispanic and Black students complete advanced science courses at smaller rates
• Years-as-EL course-taking differences disappear once eighth-grade test scores are considered - Years-as-EL course-taking differences disappear once eighth-grade test scores are considered
• Yerkes-Bridges coefficients of intelligence of 1.20 or more are attained by very different percentages of children at successive ages (34.5% at ages 4-5 down to 0% at ages 16-17 and 18-on), so they do not represent the same degree of brightness at all ages. - Yerkes-Bridges coefficients of intelligence of 1.20 or more are attained by very different percentages of children at successive ages (34.5% at ages 4-5 down to 0% at ages 16-17 and 18-on), so they do
• Yes/no feedback that one was wrong increased curiosity selectively for high-confidence errors, leaving curiosity about low-confidence errors largely unchanged - Yes/no feedback that one was wrong increased curiosity selectively for high-confidence errors, leaving curiosity about low-confidence errors largely unchanged
• Yes/no feedback that participants were correct nearly quenched curiosity for correct answers, whereas without feedback curiosity peaked at moderate-to-high confidence - Yes/no feedback that participants were correct nearly quenched curiosity for correct answers, whereas without feedback curiosity peaked at moderate-to-high confidence
• YMHC members completed more than 130 certifications by March 2025, and 46% found certifications instrumental in securing employment - YMHC members completed more than 130 certifications by March 2025, and 46% found certifications instrumental in securing employment
• Yolo County children and youth need expanded learning, engagement, and leadership development opportunities, including integration of a youth development framework into all youth-serving organizations - Yolo County children and youth need expanded learning, engagement, and leadership development opportunities, including integration of a youth development framework into all youth-serving organizations
• YOUmedia attracts between 350 and 500 teens weekly, with African American males the largest single demographic group - YOUmedia attracts between 350 and 500 teens weekly, with African American males the largest single demographic group
• YOUmedia cultivates a sense of community among participating teens that drives engagement with digital media - YOUmedia cultivates a sense of community among participating teens that drives engagement with digital media
• YOUmedia registration increased steadily across Year 1, reaching 1,593 registered teens by August 2010 - YOUmedia registration increased steadily across Year 1, reaching 1,593 registered teens by August 2010
• YOUmedia staff struggled at times to balance teen choice of activities with structured learning activities - YOUmedia staff struggled at times to balance teen choice of activities with structured learning activities
• Young adults exhibit my-side bias when writing summaries of contradictory historical accounts, with 72% producing one-sided reports despite explicit instructions to summarize both texts - Young adults exhibit my-side bias when writing summaries of contradictory historical accounts, with 72% producing one-sided reports despite explicit instructions to summarize both texts
• Young adults outperform older adults on category fluency and processing speed, while older adults outperform young adults on premorbid IQ (NART) - Young adults outperform older adults on category fluency and processing speed, while older adults outperform young adults on premorbid IQ (NART)
• Young adults outperformed old adults in all goal conditions, but the age difference was much smaller under nonspecific goals - Young adults outperformed old adults in all goal conditions, but the age difference was much smaller under nonspecific goals
• Young and older adults make accurate retrospective confidence judgments but not prospective ease-of-selection judgments about their arithmetic strategy selections - Young and older adults make accurate retrospective confidence judgments but not prospective ease-of-selection judgments about their arithmetic strategy selections
• Young children ages 5-6 can set learning goals and use the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction to achieve them - Young children ages 5-6 can set learning goals and use the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction to achieve them
• Young children can self-initiate external metacognitive strategies and transfer them across contexts, with flexibility increasing over the preschool and early school years - Young children can self-initiate external metacognitive strategies and transfer them across contexts, with flexibility increasing over the preschool and early school years
• Young children collaboratively develop their own gestures to represent and explain challenging science concepts in a mixed-reality environment - Young children collaboratively develop their own gestures to represent and explain challenging science concepts in a mixed-reality environment
• Young children maintain correct responses more easily than they withdraw incorrect responses on an L2 vocabulary task - Young children maintain correct responses more easily than they withdraw incorrect responses on an L2 vocabulary task
• Young children with limited vocabulary express metacognitive knowledge through behavioral and nonverbal expressions as well as verbalizations - Young children with limited vocabulary express metacognitive knowledge through behavioral and nonverbal expressions as well as verbalizations
• Young children's video interpretation of their own mathematical play reveals both mathematical and social-affective sensemaking
• Young developing readers rely more heavily on semantic and syntactic information for word-level analysis than adult readers, per Schwantes' study - Young developing readers rely more heavily on semantic and syntactic information for word-level analysis than adult readers, per Schwantes' study
• Young DLLs have two separate phonological and grammatical language systems early in life - Young DLLs have two separate phonological and grammatical language systems early in life
• Young researchers show higher risk for burnout, and extreme workload is normalised in academic success narratives - Young researchers show higher risk for burnout, and extreme workload is normalised in academic success narratives
• Young white students progress more slowly in math and reading than Asian, black, and Hispanic students, with differences attenuating at older ages - Young white students progress more slowly in math and reading than Asian, black, and Hispanic students, with differences attenuating at older ages
• Young women outperformed young men in every grading category family in unweighted points, with the largest gap in assignments and smallest in assessments; weighting reversed this ordering - Young women outperformed young men in every grading category family in unweighted points, with the largest gap in assignments and smallest in assessments; weighting reversed this ordering
• Young women were more likely than young men to both immediately enroll in and persist through college, in both four-year and two-year colleges - Young women were more likely than young men to both immediately enroll in and persist through college, in both four-year and two-year colleges
• Younger adolescents (10.6–14.2 years) show lower relational reasoning accuracy when observed by a friend than by an experimenter only in low-relational trials - Younger adolescents (10.6–14.2 years) show lower relational reasoning accuracy when observed by a friend than by an experimenter only in low-relational trials
• Younger adults outperform older adults in concept-map performance, and older adults show no concept-map improvement - Younger adults outperform older adults in concept-map performance, and older adults show no concept-map improvement
• Younger adults show higher learning performance than older adults in collaborative concept-map learning of psychological concepts, and older adults show no learning gain - Younger adults show higher learning performance than older adults in collaborative concept-map learning of psychological concepts, and older adults show no learning gain
• Younger and older adults do not differ in treatment acceptability ratings for GAD with Parkinson's disease - Younger and older adults do not differ in treatment acceptability ratings for GAD with Parkinson's disease
• Younger and older adults select study items in an easy-to-difficult order, consistent with the region of proximal learning model - Younger and older adults select study items in an easy-to-difficult order, consistent with the region of proximal learning model
• Younger children (3–5-year-olds) answered story comprehension questions less accurately than all older age groups - Younger children (3–5-year-olds) answered story comprehension questions less accurately than all older age groups
• Younger children are much more suggestible than older children or adults in response to suggestive questions - Younger children are much more suggestible than older children or adults in response to suggestive questions
• Younger children have difficulty extracting the abstract theme of a narrative text - Younger children have difficulty extracting the abstract theme of a narrative text
• Younger children performed more redundant actions than older children - Younger children performed more redundant actions than older children
• Younger children were more negatively affected by COVID-19 school closures than older children (−0.37 SD vs. −0.10 SD) - Younger children were more negatively affected by COVID-19 school closures than older children (−0.37 SD vs.
• Younger male gamers report more anti-social motivations; pro-social gaming is more prevalent in older gamers - Younger male gamers report more anti-social motivations; pro-social gaming is more prevalent in older gamers
• Younger struggling readers benefited more: the interventions generally helped third-grade cohort students more than fifth-grade cohort students - Younger struggling readers benefited more: the interventions generally helped third-grade cohort students more than fifth-grade cohort students
• Younger students mostly use concrete strategies (e.g., inserting numbers) while older students use abstract rule-based strategies, with the transition around age 14–15 - Younger students mostly use concrete strategies (e.g., inserting numbers) while older students use abstract rule-based strategies, with the transition around age 14–15
• Younger students solve letter equations less accurately than number equations, but this difference disappears by age 16–17 - Younger students solve letter equations less accurately than number equations, but this difference disappears by age 16–17
• Youngest-arriving ESL learners risk acquiring neither L1 nor L2 at the level school demands - Youngest-arriving ESL learners risk acquiring neither L1 nor L2 at the level school demands
• Youth advisors report students are inadequately involved in school decision-making and want more transparent communication - Youth advisors report students are inadequately involved in school decision-making and want more transparent communication
• Youth designers specified norm setting and flexibility as key components of the Tech Talk game instructions - Youth designers specified norm setting and flexibility as key components of the Tech Talk game instructions
• Youth engaged free-choice learning heuristics in everyday problem-solving but typically skipped the assess phase - Youth engaged free-choice learning heuristics in everyday problem-solving but typically skipped the assess phase
• Youth focus groups surfaced four key digital well-being challenge themes: addiction and compulsive use, impact on thinking, effects on social skills, and effects on mental health - Youth focus groups surfaced four key digital well-being challenge themes: addiction and compulsive use, impact on thinking, effects on social skills, and effects on mental health
• Youth hold varied attitudes toward generative AI, with non-users citing concerns about helpfulness, academic integrity, knowledge, privacy, and awareness - Youth hold varied attitudes toward generative AI, with non-users citing concerns about helpfulness, academic integrity, knowledge, privacy, and awareness
• Youth lost to attrition had discussed immigration more frequently and reported lower hope and peer validation at baseline - Youth lost to attrition had discussed immigration more frequently and reported lower hope and peer validation at baseline
• Youth most positively reported Project With's impact on goal setting, with 81 percent saying it made them more likely to make plans to reach their goals - Youth most positively reported Project With's impact on goal setting, with 81 percent saying it made them more likely to make plans to reach their goals
• Youth motivation to persist in everyday problem-solving is minimal, costing them collaboration and new knowledge - Youth motivation to persist in everyday problem-solving is minimal, costing them collaboration and new knowledge
• Youth offenders show greatly elevated rates of undiagnosed language disorder - Youth offenders show greatly elevated rates of undiagnosed language disorder
• Youth reported a mixed pattern of impact on the success sequence: 60–61 percent were more likely to plan a steady full-time job before having a child or marrying, but only 28–35 percent were more likely to plan to delay sexual intercourse until milestones - Youth reported a mixed pattern of impact on the success sequence: 60–61 percent were more likely to plan a steady full-time job before having a child or marrying, but only 28–35 percent were more like
• Youth reported positive perceived impacts on healthy relationships (77 percent) and on self-regulation and decision-making (62–66 percent) - Youth reported positive perceived impacts on healthy relationships (77 percent) and on self-regulation and decision-making (62–66 percent)
• Youth text reading experience correlates modestly with narrative comprehension; current text and youth comic experience do not - Youth text reading experience correlates modestly with narrative comprehension; current text and youth comic experience do not
• Youth who were less education-oriented and more work-oriented may have been more likely to enroll in the PROMISE demonstration - Youth who were less education-oriented and more work-oriented may have been more likely to enroll in the PROMISE demonstration
• Youth with a 504 plan face fewer functional, social, and educational challenges than youth with an IEP, but more than other youth without an IEP - Youth with a 504 plan face fewer functional, social, and educational challenges than youth with an IEP, but more than other youth without an IEP
• Youth with an IEP are more likely than a decade ago to live in households facing economic challenges - Youth with an IEP are more likely than a decade ago to live in households facing economic challenges
• Youth with an IEP are more likely than in the past to receive supports at school but less likely to receive them at home - Youth with an IEP are more likely than in the past to receive supports at school but less likely to receive them at home
• Youth with an IEP are more likely than their peers to be socioeconomically disadvantaged and to face problems with health, communication, and completing typical tasks independently - Youth with an IEP are more likely than their peers to be socioeconomically disadvantaged and to face problems with health, communication, and completing typical tasks independently
• Youth with an IEP are more likely than youth without an IEP to struggle academically, yet less likely to receive some forms of school-based support - Youth with an IEP are more likely than youth without an IEP to struggle academically, yet less likely to receive some forms of school-based support
• Youth with an IEP became more engaged in school and extracurricular activities over the past decade, with little change in grade retention, suspensions, and expulsions - Youth with an IEP became more engaged in school and extracurricular activities over the past decade, with little change in grade retention, suspensions, and expulsions
• Youth with an IEP experience bullying and suspension at higher rates and are less engaged in school and social activities than peers, though most youth with and without an IEP feel positive about school - Youth with an IEP experience bullying and suspension at higher rates and are less engaged in school and social activities than peers, though most youth with and without an IEP feel positive about scho
• Youth with an IEP lag their peers in planning and taking steps to obtain postsecondary education and jobs - Youth with an IEP lag their peers in planning and taking steps to obtain postsecondary education and jobs
• Youth workers at the treatment program treated admissions as a sudden procedural event rather than a gradual therapeutic process - Youth workers at the treatment program treated admissions as a sudden procedural event rather than a gradual therapeutic process
• Youth's intentions to have sexual intercourse declined marginally from entry to exit (3.2 to 3.0, p = .08, effect size = -0.16), with no change in condom or birth control intentions - Youth's intentions to have sexual intercourse declined marginally from entry to exit (3.2 to 3.0, p = .08, effect size = -0.16), with no change in condom or birth control intentions
• Youth-led action research found that many California high school students did not feel cared for by adults at school - Youth-led action research found that many California high school students did not feel cared for by adults at school