Claims: A 1

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• A $1,000 increase in district per-pupil revenue in grades 10–12 was associated with a 5.3 percentage-point increase in high school graduation rates in California - A $1,000 increase in district per-pupil revenue in grades 10–12 was associated with a 5.3 percentage-point increase in high school graduation rates in California
• A $1,000 per-pupil spending increase across high school raised graduation likelihood by 8.2 percentage points, and 3 consecutive years of increased high school spending raised college-readiness standards attainment in math and reading - A $1,000 per-pupil spending increase across high school raised graduation likelihood by 8.2 percentage points, and 3 consecutive years of increased high school spending raised college-readiness standa
• A $20,000 selective transfer incentive offers high-performing teachers in 10 districts payment to move into their district's hardest-to-staff schools - A $20,000 selective transfer incentive offers high-performing teachers in 10 districts payment to move into their district's hardest-to-staff schools
• A 10-minute bout of moderate-intensity exercise improves Stroop inhibitory control with increased left dorsolateral prefrontal activation in young adults - A 10-minute bout of moderate-intensity exercise improves Stroop inhibitory control with increased left dorsolateral prefrontal activation in young adults
• A 12-item short form of the survey retains acceptable-to-good reliability (alpha = 0.85; test-retest = 0.75) - A 12-item short form of the survey retains acceptable-to-good reliability (alpha = 0.85; test-retest = 0.75)
• A 12-year-old's intelligence test score prophesies book-learning outcomes more accurately than practical or social-intellectual performance - A 12-year-old's intelligence test score prophesies book-learning outcomes more accurately than practical or social-intellectual performance
• A 13-week multicomponent small-group reading intervention did not produce significantly better word reading, comprehension, or fluency outcomes than typical remedial instruction for middle school students with severe reading difficulties - A 13-week multicomponent small-group reading intervention did not produce significantly better word reading, comprehension, or fluency outcomes than typical remedial instruction for middle school stud
• A 13-week randomized exercise trial in overweight children showed a dose-response benefit on executive planning and math achievement, with no effects on other CAS scales or reading - A 13-week randomized exercise trial in overweight children showed a dose-response benefit on executive planning and math achievement, with no effects on other CAS scales or reading
• A 13-week TPACK-based course significantly improves pre-service preschool teachers' instructional design competence compared with traditional instruction - A 13-week TPACK-based course significantly improves pre-service preschool teachers' instructional design competence compared with traditional instruction
• A 15-minute exposure to higher-performing virtual classmates did not significantly affect sixth-graders' dispositional domain-specific self-concept - A 15-minute exposure to higher-performing virtual classmates did not significantly affect sixth-graders' dispositional domain-specific self-concept
• A 15-week extensive reading course increased Japanese EFL learners' feelings of comfort with foreign-language reading (r = .54) - A 15-week extensive reading course increased Japanese EFL learners' feelings of comfort with foreign-language reading (r = .54)
• A 16-week universally designed online depth-of-vocabulary intervention improved standardized vocabulary knowledge relative to a control group in fifth graders - A 16-week universally designed online depth-of-vocabulary intervention improved standardized vocabulary knowledge relative to a control group in fifth graders
• A 1918 questionnaire survey of teachers of educational psychology received sixty-seven replies, revealing no general agreement on terminology or course structure - A 1918 questionnaire survey of teachers of educational psychology received sixty-seven replies, revealing no general agreement on terminology or course structure
• A 1966 conceptual paper reports, citing earlier programmed-instruction work, that a rule-example-incomplete-example sequence appeared efficient for introducing a new rule - A 1966 conceptual paper reports, citing earlier programmed-instruction work, that a rule-example-incomplete-example sequence appeared efficient for introducing a new rule
• A 1970 teacher self-analysis programme asserts, without data, that teacher responses including verbal rewards can close off pupil thinking - A 1970 teacher self-analysis programme asserts, without data, that teacher responses including verbal rewards can close off pupil thinking
• A 1970 teacher self-analysis programme asserts, without reporting data, that questions referring to direct, concrete experiences are the most effective stimulators of pupil thinking - A 1970 teacher self-analysis programme asserts, without reporting data, that questions referring to direct, concrete experiences are the most effective stimulators of pupil thinking
• A 1977 theoretical paper on writing asserts, citing unspecified experiments, that stating tasks and standards for success explicitly strongly raises student motivation - A 1977 theoretical paper on writing asserts, citing unspecified experiments, that stating tasks and standards for success explicitly strongly raises student motivation
• A 1982 bilingual-education teacher-training packet asserts, citing Krashen, that repetitive drill and grammar-focused instruction are ineffective for second language acquisition - Repetitive drill and grammar-focused instruction are ineffective devices for second language acquisition
• A 1993 case-study paper on culturally aware teachers asserts, without data of its own, that instruction incorporating students' life experiences, language and skills improves academic performance - A 1993 case-study paper on culturally aware teachers asserts, without data of its own, that instruction incorporating students' life experiences, language and skills improves academic performance
• A 1994 adult-literacy practice guide asserts, citing no specific study, that primary and secondary students learn more through non-competitive collaborative group work than in individualized competitive classrooms - A 1994 adult-literacy practice guide asserts, citing no specific study, that primary and secondary students learn more through non-competitive collaborative group work than in individualized competiti
• A 1997 conference paper reports, citing Sticht, a positive correlation between preschool oral language skills and later reading achievement - A 1997 conference paper reports, citing Sticht, a positive correlation between preschool oral language skills and later reading achievement
• A 1998 baseline study found typical Chicago assignments were mostly rudimentary basic-skills exercises, but most students completed the more demanding tasks they were given - A 1998 baseline study found typical Chicago assignments were mostly rudimentary basic-skills exercises, but most students completed the more demanding tasks they were given
• A 1999 conference paper reports, citing Ellis and LaPorte (1997), that instruction has little or no effect on the route of L2 acquisition - A 1999 conference paper reports, citing Ellis and LaPorte (1997), that instruction has little or no effect on the route of L2 acquisition
• A 1999 conference paper reports, citing White (1991) and Schwartz and Gubala-Ryzak (1992), that explicit negative evidence on English adverb placement produced only superficial change in French learners - A 1999 conference paper reports, citing White (1991) and Schwartz and Gubala-Ryzak (1992), that explicit negative evidence on English adverb placement produced only superficial change in French learne
• A 2-year professional development study gathered data on teachers' abilities and perceptions regarding delivery of computer-supported complex systems curricula - A 2-year professional development study gathered data on teachers' abilities and perceptions regarding delivery of computer-supported complex systems curricula
• A 200-student pilot showed strong content validity across relevance, comprehensiveness, comprehensibility, and face validity - A 200-student pilot showed strong content validity across relevance, comprehensiveness, comprehensibility, and face validity
• A 2007 report on an online peer-assisted learning community asserts, citing no studies, that peer coaching has proved a highly effective form of teacher professional development in the UK, US and other countries since the 1980s - A 2007 report on an online peer-assisted learning community asserts, citing no studies, that peer coaching has proved a highly effective form of teacher professional development in the UK, US and othe
• A 2010 narrative review reports that even very advanced L2 learners read more slowly than native speakers and miss subtle anaphoric interpretation distinctions - A 2010 narrative review reports that even very advanced L2 learners read more slowly than native speakers and miss subtle anaphoric interpretation distinctions
• A 2010 narrative review reports that processing-instruction studies show structured input without explicit information can change learner knowledge - A 2010 narrative review reports that processing-instruction studies show structured input without explicit information can change learner knowledge
• A 2010 teacher guide reports, citing Postovsky (1974, 1975), that delaying oral production and emphasising aural comprehension early in EFL instruction gives better results than intensive oral practice - A 2010 teacher guide reports, citing Postovsky (1974, 1975), that delaying oral production and emphasising aural comprehension early in EFL instruction gives better results than intensive oral practic
• A 2016 WWC practice guide reports, citing Scott-Clayton (2012), that 24-33% of students were misplaced at matriculation, more often into developmental courses than the reverse - A 2016 WWC practice guide reports, citing Scott-Clayton (2012), that 24-33% of students were misplaced at matriculation, more often into developmental courses than the reverse
• A 2017 cyberlearning community report states that students learn more from games when bridging activities connect game learning to classroom instruction, and that learning analytics can strengthen the connection - A 2017 cyberlearning community report states that students learn more from games when bridging activities connect game learning to classroom instruction, and that learning analytics can strengthen the
• A 2017 meta-analysis found SEL program participation associated with a 6% increase in high school and an 11% increase in college graduation rates - A 2017 meta-analysis found SEL program participation associated with a 6% increase in high school and an 11% increase in college graduation rates
• A 2021 review series aims to provide a definitive account of the best available evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic affected America's students academically - A 2021 review series aims to provide a definitive account of the best available evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic affected America's students academically
• A 2021–2022 study examined teachers' and students' use of MI Write and its impact on student and teacher outcomes - A 2021–2022 study examined teachers' and students' use of MI Write and its impact on student and teacher outcomes
• A 2024 global survey found 86% of students use AI tools while 80% report institutional policies are unclear or inadequate - A 2024 global survey found 86% of students use AI tools while 80% report institutional policies are unclear or inadequate
• A 2024 vendor white paper cites research that avatars provide social presence and that realistic avatars in intelligent tutoring systems can increase student-tutor engagement - A 2024 vendor white paper cites research that avatars provide social presence and that realistic avatars in intelligent tutoring systems can increase student-tutor engagement
• A 2025 systematic review reports that AI tools raising social presence and emotional engagement may improve AI-supported collaborative learning outcomes - A 2025 systematic review reports that AI tools raising social presence and emotional engagement may improve AI-supported collaborative learning outcomes
• A 2025-2026 survey of 211 educators in nine countries identified 50 unique generative AI tools meeting inclusion criteria across nine categories - A 2025-2026 survey of 211 educators in nine countries identified 50 unique generative AI tools meeting inclusion criteria across nine categories
• A 2026 case-study brief describes a practical model of a coherent instructional system for reading and science improvement that school leaders can adapt - A 2026 case-study brief describes a practical model of a coherent instructional system for reading and science improvement that school leaders can adapt
• A 2026 text-mining review chapter reports that studies of ChatGPT in programming education find benefits where it is used with structured pedagogical guidance and teacher facilitation - A 2026 text-mining review chapter reports that studies of ChatGPT in programming education find benefits where it is used with structured pedagogical guidance and teacher facilitation
• A 23-item-ISI dropout schedule achieved final cued-recall performance similar to conventional schedules while using significantly fewer test-restudy trials in two experiments - A 23-item-ISI dropout schedule achieved final cued-recall performance similar to conventional schedules while using significantly fewer test-restudy trials in two experiments
• A 30-minute generative AI literacy training increased intelligence analysts' overall accuracy at distinguishing real from AI-generated images by 9 percentage points - A 30-minute generative AI literacy training increased intelligence analysts' overall accuracy at distinguishing real from AI-generated images by 9 percentage points
• A 30-minute rest and a full night's sleep each add small further gains in mental multiplication output, with accuracy unchanged - A 30-minute rest and a full night's sleep each add small further gains in mental multiplication output, with accuracy unchanged
• A 4-bit quantized 27B local Teacher LLM generated knowledge in the required format, suggesting accessible-resource implementations may be feasible - A 4-bit quantized 27B local Teacher LLM generated knowledge in the required format, suggesting accessible-resource implementations may be feasible
• A 4-week embodied learning intervention with movement-phonemes improves grade 1 children's letter-sound knowledge more than regular classroom teaching - A 4-week embodied learning intervention with movement-phonemes improves grade 1 children's letter-sound knowledge more than regular classroom teaching
• A 4-week social media training workshop improved inhibitory control within the intervention group of older adults, with a large effect over the full study period - A 4-week social media training workshop improved inhibitory control within the intervention group of older adults, with a large effect over the full study period
• A 45-minute prompt-based programming lesson produced greater pre-to-post gains in Promptly problem solving than a code-tracing control, though not statistically significant - A 45-minute prompt-based programming lesson produced greater pre-to-post gains in Promptly problem solving than a code-tracing control, though not statistically significant
• A 4B per-student simulator solves a held-out Socratic-guidance chess case where prompted GPT-5.4 fails, indicating multi-turn training adds guidance-following capability beyond hint copying - A 4B per-student simulator solves a held-out Socratic-guidance chess case where prompted GPT-5.4 fails, indicating multi-turn training adds guidance-following capability beyond hint copying
• A 4C/ID-based online learning environment improves upper secondary students' research skills test scores from pretest to posttest - A 4C/ID-based online learning environment improves upper secondary students' research skills test scores from pretest to posttest
• A 50-disposable-account staging rehearsal produced 56 evidence rows, with 46 (82.1%) assigned to higher-order Bloom categories - A 50-disposable-account staging rehearsal produced 56 evidence rows, with 46 (82.1%) assigned to higher-order Bloom categories
• A 50-minute metacognitive strategy instruction produced positive effects on secondary students' fluency, flexibility and originality of ideas in both cohorts - A 50-minute metacognitive strategy instruction produced positive effects on secondary students' fluency, flexibility and originality of ideas in both cohorts
• A 6-week computerized Latin and Greek root-word program improved SAT verbal scores (Holmes & Keffer, 1995; effect size 0.49) - A 6-week computerized Latin and Greek root-word program improved SAT verbal scores (Holmes & Keffer, 1995; effect size 0.49)
• A 60-minute session with Prompt Coach significantly improved professional developers' prompt quality, a 13.73% relative gain overall - A 60-minute session with Prompt Coach significantly improved professional developers' prompt quality, a 13.73% relative gain overall
• A 9-month afterschool physical activity program improved cardiorespiratory fitness and the cognitive control of working memory, with ERP evidence of more effective cognitive control - A 9-month afterschool physical activity program improved cardiorespiratory fitness and the cognitive control of working memory, with ERP evidence of more effective cognitive control
• A 933-pupil survey of ancient-history recall provided the data for scaling question difficulty - A 933-pupil survey of ancient-history recall provided the data for scaling question difficulty
• A Alabama coalition's provider-recruitment effort coincided with FCPK access rising from 7.9% to 21.4% of children in central Alabama between 2014 and 2018 - A Alabama coalition's provider-recruitment effort coincided with FCPK access rising from 7.9% to 21.4% of children in central Alabama between 2014 and 2018
• A Bayesian DINA model converges successfully on educational response data with 91.3% sparsity where the EM algorithm failed - A Bayesian DINA model converges successfully on educational response data with 91.3% sparsity where the EM algorithm failed
• A belief that the algorithm is less likely to be perfect does not explain experience-driven algorithm aversion - A belief that the algorithm is less likely to be perfect does not explain experience-driven algorithm aversion
• A belonging-enhancing intervention produced a smaller decline in sense of belonging over the first year than the control groups - A belonging-enhancing intervention produced a smaller decline in sense of belonging over the first year than the control groups
• A benefit-cost analysis of DC's Early Childhood Educator Pay Equity Fund finds the initiative to address educator pay gaps has economic value - A benefit-cost analysis of DC's Early Childhood Educator Pay Equity Fund finds the initiative to address educator pay gaps has economic value
• A BERT-based prediction task distinguishes between successful and unsuccessful math strategies in MATHia, yielding insights into student strategies - A BERT-based prediction task distinguishes between successful and unsuccessful math strategies in MATHia, yielding insights into student strategies
• A bias-free experimental-probability subcategory (o**) emerged only in the die-rolling task - A bias-free experimental-probability subcategory (o**) emerged only in the die-rolling task
• A bifactor model of oral language and reading fits better than one-, three-, and four-factor models in every grade from 4th through 10th - A bifactor model of oral language and reading fits better than one-, three-, and four-factor models in every grade from 4th through 10th
• A bilingual PrimarWebQuest on lengths is being investigated for its contribution to mathematical and linguistic learning at primary level - A bilingual PrimarWebQuest on lengths is being investigated for its contribution to mathematical and linguistic learning at primary level
• A binding SBP mandate increases milk and fruit consumption and decreases soda consumption, but its effects on attendance are imprecise, suggesting the achievement effect operates through improved nutrition - A binding SBP mandate increases milk and fruit consumption and decreases soda consumption, but its effects on attendance are imprecise, suggesting the achievement effect operates through improved nutr
• A binding state mandate makes schools 33 percentage points more likely to offer the SBP, and SBP availability increases math, reading, and science achievement in ECLS-K data - A binding state mandate makes schools 33 percentage points more likely to offer the SBP, and SBP availability increases math, reading, and science achievement in ECLS-K data
• A binding state SBP mandate increases 4th-grade math achievement by 2.2 points (7.7% of a standard deviation) and reading by 2.0 points (5.4% of a standard deviation) in NAEP difference-in-differences estimates - A binding state SBP mandate increases 4th-grade math achievement by 2.2 points (7.7% of a standard deviation) and reading by 2.0 points (5.4% of a standard deviation) in NAEP difference-in-differences
• A biology learning chatbot system had a positive impact on grade 7 students' biology learning achievement in a quasi-experiment - A biology learning chatbot system had a positive impact on grade 7 students' biology learning achievement in a quasi-experiment
• A body of work standard setting process produced classification agreement rates ranging from 71% to 97% for an alternate portfolio assessment - A body of work standard setting process produced classification agreement rates ranging from 71% to 97% for an alternate portfolio assessment
• A boundary crossing intervention led most interprofessional design team members to perceive a set of HLC design principles as useful for structuring knowledge and gaining an overview of HLC design - A boundary crossing intervention led most interprofessional design team members to perceive a set of HLC design principles as useful for structuring knowledge and gaining an overview of HLC design
• A brief cue-diagnosticity intervention did not significantly improve teachers' judgment accuracy, presumably because accuracy was already relatively high - A brief cue-diagnosticity intervention did not significantly improve teachers' judgment accuracy, presumably because accuracy was already relatively high
• A brief metacognitive reflection prompt reduces acceptance of incorrect AI advice compared with open ChatGPT support alone - A brief metacognitive reflection prompt reduces acceptance of incorrect AI advice compared with open ChatGPT support alone
• A brief online empathic-discipline exercise for teachers halved suspensions in one randomized field experiment, while its preregistered replication found a small, marginal overall effect but narrowed group disparities
• A brief self-guided engagement with the LVN shifted most educators' perception of the importance of learner variability - A brief self-guided engagement with the LVN shifted most educators' perception of the importance of learner variability
• A brief values-affirmation writing exercise raised African American seventh-graders' grades in two small field experiments, but a large same-district replication found no effect
• A British-accented agent was framed as a background technological helper and othered rather than integrated as a peer - A British-accented agent was framed as a background technological helper and othered rather than integrated as a peer
• A calibrated logistic-regression model predicts next-assessment pass/fail strongly on OULAD at both decision horizons - A calibrated logistic-regression model predicts next-assessment pass/fail strongly on OULAD at both decision horizons
• A carefully engineered AI tutor produced more than twice the learning of a strong active-learning class, in less time (Kestin et al., 2025, as reported) - A carefully engineered AI tutor produced more than twice the learning of a strong active-learning class, in less time (Kestin et al., 2025, as reported)
• A case study of two multilingual undergraduates reveals a productive tension between students' experiments with posthumanist AI literacy and their entrenched humanistic assumptions - A case study of two multilingual undergraduates reveals a productive tension between students' experiments with posthumanist AI literacy and their entrenched humanistic assumptions
• A CCSR research review concludes that four academic mindsets (belonging, growth beliefs, self-efficacy and value) increase perseverance and improve academic behaviors - A CCSR research review concludes that four academic mindsets (belonging, growth beliefs, self-efficacy and value) increase perseverance and improve academic behaviors
• A classical-indeterminism modification of the QRC program fails to reproduce anti-correlation at equal angles - A classical-indeterminism modification of the QRC program fails to reproduce anti-correlation at equal angles
• A classroom-based physical activity program (Energizers) increases children's daily in-school physical activity compared with no program - A classroom-based physical activity program (Energizers) increases children's daily in-school physical activity compared with no program
• A classroom-delivered relevance intervention raised ninth-graders' utility value at 3-month follow-up in both delivery conditions, despite an average decline in self-reported utility value - A classroom-delivered relevance intervention raised ninth-graders' utility value at 3-month follow-up in both delivery conditions, despite an average decline in self-reported utility value
• A clear variable coordinate lesson produced higher achievement than an unclear lesson with the same concept structure on all five measures - A clear variable coordinate lesson produced higher achievement than an unclear lesson with the same concept structure on all five measures
• A clinical interviewing study investigated students' understanding of elementary calculus through tasks on integration and limits - A clinical interviewing study investigated students' understanding of elementary calculus through tasks on integration and limits
• A close bond with at least one caring adult is the most critical protective factor for resilient children - A close bond with at least one caring adult is the most critical protective factor for resilient children
• A closer look at New York's first Common Core exam results suggests student achievement may have increased - A closer look at New York's first Common Core exam results suggests student achievement may have increased
• A closer-to-mastery task-selection constraint sharply reduces overpractice for the risk-averse strategy, with large Cohen's d effect sizes - A closer-to-mastery task-selection constraint sharply reduces overpractice for the risk-averse strategy, with large Cohen's d effect sizes
• A cluster of highly active learners driving the learning communities included equally many low-hierarchy as high-hierarchy members - A cluster of highly active learners driving the learning communities included equally many low-hierarchy as high-hierarchy members
• A cluster randomized trial tests the impact of a skill-targeted social and emotional learning curriculum with Syrian refugee children in Lebanon - A cluster randomized trial tests the impact of a skill-targeted social and emotional learning curriculum with Syrian refugee children in Lebanon
• A coding scheme distinguishing knowledge creation from knowledge sharing and construction can differentiate student groups' engagement in knowledge creation - A coding scheme distinguishing knowledge creation from knowledge sharing and construction can differentiate student groups' engagement in knowledge creation
• A collaboration kit with joint and private multi-touch table spaces outperformed comparison groups, showing less biased communication and more collaborative processes. - A collaboration kit with joint and private multi-touch table spaces outperformed comparison groups, showing less biased communication and more collaborative processes.
• A collaborative action research project investigated how primary school teachers can use students' FoK/I in superdiverse classrooms - A collaborative action research project investigated how primary school teachers can use students' FoK/I in superdiverse classrooms
• A collaborative script embedding solitary reading between planning and review episodes shaped a group's regulative activity, but only low-level regulation - A collaborative script embedding solitary reading between planning and review episodes shaped a group's regulative activity, but only low-level regulation
• A collective generative AI relevance intervention significantly improved high school students' relevance as identification with math immediately after the intervention compared with a control group - A collective generative AI relevance intervention significantly improved high school students' relevance as identification with math immediately after the intervention compared with a control group
• A collective unit of subjects emerges when two utterances form a dialogical pair in SCMD - A collective unit of subjects emerges when two utterances form a dialogical pair in SCMD
• A combination of full scale IQ, letter recognition, enumeration, and discrete quantity discrimination predicts the time of becoming a cardinal principle knower across preschool - A combination of full scale IQ, letter recognition, enumeration, and discrete quantity discrimination predicts the time of becoming a cardinal principle knower across preschool
• A combination of LSA, frequency-weighted word overlap, and regular expressions is AutoTutor's best semantic matcher; syntactic parsers proved not useful - A combination of LSA, frequency-weighted word overlap, and regular expressions is AutoTutor's best semantic matcher; syntactic parsers proved not useful
• A combination of sociocognitive variables predicts concurrent academic outcomes at school entry - A combination of sociocognitive variables predicts concurrent academic outcomes at school entry
• A combination of specific mathematical cognition measures predicts subsequent mathematics achievement better than prior mathematics achievement scores alone - A combination of specific mathematical cognition measures predicts subsequent mathematics achievement better than prior mathematics achievement scores alone
• A combined AST-plus-embedding classifier achieves 89% accuracy assigning CogTax levels to 585 expert-annotated Linux/bash commands, outperforming either representation alone - A combined AST-plus-embedding classifier achieves 89% accuracy assigning CogTax levels to 585 expert-annotated Linux/bash commands, outperforming either representation alone
• A combined inhibition and social cognition classroom training improves selective visual attention in 5- and 6-year-olds - A combined inhibition and social cognition classroom training improves selective visual attention in 5- and 6-year-olds
• A combined intervention of positive information about peers with disabilities plus imagined contact improved all measured outcomes in elementary school children - A combined intervention of positive information about peers with disabilities plus imagined contact improved all measured outcomes in elementary school children
• A combined model of demographics, aerobic fitness, and the two critical activity windows accounts for over 30% of variance in long-term memory retention - A combined model of demographics, aerobic fitness, and the two critical activity windows accounts for over 30% of variance in long-term memory retention
• A combined visual-motor-articulatory-auditory spelling method with teacher-directed attention produces better spelling than a predominantly visual silent method in young low-ability boys - A combined visual-motor-articulatory-auditory spelling method with teacher-directed attention produces better spelling than a predominantly visual silent method in young low-ability boys
• A common attentional component is needed for feature binding, running digit span, and visual short-term memory tasks, while phonological storage is separate - A common attentional component is needed for feature binding, running digit span, and visual short-term memory tasks, while phonological storage is separate
• A common learning pattern: workers first consult documentary sources, then nearby peers, then distant peers or more senior roles, then supervisors - A common learning pattern: workers first consult documentary sources, then nearby peers, then distant peers or more senior roles, then supervisors
• A companion working paper examines the relationship between academic and social-emotional growth for English Language Learners - A companion working paper examines the relationship between academic and social-emotional growth for English Language Learners
• A comparative documentary analysis of four US mathematics curricula found substantially different types of opportunities to learn across the curricula - A comparative documentary analysis of four US mathematics curricula found substantially different types of opportunities to learn across the curricula
• A comparison of 193 pre-registered and 193 non-preregistered studies found no significant differences in positive results, effect sizes, or error rates - A comparison of 193 pre-registered and 193 non-preregistered studies found no significant differences in positive results, effect sizes, or error rates
• A complete four-skill open-model stack fits under 4 GB, runs at reading pace on the cheapest hardware by community measurements, and costs about one US cent of electricity per study hour - A complete four-skill open-model stack fits under 4 GB, runs at reading pace on the cheapest hardware by community measurements, and costs about one US cent of electricity per study hour
• A computer-based implementation of the tutorial yields the lowest post-test scores, statistically lower on momentum than every other style in the same study and the prior study's ideal implementation - A computer-based implementation of the tutorial yields the lowest post-test scores, statistically lower on momentum than every other style in the same study and the prior study's ideal implementation
• A conceptual framework paper reports, citing a meta-analysis (Roesler et al., 2021), that anthropomorphism benefits human-robot interaction with effects varying across task contexts and design implementations - A conceptual framework paper reports, citing a meta-analysis (Roesler et al., 2021), that anthropomorphism benefits human-robot interaction with effects varying across task contexts and design impleme
• A conference paper reports that, in McNeil and Fyfe (2012), undergraduates taught with concreteness fading outperformed those taught in generic or concrete conditions - A conference paper reports that, in McNeil and Fyfe (2012), undergraduates taught with concreteness fading outperformed those taught in generic or concrete conditions
• A confirmatory factor analysis on a new sample confirms the three-factor structure with acceptable model fit and moderate convergent validity - A confirmatory factor analysis on a new sample confirms the three-factor structure with acceptable model fit and moderate convergent validity
• A confirmatory factor analysis supports a four-factor structure of collaborative group engagement (behavioural, social, cognitive, conceptual-to-consequential) for the QCGE self-assessment scale - A confirmatory factor analysis supports a four-factor structure of collaborative group engagement (behavioural, social, cognitive, conceptual-to-consequential) for the QCGE self-assessment scale
• A consistent bedtime routine is associated with better sleep outcomes in young children, with a dose-dependent relationship between nights per week of routine adherence and sleep benefits - A consistent bedtime routine is associated with better sleep outcomes in young children, with a dose-dependent relationship between nights per week of routine adherence and sleep benefits
• A consonants-in-noise model derived in 4-year-olds generalizes to predict rapid naming and sentence memory in preschoolers, though not sentence memory in 3-year-olds - A consonants-in-noise model derived in 4-year-olds generalizes to predict rapid naming and sentence memory in preschoolers, though not sentence memory in 3-year-olds
• A consortium led by Sinclair Community College implemented competency-based information technology programs in three community colleges, documented at or near baseline - A consortium led by Sinclair Community College implemented competency-based information technology programs in three community colleges, documented at or near baseline
• A constrained architecture combining prerequisite enforcement and a minimum cognitive-demand floor substantially reduces reward hacking, lowering RHSI from 0.317 (MO) to 0.102 (ST) - A constrained architecture combining prerequisite enforcement and a minimum cognitive-demand floor substantially reduces reward hacking, lowering RHSI from 0.317 (MO) to 0.102 (ST)
• A construction-focused correctness rubric underperformed behavior-focused and undefined prompts for LLM scoring of code explanations - A construction-focused correctness rubric underperformed behavior-focused and undefined prompts for LLM scoring of code explanations
• A constructivist course increased perceived deep-level assessment demands but students still reported more frequent use of surface approaches to learning - A constructivist course increased perceived deep-level assessment demands but students still reported more frequent use of surface approaches to learning
• A constructivist, process-oriented syllabus was suggested to be more effective than a knowledge-based approach for cross-cultural learning (Wright, 2000, as reported) - A constructivist, process-oriented syllabus was suggested to be more effective than a knowledge-based approach for cross-cultural learning (Wright, 2000, as reported)
• A contingent AI tutor places metacognitive demand equal to a question-only tutor and higher than an answer-on-request assistant - A contingent AI tutor places metacognitive demand equal to a question-only tutor and higher than an answer-on-request assistant
• A contingent tutor surrendered the full answer in one session in sixteen, against one in six for the question-only tutor - A contingent tutor surrendered the full answer in one session in sixteen, against one in six for the question-only tutor
• A contrasting cases activity shifted the focus of preservice teachers' video noticing from teacher-focused to student-focused codes (significant time × subject-focus interaction) - A contrasting cases activity shifted the focus of preservice teachers' video noticing from teacher-focused to student-focused codes (significant time × subject-focus interaction)
• A controlled experiment tested whether various types of negative feedback affect adult second-language learners' acquisition of abstract constraints on an overgeneralized rule (the English dative alternation). - A controlled experiment tested whether various types of negative feedback affect adult second-language learners' acquisition of abstract constraints on an overgeneralized rule (the English dative alte
• A convening of regional employers in western Pennsylvania identified soft skills that employers look for in new hires - A convening of regional employers in western Pennsylvania identified soft skills that employers look for in new hires
• A course schedule guided by Bloom's Revised Taxonomy is proposed to raise the planned contribution ratings of six program learning outcomes - A course schedule guided by Bloom's Revised Taxonomy is proposed to raise the planned contribution ratings of six program learning outcomes
• A course whose DFW grades produced no expected persistence drop suggests some courses may act as guardrails associated with retained persistence after failure - A course whose DFW grades produced no expected persistence drop suggests some courses may act as guardrails associated with retained persistence after failure
• A critical mass of roughly 10,000-12,000 words is needed for fluent reading, from which ESL strategies can begin - A critical mass of roughly 10,000-12,000 words is needed for fluent reading, from which ESL strategies can begin
• A critical thinking instruction program (ARDESOS-DIAPROVE) improved students' metacognition, with significant pre-post gains in the metaknowledge total and most MAI dimensions - A critical thinking instruction program (ARDESOS-DIAPROVE) improved students' metacognition, with significant pre-post gains in the metaknowledge total and most MAI dimensions
• A cross-theoretical model of 71 teacher behaviors predicted student engagement in physical education - A cross-theoretical model of 71 teacher behaviors predicted student engagement in physical education
• A cube-tower instructional sequence instantiated concreteness fading in an elaborated form for two preservice teachers' combinatorial reasoning - A cube-tower instructional sequence instantiated concreteness fading in an elaborated form for two preservice teachers' combinatorial reasoning
• A cumulative risk index and nonverbal IQ together account for 31% of variance in reading readiness at school entry - A cumulative risk index and nonverbal IQ together account for 31% of variance in reading readiness at school entry
• A daily learning diary alone (Group D) did not produce statistically significant pre-post gains on any measured outcome in an online mathematics preparation course - A daily learning diary alone (Group D) did not produce statistically significant pre-post gains on any measured outcome in an online mathematics preparation course
• A data-driven stopping rule needs about 7% consecutive irrelevant abstracts to reach 95% sensitivity, saving on average 1.04 days - A data-driven stopping rule needs about 7% consecutive irrelevant abstracts to reach 95% sensitivity, saving on average 1.04 days
• A datafication-to-commodification governance pathway can shift education from a value-based practice toward a commodified service - A datafication-to-commodification governance pathway can shift education from a value-based practice toward a commodified service
• A DataShop-derived cognitive model of problem-decomposition planning skills improved learner mastery when used to redesign a geometry cognitive tutor unit - A DataShop-derived cognitive model of problem-decomposition planning skills improved learner mastery when used to redesign a geometry cognitive tutor unit
• A day of school missed after a severe weather event can translate to more than a day of learning lost - A day of school missed after a severe weather event can translate to more than a day of learning lost
• A DDQN-based attention quantification model trained on multimodal EEG-fNIRS features produces predicted attention levels at one-second temporal resolution - A DDQN-based attention quantification model trained on multimodal EEG-fNIRS features produces predicted attention levels at one-second temporal resolution
• A demonstration-plus-guided-inquiry-plus-computational-model sequence helped most students predict increasing gravitational-wave frequency, but only about half predicted increasing amplitude - A demonstration-plus-guided-inquiry-plus-computational-model sequence helped most students predict increasing gravitational-wave frequency, but only about half predicted increasing amplitude
• A deployed reflection agent followed its prompt's countable rules but broke its dispositional rules about manner - A deployed reflection agent followed its prompt's countable rules but broke its dispositional rules about manner
• A deployment-hardening rehearsal with 50 distinct learner accounts recorded 50 completed sessions, 50 successful board pulls and 50 denials of student analytics access, with a median API session time of 3.064 s - A deployment-hardening rehearsal with 50 distinct learner accounts recorded 50 completed sessions, 50 successful board pulls and 50 denials of student analytics access, with a median API session time
• A descriptive report defines peer assisted learning and asserts, without a tested result, that it promotes knowledge construction, collaboration ability and interpersonal interaction - A descriptive report defines peer assisted learning and asserts, without a tested result, that it promotes knowledge construction, collaboration ability and interpersonal interaction
• A descriptive report of a blended online peer-assisted learning community in a Zhejiang Normal University distance-education course asserts, without reported data, that it promoted interpersonal interaction and informal learning - A descriptive report of a blended online peer-assisted learning community in a Zhejiang Normal University distance-education course asserts, without reported data, that it promoted interpersonal inter
• A design-based study with 42 undergraduates reported a 15% improvement in rubric alignment and faster correction cycles from proactive agentic feedback loops - A design-based study with 42 undergraduates reported a 15% improvement in rubric alignment and faster correction cycles from proactive agentic feedback loops
• A design-enactment gap in cognitive demand: 37.7% of conversations under-reached the teacher-targeted DOK level, and under-targeting increased with target ambition - A design-enactment gap in cognitive demand: 37.7% of conversations under-reached the teacher-targeted DOK level, and under-targeting increased with target ambition
• A detector can achieve high aggregate accuracy while producing materially different over-detection rates across author groups - A detector can achieve high aggregate accuracy while producing materially different over-detection rates across author groups
• A deterministic follow-up resolver raised intended-topic follow-up rates to 90–100% across five courses with all 400 scope checks passing, without changing the generator - A deterministic follow-up resolver raised intended-topic follow-up rates to 90–100% across five courses with all 400 scope checks passing, without changing the generator
• A deterministic slide-image override converts a 0/9 corpus-grounding failure into 9/10 successful slide matches on the same topic - A deterministic slide-image override converts a 0/9 corpus-grounding failure into 9/10 successful slide matches on the same topic
• A Difference score comparing educational and mental index values diagnoses whether a child's attainment is commensurate with measured ability, with Differences between minus 8 and plus 8 occurring in about half of cases - A Difference score comparing educational and mental index values diagnoses whether a child's attainment is commensurate with measured ability, with Differences between minus 8 and plus 8 occurring in
• A digital divide exists in Chicago students' home technology use, but schools do not strongly magnify it along racial or income lines - A digital divide exists in Chicago students' home technology use, but schools do not strongly magnify it along racial or income lines
• A discrete time trend model fit the reading fluency data significantly better than a linear time trend model - A discrete time trend model fit the reading fluency data significantly better than a linear time trend model
• A discrimination index can empirically validate Q-matrix specifications by identifying and replacing misspecified entries in the Q-matrix - A discrimination index can empirically validate Q-matrix specifications by identifying and replacing misspecified entries in the Q-matrix
• A discursive review of 377 peer-reviewed articles identifies eight versions of democratic education - A discursive review of 377 peer-reviewed articles identifies eight versions of democratic education
• A distilled multi-order kinematic model outperforms pose-based baselines on a synthetic classroom incident dataset while using one-tenth as many parameters as PoseC3D - A distilled multi-order kinematic model outperforms pose-based baselines on a synthetic classroom incident dataset while using one-tenth as many parameters as PoseC3D
• A district case study identifies practices and conditions of a coherent instructional system for reading and science improvement and where it had the most impact - A district case study identifies practices and conditions of a coherent instructional system for reading and science improvement and where it had the most impact
• A district math administrator reported that schools supported by coaches with mathematics expertise showed greater gains and stronger collaborative structures than schools without such support - A district math administrator reported that schools supported by coaches with mathematics expertise showed greater gains and stronger collaborative structures than schools without such support
• A district produced an inclusive computational thinking pathway document through a participatory, teacher-represented development process spanning multiple school years. - A district produced an inclusive computational thinking pathway document through a participatory, teacher-represented development process spanning multiple school years.
• A DLS with multiple scaffolds improved achievement and SRL attitudes, with high-achieving students beating traditional teaching but not flipped classroom - A DLS with multiple scaffolds improved achievement and SRL attitudes, with high-achieving students beating traditional teaching but not flipped classroom
• A downward trend in final grades is observed with increased average LLM use across all task types - A downward trend in final grades is observed with increased average LLM use across all task types
• A DQN-trained battery storage policy reduced complete cost by 5.9% relative to no storage on a synthetic 24-h training-day rollout - A DQN-trained battery storage policy reduced complete cost by 5.9% relative to no storage on a synthetic 24-h training-day rollout
• A dual intrinsic/extraneous load framework is sufficient, non-redundant, and makes the boundaries of cognitive load theory transparent - A dual intrinsic/extraneous load framework is sufficient, non-redundant, and makes the boundaries of cognitive load theory transparent
• A dual-channel assumption for emotions is discussed as part of integrating emotion into cognitive load theory - A dual-channel assumption for emotions is discussed as part of integrating emotion into cognitive load theory
• A dynamic geometry model of the quilt problem helped an informal educator understand its spatial relations - A dynamic geometry model of the quilt problem helped an informal educator understand its spatial relations
• A dynamic model of education, borrowing, and work decisions is used to assess how raising government-sponsored loan limits would affect educational attainment and college entry timing - A dynamic model of education, borrowing, and work decisions is used to assess how raising government-sponsored loan limits would affect educational attainment and college entry timing
• A dynamic position reward in RL training improves tagging performance and prevents overfitting to Selector outputs - A dynamic position reward in RL training improves tagging performance and prevents overfitting to Selector outputs
• A dynamic skill-weighted matching algorithm achieves higher percentage of skills fulfilled than manual and random assignment across both evaluated semesters - A dynamic skill-weighted matching algorithm achieves higher percentage of skills fulfilled than manual and random assignment across both evaluated semesters
• A facilitated Community of Practice helped isolated state American Indian Education Directors build relationships that broke down silos and combated professional isolation - A facilitated Community of Practice helped isolated state American Indian Education Directors build relationships that broke down silos and combated professional isolation
• A FACTRIA-aware chatbot increases the number of biasing sub-factors stakeholders consider when interpreting institutional analytics visualizations - A FACTRIA-aware chatbot increases the number of biasing sub-factors stakeholders consider when interpreting institutional analytics visualizations
• A feedback provision scaffold of prompts plus a sample solution significantly improves the quality of feedback messages pre-service teachers provide on peers' case analyses - A feedback provision scaffold of prompts plus a sample solution significantly improves the quality of feedback messages pre-service teachers provide on peers' case analyses
• A few countries follow relatively pure accountability logics, but most countries follow mixed forms - A few countries follow relatively pure accountability logics, but most countries follow mixed forms
• A few decision-tree splits identify very high-risk students, such as low-SES students who doubt they will reach college - A few decision-tree splits identify very high-risk students, such as low-SES students who doubt they will reach college
• A few students reasoned second-order about Wikipedia's distributed oversight, but not about specific content - A few students reasoned second-order about Wikipedia's distributed oversight, but not about specific content
• A few-shot FastFit classifier maps conversational AI teaching assistant questions to 43 curriculum topic labels with 80.0% accuracy on a 70-question gold set - A few-shot FastFit classifier maps conversational AI teaching assistant questions to 43 curriculum topic labels with 80.0% accuracy on a 70-question gold set
• A field guide asserts that authentic family–school partnerships benefit student achievement and argues that without staff training and coaching the school–family divide persists - A field guide asserts that authentic family–school partnerships benefit student achievement and argues that without staff training and coaching the school–family divide persists
• A field study with 10 faculty across two institutions observed a 25% reduction in administrative load and improved LMS data utilization from agentic teaching-assistant systems - A field study with 10 faculty across two institutions observed a 25% reduction in administrative load and improved LMS data utilization from agentic teaching-assistant systems
• A fine-tuned BERT model achieves almost perfect agreement with human coders when classifying student self-affirmation essays, matching human-human reliability - A fine-tuned BERT model achieves almost perfect agreement with human coders when classifying student self-affirmation essays, matching human-human reliability
• A fine-tuned Qwen3.5-9B simulated-respondent model predicts item difficulty with Pearson correlation 0.85, exceeding MathBERT (0.68) and MetaMath (0.75) baselines - A fine-tuned Qwen3.5-9B simulated-respondent model predicts item difficulty with Pearson correlation 0.85, exceeding MathBERT (0.68) and MetaMath (0.75) baselines
• A fine-tuned student model paired with GPT-4 produces conversational statistics closer to human-AI dialogues than two prompt-engineered base models - A fine-tuned student model paired with GPT-4 produces conversational statistics closer to human-AI dialogues than two prompt-engineered base models
• A first evaluation of 3B confirms its conformance to critical usability requirements including safety and comfort, believability, simplicity, acceptability, extensibility, affordability, and mobility - A first evaluation of 3B confirms its conformance to critical usability requirements including safety and comfort, believability, simplicity, acceptability, extensibility, affordability, and mobility
• A first suspension doubles a student's odds of dropping out of school - A first suspension doubles a student's odds of dropping out of school
• A five-factor model of self-concepts and comparison-related beliefs fits better than one-factor and three-factor models at both time points - A five-factor model of self-concepts and comparison-related beliefs fits better than one-factor and three-factor models at both time points
• A five-level moderator-theme classification improves model fit and explains systematic variation in moderator effect sizes, with disciplinary focus yielding the largest and design/quality the smallest expected effects - A five-level moderator-theme classification improves model fit and explains systematic variation in moderator effect sizes, with disciplinary focus yielding the largest and design/quality the smallest
• A five-year evaluation is assessing the impact of the Passport to Teaching credential on teacher performance measured by student achievement - A five-year evaluation is assessing the impact of the Passport to Teaching credential on teacher performance measured by student achievement
• A fixed-threshold sequential risk policy concentrated persistent-failure alerts within restricted alert budgets - A fixed-threshold sequential risk policy concentrated persistent-failure alerts within restricted alert budgets
• A flexible hypertext course group averaged 76% on achievement tests against 59% for a direct-design group that studied different software, so the contrast confounds design with content - A flexible hypertext course group averaged 76% on achievement tests against 59% for a direct-design group that studied different software, so the contrast confounds design with content
• A Florida READ 180 study found positive outcomes for students at moderate risk but negative effects for students at high risk (average effect size +0.12) - A Florida READ 180 study found positive outcomes for students at moderate risk but negative effects for students at high risk (average effect size +0.12)
• A Florida study found experience effects in elementary and middle school math and reading up to 0.16 SD for teachers with 15–24 years, but no returns to experience for high school teachers - A Florida study found experience effects in elementary and middle school math and reading up to 0.16 SD for teachers with 15–24 years, but no returns to experience for high school teachers
• A formal curriculum that includes citizenship projects and courses also appears to be an effective type of citizenship education - A formal curriculum that includes citizenship projects and courses also appears to be an effective type of citizenship education
• A formative assessment script increases the quantity and quality of peer feedback vocational students generate on a peer's draft - A formative assessment script increases the quantity and quality of peer feedback vocational students generate on a peer's draft
• A formative evaluation of the ELTM was conducted in two preschool child development centers serving six classes of children ages 3 to 5 - A formative evaluation of the ELTM was conducted in two preschool child development centers serving six classes of children ages 3 to 5
• A formative study with 12 clinical-year medical students produced four design-oriented themes for AI-SP consultation practice - A formative study with 12 clinical-year medical students produced four design-oriented themes for AI-SP consultation practice
• A formative study with 7 students and 3 instructors identified five key challenges impeding exploratory learning in existing supply chain simulations. - A formative study with 7 students and 3 instructors identified five key challenges impeding exploratory learning in existing supply chain simulations.
• A formative study with six teachers and two experts identified five core challenges in lesson plan adaptation, including lack of systematic student profile data and fragmented refinement workflows - A formative study with six teachers and two experts identified five core challenges in lesson plan adaptation, including lack of systematic student profile data and fragmented refinement workflows
• A forward linear review strategy predicted lower cognitive load regardless of modality, while scanning and slowing predicted higher cognitive load - A forward linear review strategy predicted lower cognitive load regardless of modality, while scanning and slowing predicted higher cognitive load
• A four-cluster solution is optimal for segmenting higher education users' GenAI chatbot adoption perceptions - A four-cluster solution is optimal for segmenting higher education users' GenAI chatbot adoption perceptions
• A four-layer multi-layer defense pipeline achieves 46.34% bypass and 0.00% false positive rate on the holdout benchmark - A four-layer multi-layer defense pipeline achieves 46.34% bypass and 0.00% false positive rate on the holdout benchmark
• A four-phase teaching process for congruent triangles significantly improves grade 8 students' test scores - A four-phase teaching process for congruent triangles significantly improves grade 8 students' test scores
• A four-quadrant FEA-supported experiential module was implemented across three heat transfer topics without formal assessment - A four-quadrant FEA-supported experiential module was implemented across three heat transfer topics without formal assessment
• A free-flowing online and face-to-face community of teachers, researchers, and students made the expert–novice dialectic visible - A free-flowing online and face-to-face community of teachers, researchers, and students made the expert–novice dialectic visible
• A free-reproduction comprehension test (Brown) is not a valid measure of comprehension - A free-reproduction comprehension test (Brown) is not a valid measure of comprehension
• A frozen synthetic rehearsal of 120 serial project episodes passed all 3,990 recorded checks with zero unexpected failures - A frozen synthetic rehearsal of 120 serial project episodes passed all 3,990 recorded checks with zero unexpected failures
• A full answer-level audit confirmed 485 unique identifiers and validated that every stored total equals the sum of its criterion marks - A full answer-level audit confirmed 485 unique identifiers and validated that every stored total equals the sum of its criterion marks
• A full assessment of a potentially expansive mini-cycle of learning calls for extending the time scale of the analysis beyond a single session - A full assessment of a potentially expansive mini-cycle of learning calls for extending the time scale of the analysis beyond a single session
• A funded evaluation of Experience Corps effects on student reading outcomes was conducted by Washington University's Center for Social Development - A funded evaluation of Experience Corps effects on student reading outcomes was conducted by Washington University's Center for Social Development
• A game-based assessment of persistence predicts physics post-test gains for low-performing players after controlling for background and enjoyment - A game-based assessment of persistence predicts physics post-test gains for low-performing players after controlling for background and enjoyment
• A game-based collaboration script with assigned in-game roles shifted elementary students' attitudes towards collaboration - A game-based collaboration script with assigned in-game roles shifted elementary students' attitudes towards collaboration
• A gap exists between prescriptive readings on learner-generated drawing and research-based understandings - A gap exists between prescriptive readings on learner-generated drawing and research-based understandings
• A gap exists between students' ethical awareness and their GenAI practices, with students who frequently engage in behaviours they view as unethical and rationalisations normalising such use - A gap exists between students' ethical awareness and their GenAI practices, with students who frequently engage in behaviours they view as unethical and rationalisations normalising such use
• A gap exists between theory and practice: teachers do not optimally apply the effective teaching principles, and teacher beliefs and contextual factors account for this gap - A gap exists between theory and practice: teachers do not optimally apply the effective teaching principles, and teacher beliefs and contextual factors account for this gap
• A Gemini-based creativity autorater scores real students' complex multimedia creativity tasks on par with human experts (item Kappa 0.66; total-score Pearson r = 0.88) - A Gemini-based creativity autorater scores real students' complex multimedia creativity tasks on par with human experts (item Kappa 0.66; total-score Pearson r = 0.88)
• A GenAI-integrated professional development program produced significant pre-to-post gains in EAP educators' ethical awareness (d = 0.93) and digital andragogical competence - A GenAI-integrated professional development program produced significant pre-to-post gains in EAP educators' ethical awareness (d = 0.93) and digital andragogical competence
• A gender gap of ~9 points appears even on a low-stakes diagnostic assessment, contradicting prior findings that the gap disappears in low-stakes assessments - A gender gap of ~9 points appears even on a low-stakes diagnostic assessment, contradicting prior findings that the gap disappears in low-stakes assessments
• A gender-biased system prompt induces large gender-differentiated language in LLM-generated career essays, while a neutral prompt does not - A gender-biased system prompt induces large gender-differentiated language in LLM-generated career essays, while a neutral prompt does not
• A general chemistry utility-value and growth mindset intervention showed statistically significant positive outcomes overall but statistically nonsignificant outcomes for underrepresented students - A general chemistry utility-value and growth mindset intervention showed statistically significant positive outcomes overall but statistically nonsignificant outcomes for underrepresented students
• A general oral language factor comprising syntax and vocabulary indicators significantly predicts reading comprehension in all grades 4–10, in models whose latent factors together account for 72%–99% of its variance - A general oral language factor comprising syntax and vocabulary indicators significantly predicts reading comprehension in all grades 4–10, in models whose latent factors together account for 72%–99%
• A general process for measuring item-level effort extends effort measurement to omitted and constructed responses - A general process for measuring item-level effort extends effort measurement to omitted and constructed responses
• A general self-report metacognition questionnaire shows no relationship with word problem solving performance and no convergence with on-line metacognitive measures in grade 5 - A general self-report metacognition questionnaire shows no relationship with word problem solving performance and no convergence with on-line metacognitive measures in grade 5
• A general-purpose LLM assessing team emails' emotional tone was biased toward interpreting messages as anxiety-related only - A general-purpose LLM assessing team emails' emotional tone was biased toward interpreting messages as anxiety-related only
• A general-purpose LLM used as a tutor without pedagogical prompting overwhelmingly provides high assistance, with more than 95% of responses classified as Explaining or Solving - A general-purpose LLM used as a tutor without pedagogical prompting overwhelmingly provides high assistance, with more than 95% of responses classified as Explaining or Solving
• A git-history audit found 96.3% of AI-generated answer-key question blocks needed no post-release semantic repair - A git-history audit found 96.3% of AI-generated answer-key question blocks needed no post-release semantic repair
• A global factor across autonomy support, structure, and involvement provides optimal support to classroom-level engagement (global hypothesis supported) - A global factor across autonomy support, structure, and involvement provides optimal support to classroom-level engagement (global hypothesis supported)
• A goal gap misaligns the measurable-performance aims promoted by current technologies with education's broader developmental aims - A goal gap misaligns the measurable-performance aims promoted by current technologies with education's broader developmental aims
• A graded hard-opposites list of twenty-five words was selected where accuracy of response was below 69% - A graded hard-opposites list of twenty-five words was selected where accuracy of response was below 69%
• A graded left superior parietal retrieval-success effect emerges by age 12 but is absent in 8-year-olds - A graded left superior parietal retrieval-success effect emerges by age 12 but is absent in 8-year-olds
• A graded likelihood detector prompt produced more consistent separation than a binary yes/no detector prompt - A graded likelihood detector prompt produced more consistent separation than a binary yes/no detector prompt
• A greater proportion of children whose maternal educational attainment is some college, technical, or two-year degree fell in the later, shorter, inconsistent sleep health class - A greater proportion of children whose maternal educational attainment is some college, technical, or two-year degree fell in the later, shorter, inconsistent sleep health class
• A growing share of LEAs adopted social-emotional and developmentally appropriate strategies, led by play-based learning at 82% - A growing share of LEAs adopted social-emotional and developmentally appropriate strategies, led by play-based learning at 82%
• A growth theory of interest intervention increases interest in math and science coursework among liberal arts undergraduates - A growth theory of interest intervention increases interest in math and science coursework among liberal arts undergraduates
• A growth-mindset-of-personality workshop reduced retaliatory aggression and increased prosocial behavior among urban high school students - A growth-mindset-of-personality workshop reduced retaliatory aggression and increased prosocial behavior among urban high school students
• A guardrailed GPT-4 tutor with teacher-designed hints improves assisted practice performance more than a standard GPT-4 interface - A guardrailed GPT-4 tutor with teacher-designed hints improves assisted practice performance more than a standard GPT-4 interface
• A guided posthumanist writing experiment showed a student internalizing a posthumanist ontology, yet her evaluative criteria remained human-centric - A guided posthumanist writing experiment showed a student internalizing a posthumanist ontology, yet her evaluative criteria remained human-centric
• A half-day workshop featuring the PPH framework significantly increased dietitians' confidence to undertake pro-environmental change in their personal and professional lives - A half-day workshop featuring the PPH framework significantly increased dietitians' confidence to undertake pro-environmental change in their personal and professional lives
• A hard core of non-attending students remained unresponsive to all offered support - A hard core of non-attending students remained unresponsive to all offered support
• A head-confined multimodal configuration (EEG, eye tracking, forehead EDA) predicts held-out learners' five-level engagement ratings at 75.0% balanced 1-off accuracy, 12.0 points above the mode baseline - A head-confined multimodal configuration (EEG, eye tracking, forehead EDA) predicts held-out learners' five-level engagement ratings at 75.0% balanced 1-off accuracy, 12.0 points above the mode baseli
• A Hidden Markov Model over knowledge states identifies Analytical Thinking (A5) as the learning bottleneck with the lowest forward transition probability - A Hidden Markov Model over knowledge states identifies Analytical Thinking (A5) as the learning bottleneck with the lowest forward transition probability
• A hierarchical internal knowledge organization facilitates performance on complex recall and problem-solving tasks more than a single-level organization of the same knowledge - A hierarchical internal knowledge organization facilitates performance on complex recall and problem-solving tasks more than a single-level organization of the same knowledge
• A hierarchical organization facilitates tasks only when matched to the task domain: organization A aids deductive tasks and organization B aids historical tasks - A hierarchical organization facilitates tasks only when matched to the task domain: organization A aids deductive tasks and organization B aids historical tasks
• A high class rank at age 11 has a large robust effect on secondary school achievement at age 14 - A high class rank at age 11 has a large robust effect on secondary school achievement at age 14
• A high Cronbach's alpha across items measuring distinct knowledge aspects indicates the test is not working as intended - A high Cronbach's alpha across items measuring distinct knowledge aspects indicates the test is not working as intended
• A high proportion of high-performing classmates lowers sixth-graders' situational academic self-concept, an experimental BFLPE at the extreme contrast - A high proportion of high-performing classmates lowers sixth-graders' situational academic self-concept, an experimental BFLPE at the extreme contrast
• A high-competency PAL elicits more positive learner attitudes toward the agent (d = 0.91) - A high-competency PAL elicits more positive learner attitudes toward the agent (d = 0.91)
• A higher ICC(1) of students' ratings and a larger standardized between slope increase power, with opposite effects on the optimal split between classes and students per class - A higher ICC(1) of students' ratings and a larger standardized between slope increase power, with opposite effects on the optimal split between classes and students per class
• A higher-order early literacy factor (reading and spelling) is uniquely and positively related to kindergarten compositional fluency and first-grade writing fluency and quality - A higher-order early literacy factor (reading and spelling) is uniquely and positively related to kindergarten compositional fluency and first-grade writing fluency and quality
• A home visit before the school year reduced the likelihood of a disciplinary incident (effect size = +0.10) - A home visit before the school year reduced the likelihood of a disciplinary incident (effect size = +0.10)
• A human assessor agreed with the majority of GPT-generated feedback comments on assessment aspects that instructors had not commented on - A human assessor agreed with the majority of GPT-generated feedback comments on assessment aspects that instructors had not commented on
• A hybrid confidence measure combining model-based signals with dataset-derived aleatoric uncertainty achieves the highest AUROC and strongest accuracy gains in selective grading of LLM-graded short answers - A hybrid confidence measure combining model-based signals with dataset-derived aleatoric uncertainty achieves the highest AUROC and strongest accuracy gains in selective grading of LLM-graded short an
• A hybrid stealth assessment framework selecting the optimal model per concept outperforms any single homogeneous modeling technique for predicting student competencies - A hybrid stealth assessment framework selecting the optimal model per concept outperforms any single homogeneous modeling technique for predicting student competencies
• A K-3 school-level growth measure was estimated and examined, with validity and precision concerns suggesting cautious use for accountability - A K-3 school-level growth measure was estimated and examined, with validity and precision concerns suggesting cautious use for accountability
• A key barrier to using MI Write is a lack of both curriculum integration and alignment - A key barrier to using MI Write is a lack of both curriculum integration and alignment
• A key divergence: SDT theorizes need thwarting as an active, independent dimension predicting unique negative outcomes, while HET focuses on positive teaching dimensions - A key divergence: SDT theorizes need thwarting as an active, independent dimension predicting unique negative outcomes, while HET focuses on positive teaching dimensions
• A knowledge-constituting process synthesizes writing content from constraints within semantic memory - A knowledge-constituting process synthesizes writing content from constraints within semantic memory
• A knowledge-transforming process manipulates episodic-memory content in working memory to satisfy rhetorical goals - A knowledge-transforming process manipulates episodic-memory content in working memory to satisfy rhetorical goals
• A language-based AI facilitator has access only to verbal traces of embodied inquiry and steers inquiry toward what can be put into words - A language-based AI facilitator has access only to verbal traces of embodied inquiry and steers inquiry toward what can be put into words
• A language-based bedtime routine at age 3 predicted longer nighttime sleep duration at age 5 and higher language abilities and receptive vocabulary at age 5 - A language-based bedtime routine at age 3 predicted longer nighttime sleep duration at age 5 and higher language abilities and receptive vocabulary at age 5
• A large introductory statistics unit integrated AI-enabled elements (AI-assisted poster assessment, AI-enhanced lectures, and an AI chatbot) to complement statistical reasoning - A large introductory statistics unit integrated AI-enabled elements (AI-assisted poster assessment, AI-enhanced lectures, and an AI chatbot) to complement statistical reasoning
• A large randomized controlled trial in England found no advantages for students who received GMT, as reported by the review - A large randomized controlled trial in England found no advantages for students who received GMT, as reported by the review
• A large randomized trial found no statistically significant effects of Project CRISS® on standardized grade 5 comprehension measures (James-Burdumy et al., 2009) - A large randomized trial found no statistically significant effects of Project CRISS® on standardized grade 5 comprehension measures (James-Burdumy et al., 2009)
• A large Swedish register-based study found treatment with ADHD medication significantly reduces the risk for criminality in adults with ADHD - A large Swedish register-based study found treatment with ADHD medication significantly reduces the risk for criminality in adults with ADHD
• A large-scale experimental study compared the effects of the four mathematics curricula on student achievement - A large-scale experimental study compared the effects of the four mathematics curricula on student achievement
• A large-scale long-term study examined the measurement stability of Rasch measurement scales that had been in place for almost 40 years - A large-scale long-term study examined the measurement stability of Rasch measurement scales that had been in place for almost 40 years
• A large-scale, rigorous study compared four elementary math curricula's effects on achievement across two years, first through second grade - A large-scale, rigorous study compared four elementary math curricula's effects on achievement across two years, first through second grade
• A larger percentage of applied-science pupils averaged above 85 in the semester's work (46.6 vs 29.4) - A larger percentage of applied-science pupils averaged above 85 in the semester's work (46.6 vs 29.4)
• A larger percentage of BCIRC students met the bilingual education exit criterion in language (39% versus 21%), not statistically significant - A larger percentage of BCIRC students met the bilingual education exit criterion in language (39% versus 21%), not statistically significant
• A larger percentage of BCIRC students met the bilingual education exit criterion in reading (32% versus 10%) - A larger percentage of BCIRC students met the bilingual education exit criterion in reading (32% versus 10%)
• A larger proportion of game-playing students showed positive score change than control students on adaptability and resourcefulness, but not significantly on communication - A larger proportion of game-playing students showed positive score change than control students on adaptability and resourcefulness, but not significantly on communication
• A larger share of AI-generated questions were highly or very highly discriminating (36%) compared to standardized test questions (21%) - A larger share of AI-generated questions were highly or very highly discriminating (36%) compared to standardized test questions (21%)
• A larger share of Rhode Island charter schools outperform local options (43% reading, 57% math) than the national rates found in the 2013 CREDO Study (25% reading, 29% math) - A larger share of Rhode Island charter schools outperform local options (43% reading, 57% math) than the national rates found in the 2013 CREDO Study (25% reading, 29% math)
• A larger shock halving grade 3 learning leaves the cohort 1.5 years behind by grade 10, with more than 80 percent of in-school children learning nothing - A larger shock halving grade 3 learning leaves the cohort 1.5 years behind by grade 10, with more than 80 percent of in-school children learning nothing
• A latent change score model of correlated initial levels and change scores of self-concepts and comparison-related beliefs fits the data well - A latent change score model of correlated initial levels and change scores of self-concepts and comparison-related beliefs fits the data well
• A latent global non-cognitive factor predicts a latent three-year GPA factor, explaining 27–29% of its variance - A latent global non-cognitive factor predicts a latent three-year GPA factor, explaining 27–29% of its variance
• A later review reports that a 1997 New York City report found lower reading achievement after resource room group sizes rose from 5 to at most 8 students per teacher - A later review reports that a 1997 New York City report found lower reading achievement after resource room group sizes rose from 5 to at most 8 students per teacher
• A leaky pipeline limits the residency program's district benefits: only about half of completers became CPS principals within four years, at roughly $535,000 cost per new principal - A leaky pipeline limits the residency program's district benefits: only about half of completers became CPS principals within four years, at roughly $535,000 cost per new principal
• A learner's first language predicts L2 phoneme perception more strongly than their proficiency level does. - Which first language a learner brings predicts how accurately they perceive a second-language phonemic contrast better than their proficiency level does — 89.8% for Finnish speakers against 64% for Ge
• A learner's mother language affects second language acquisition, particularly in production of absent sounds - A learner's mother language affects second language acquisition, particularly in production of absent sounds
• A letter-cancellation practice group outperformed a control group in the first parts-of-speech test period - A letter-cancellation practice group outperformed a control group in the first parts-of-speech test period
• A linear mixed-effects model of detection error showed significant paper type, tool, and interaction effects, with underestimation largest for fully AI-generated papers and Pangram consistently producing the smallest errors - A linear mixed-effects model of detection error showed significant paper type, tool, and interaction effects, with underestimation largest for fully AI-generated papers and Pangram consistently produc
• A literature review investigated whether assessment metadata can provide information on SEL constructs - A literature review investigated whether assessment metadata can provide information on SEL constructs
• A literature survey suggests the generation effect is more likely to be demonstrated on delayed than immediate tests - A literature survey suggests the generation effect is more likely to be demonstrated on delayed than immediate tests
• A long-term tracking study follows 1,177 students who applied to 13 oversubscribed KIPP middle schools through 5th or 6th grade admissions lotteries in 2008 or 2009 to examine college enrollment and early college persistence. - A long-term tracking study follows 1,177 students who applied to 13 oversubscribed KIPP middle schools through 5th or 6th grade admissions lotteries in 2008 or 2009 to examine college enrollment and e
• A LoRA-adapted open-weight Gemma-3-27B model fine-tuned on 120 essays outperforms a fine-tuned GPT-3.5 baseline on TOEFL essay scoring across all reported metrics - A LoRA-adapted open-weight Gemma-3-27B model fine-tuned on 120 essays outperforms a fine-tuned GPT-3.5 baseline on TOEFL essay scoring across all reported metrics
• A lottery-based randomized controlled trial at Lied replicated the positive, statistically significant impact on 6th graders' mathematics achievement found by the QED - A lottery-based randomized controlled trial at Lied replicated the positive, statistically significant impact on 6th graders' mathematics achievement found by the QED
• A lottery-based randomized controlled trial of KIPP middle schools found statistically significant positive effects on state math and reading tests - A lottery-based randomized controlled trial of KIPP middle schools found statistically significant positive effects on state math and reading tests
• A lottery-based randomized experimental analysis confirms KIPP middle schools' positive impacts - A lottery-based randomized experimental analysis confirms KIPP middle schools' positive impacts
• A low alpha does not necessarily indicate high content validity, because reliability and validity can both be high - A low alpha does not necessarily indicate high content validity, because reliability and validity can both be high
• A low alpha for an error-prone covariate can attenuate, inflate, or artificially produce a spurious effect (phantom effect) in the coefficient of a perfectly reliable predictor - A low alpha for an error-prone covariate can attenuate, inflate, or artificially produce a spurious effect (phantom effect) in the coefficient of a perfectly reliable predictor
• A low alpha for the dependent variable leaves the unstandardized regression coefficient unbiased but attenuates the standardized coefficient and reduces statistical power - A low alpha for the dependent variable leaves the unstandardized regression coefficient unbiased but attenuates the standardized coefficient and reduces statistical power
• A low glycaemic load breakfast increases time on-task in young children, but the effect is short-lived and specific to the first observation period - A low glycaemic load breakfast increases time on-task in young children, but the effect is short-lived and specific to the first observation period
• A low-intensity telehealth problem-solving intervention delivered by trained diabetes educators, nurses and dietitians reduced mild to moderate diabetes distress more than usual care (LISTEN trial) - A low-intensity telehealth problem-solving intervention delivered by trained diabetes educators, nurses and dietitians reduced mild to moderate diabetes distress more than usual care (LISTEN trial)
• A machine learning algorithm with 10-percent risk-score cutoffs better targets students most likely to experience academic problems and has the advantage in predicting suspensions - A machine learning algorithm with 10-percent risk-score cutoffs better targets students most likely to experience academic problems and has the advantage in predicting suspensions
• A majority (56%) of non-STEM students are classified as transitional reasoners, while formal operational reasoners predominate among STEM majors - A majority (56%) of non-STEM students are classified as transitional reasoners, while formal operational reasoners predominate among STEM majors
• A majority of 5- and 6-year-olds can describe metacognitive emotion regulation strategies when asked about familiar hypothetical situations with multiple prompts - A majority of 5- and 6-year-olds can describe metacognitive emotion regulation strategies when asked about familiar hypothetical situations with multiple prompts
• A majority of adolescents (about 63%) followed stable trajectories of physics and chemistry motivation across middle and high school - A majority of adolescents (about 63%) followed stable trajectories of physics and chemistry motivation across middle and high school
• A majority of adults with ADHD show extreme DESR exceeding the 95th percentile of control subjects - A majority of adults with ADHD show extreme DESR exceeding the 95th percentile of control subjects
• A majority of edtech coaches plan to provide deep coaching online if closures extend, expecting modeling, observation, and planning to change - A majority of edtech coaches plan to provide deep coaching online if closures extend, expecting modeling, observation, and planning to change
• A majority of faculty believe student evaluation methods require significant change, and preferences tilt toward disclosure-based permission regimes over bans - A majority of faculty believe student evaluation methods require significant change, and preferences tilt toward disclosure-based permission regimes over bans
• A majority of grade 4-8 Chicago teachers used Grow resources in year one, and slightly more than half found the components beneficial - A majority of grade 4-8 Chicago teachers used Grow resources in year one, and slightly more than half found the components beneficial
• A majority of LEAs planned to offer TK at all kindergarten sites and full-day TK - A majority of LEAs planned to offer TK at all kindergarten sites and full-day TK
• A majority of NFTE alumni respondents were attending or had finished college, and 91 percent of college finishers completed a four-year degree or higher - A majority of NFTE alumni respondents were attending or had finished college, and 91 percent of college finishers completed a four-year degree or higher
• A majority of non-leisure readers report enjoying reading in general (59% lower track, 69% higher track) - A majority of non-leisure readers report enjoying reading in general (59% lower track, 69% higher track)
• A majority of physics students (76%) perceived a positive change in their Gen AI interactions after prompt-engineering training - A majority of physics students (76%) perceived a positive change in their Gen AI interactions after prompt-engineering training
• A majority of students think they should be informed of data collection details at multiple contact points throughout their studies - A majority of students think they should be informed of data collection details at multiple contact points throughout their studies
• A majority of surveyed mathematicians report believing proofs are correct because of journal publication, journal quality, or a trusted authoritative source - A majority of surveyed mathematicians report believing proofs are correct because of journal publication, journal quality, or a trusted authoritative source
• A majority of surveyed MSc computer science students had never used ChatGPT for academic purposes - A majority of surveyed MSc computer science students had never used ChatGPT for academic purposes
• A majority of surveyed students want institutional training on professional and ethical AI tool use - A majority of surveyed students want institutional training on professional and ethical AI tool use
• A majority of surveyed teachers (61%) reported that participating in the Verizon Innovative Learning Schools program improved their job satisfaction - A majority of surveyed teachers (61%) reported that participating in the Verizon Innovative Learning Schools program improved their job satisfaction
• A majority of teacher residency candidates report financial hardship during their residency year, including food and housing insecurity - A majority of teacher residency candidates report financial hardship during their residency year, including food and housing insecurity
• A majority of teachers believed REACH relied too heavily on standardized tests, with special education teachers especially critical - A majority of teachers believed REACH relied too heavily on standardized tests, with special education teachers especially critical
• A majority of universities with faculty guidelines discourage reliance on AI detection tools due to unreliability and bias - A majority of universities with faculty guidelines discourage reliance on AI detection tools due to unreliability and bias
• A majority of users choose sycophantic AI over neutral and challenging alternatives, citing feeling understood and ease of conversation rather than advice quality - A majority of users choose sycophantic AI over neutral and challenging alternatives, citing feeling understood and ease of conversation rather than advice quality
• A majority of writing and mathematics assignments in 12 Chicago Annenberg schools fell into the lowest two challenge categories - A majority of writing and mathematics assignments in 12 Chicago Annenberg schools fell into the lowest two challenge categories
• A majority of YOUmedia participants report improved digital media skills due to the program - A majority of YOUmedia participants report improved digital media skills due to the program
• A majority of young children make choices consistent with hyperbolic discounting, preferring immediate over larger delayed rewards - A majority of young children make choices consistent with hyperbolic discounting, preferring immediate over larger delayed rewards
• A mandated mid-project 3D digital-modeling task interrupted the teams' engineering-based knowledge-creation activities - A mandated mid-project 3D digital-modeling task interrupted the teams' engineering-based knowledge-creation activities
• A manipulation check confirmed control students referenced the evaporation explanation more often than treatment students - A manipulation check confirmed control students referenced the evaporation explanation more often than treatment students
• A matched-comparison analysis found no effect of the TenMarks summer program on NWEA MAP math scores - A matched-comparison analysis found no effect of the TenMarks summer program on NWEA MAP math scores
• A math teacher whose students had typically prepared for tests by rereading notes implemented three retrieval-practice strategies after learning that rereading is not effective for long-term retention - A math teacher whose students had typically prepared for tests by rereading notes implemented three retrieval-practice strategies after learning that rereading is not effective for long-term retention
• A MATLAB inverse-kinematics pipeline automated generation of 38 of 52 LIS signs on Pepper and cut authoring time from 45–60 to under 10 minutes per sign - A MATLAB inverse-kinematics pipeline automated generation of 38 of 52 LIS signs on Pepper and cut authoring time from 45–60 to under 10 minutes per sign
• A mean-classification cut-score method outperformed a contrasting-groups-style mean method because it was more robust to outliers - A mean-classification cut-score method outperformed a contrasting-groups-style mean method because it was more robust to outliers
• A meaningful percentage of Grade 8 state summative test events showed rapid guessing, varying by subject: 5.5% in mathematics, 6.7% in ELA, and 3.5% in science - A meaningful percentage of Grade 8 state summative test events showed rapid guessing, varying by subject: 5.5% in mathematics, 6.7% in ELA, and 3.5% in science
• A medium degree of both focus support and reward is sufficient for good learning outcomes - A medium degree of both focus support and reward is sufficient for good learning outcomes
• A medium feature's affordance does not guarantee its actual cognitive effects: LOGO instruction designed to enhance conditional reasoning may not do so - A medium feature's affordance does not guarantee its actual cognitive effects: LOGO instruction designed to enhance conditional reasoning may not do so
• A medium gender difference in mental rotation favouring boys exists across adolescence and is already apparent at the beginning of adolescence - A medium gender difference in mental rotation favouring boys exists across adolescence and is already apparent at the beginning of adolescence
• A mental appraisement of an individual is even more dependent upon the adequate training and quality of the examiner than upon the standardization of the tests used - A mental appraisement of an individual is even more dependent upon the adequate training and quality of the examiner than upon the standardization of the tests used
• A meta-analysis attributes the strongest predictors of nonresponsiveness to rapid naming and problem behavior - A meta-analysis attributes the strongest predictors of nonresponsiveness to rapid naming and problem behavior
• A meta-analysis found no evidence that clinical status, including ADHD and substance use disorder samples, moderates the effect of reward on inhibitory control - A meta-analysis found no evidence that clinical status, including ADHD and substance use disorder samples, moderates the effect of reward on inhibitory control
• A meta-analysis of 20 studies found a large effect (Hedges' g = 0.871) for CTA use in training design - A meta-analysis of 20 studies found a large effect (Hedges' g = 0.871) for CTA use in training design
• A meta-analysis of 55 studies found Kohlberg's dilemma discussion approach had a moderate to significant effect on moral education, and Just Community Schools provided a moral culture - A meta-analysis of 55 studies found Kohlberg's dilemma discussion approach had a moderate to significant effect on moral education, and Just Community Schools provided a moral culture
• A meta-analysis of 68 longitudinal studies found prior achievement predicted subsequent self-concept and prior self-concept predicted subsequent achievement - A meta-analysis of 68 longitudinal studies found prior achievement predicted subsequent self-concept and prior self-concept predicted subsequent achievement
• A meta-analysis of 69 studies reports generative AI improves academic performance with g = 0.7, but the article argues this likely reflects immediate task success rather than learning - A meta-analysis of 69 studies reports generative AI improves academic performance with g = 0.7, but the article argues this likely reflects immediate task success rather than learning
• A meta-analysis of corpus use in language learning was published in Language Learning in 2017 by Boulton and Cobb. - A meta-analysis of corpus use in language learning was published in Language Learning in 2017 by Boulton and Cobb.
• A meta-analysis of three differentiated-instruction studies reports a pooled effect of 0.729 on academic achievement whose 95% confidence interval (−3.66 to 5.12) spans zero - A meta-analysis of three differentiated-instruction studies reports a pooled effect of 0.729 on academic achievement whose 95% confidence interval (−3.66 to 5.12) spans zero
• A meta-analysis quantitatively verified the importance of three types of interaction in distance and online learning: among students, between instructor and students, and between students and content - A meta-analysis quantitatively verified the importance of three types of interaction in distance and online learning: among students, between instructor and students, and between students and content
• A meta-analysis reported a mean effect size advantage of 0.41 for collaborative learning prototypes in immersive versus non-immersive approaches - A meta-analysis reported a mean effect size advantage of 0.41 for collaborative learning prototypes in immersive versus non-immersive approaches
• A meta-synthesis of 90 qualitative studies across 26 countries identifies adolescents' positive online experiences with digital flourishing - A meta-synthesis of 90 qualitative studies across 26 countries identifies adolescents' positive online experiences with digital flourishing
• A method for identifying partial test-taking engagement is validated, with effort-moderated scores to be interpreted cautiously when partial engagement is indicated - A method for identifying partial test-taking engagement is validated, with effort-moderated scores to be interpreted cautiously when partial engagement is indicated
• A mid-morning snack benefits on-task behavior only for children who consumed a small breakfast, correcting the energy deficiency - A mid-morning snack benefits on-task behavior only for children who consumed a small breakfast, correcting the energy deficiency
• A minority of adolescents were model-predicted to benefit greatly from min-counting yet used it significantly less often than peers and scored about one standard deviation below average in broad math achievement - A minority of adolescents were model-predicted to benefit greatly from min-counting yet used it significantly less often than peers and scored about one standard deviation below average in broad math
• A minority of honours community members feel the community is too closed, hindering knowledge growth - A minority of honours community members feel the community is too closed, hindering knowledge growth
• A minority of item judgments show downregulation of confidence after pre-monitoring, suggesting differentiated evaluation can sometimes trigger more accurate monitoring - A minority of item judgments show downregulation of confidence after pre-monitoring, suggesting differentiated evaluation can sometimes trigger more accurate monitoring
• A minority of longitudinal studies (12%) found no evidence that temporality of childhood circumstances relates to educational and cognitive outcomes - A minority of longitudinal studies (12%) found no evidence that temporality of childhood circumstances relates to educational and cognitive outcomes
• A minority of prospective teachers show consonance, believing each conception dimension is both valuable and applicable - A minority of prospective teachers show consonance, believing each conception dimension is both valuable and applicable
• A minority of studies report negative autonomy support–structure correlations, concentrated among teacher-report measures - A minority of studies report negative autonomy support–structure correlations, concentrated among teacher-report measures
• A mirroring dashboard shifts teacher attention toward epistemic over social aspects of learning, while a guiding dashboard divides interventions more equally - A mirroring dashboard shifts teacher attention toward epistemic over social aspects of learning, while a guiding dashboard divides interventions more equally
• A mission that prioritizes boosting student achievement is associated with positive charter-school impacts - A mission that prioritizes boosting student achievement is associated with positive charter-school impacts
• A mixed-methods study addresses groupthink in newly formed student teams by introducing a genAI agent into small-group processes of a VIPE problem-based learning session - A mixed-methods study addresses groupthink in newly formed student teams by introducing a genAI agent into small-group processes of a VIPE problem-based learning session
• A modality-aware reference model outperforms sensor-free, statistical, deep temporal, foundation-model, and LLM-based baselines for estimating minute-level attention difficulty from wearable sensing - A modality-aware reference model outperforms sensor-free, statistical, deep temporal, foundation-model, and LLM-based baselines for estimating minute-level attention difficulty from wearable sensing
• A model of kindergarten writing development including an attention factor fits better than a model with only language and literacy factors - A model of kindergarten writing development including an attention factor fits better than a model with only language and literacy factors
• A model trained only on the 300-conversation BEA dataset plateaus at 74.84% average macro F1 due to limited data size and diversity - A model trained only on the 300-conversation BEA dataset plateaus at 74.84% average macro F1 due to limited data size and diversity
• A moderate negative correlation exists between cognitive offloading tendency and critical thinking while the constructs remain empirically distinct - A moderate negative correlation exists between cognitive offloading tendency and critical thinking while the constructs remain empirically distinct
• A modified E-M scoring method using more liberal time thresholds accounts for two-thirds or more of score distortion, outperforming standard thresholds - A modified E-M scoring method using more liberal time thresholds accounts for two-thirds or more of score distortion, outperforming standard thresholds
• A Monitoring and Regulation Strategy delivered online increased university students' exam scores, whereas the Monitoring Exercise alone showed no significant effect - A Monitoring and Regulation Strategy delivered online increased university students' exam scores, whereas the Monitoring Exercise alone showed no significant effect
• A more positive school climate is related to improved academic achievement beyond socioeconomic status - A more positive school climate is related to improved academic achievement beyond socioeconomic status
• A multi-armed bandit controller achieves scoring accuracy comparable to exhaustive grid search while reducing LLM calls by 78.4% and token consumption by 72.8% - A multi-armed bandit controller achieves scoring accuracy comparable to exhaustive grid search while reducing LLM calls by 78.4% and token consumption by 72.8%
• A multi-objective reward weighting mastery at 50% does not prevent reward hacking: the MO agent selects the zero-learning Encourage action more often (32.6%) than the engagement-only agent (25.8%) - A multi-objective reward weighting mastery at 50% does not prevent reward hacking: the MO agent selects the zero-learning Encourage action more often (32.6%) than the engagement-only agent (25.8%)
• A multi-site randomized controlled trial found Woot Math's adaptivity contributed significant effects in learning and retention - A multi-site randomized controlled trial found Woot Math's adaptivity contributed significant effects in learning and retention
• A multi-skill prior strategy yielded lower prediction error in 33 of 42 problem sets - A multi-skill prior strategy yielded lower prediction error in 33 of 42 problem sets
• A multi-source study identifies eight key areas of ethical consideration regarding teachers' use of AI for student feedback - A multi-source study identifies eight key areas of ethical consideration regarding teachers' use of AI for student feedback
• A multi-task CNN-LSTM diagnostic model with attention-based fusion achieves correlations of 0.887, 0.862, 0.824, and 0.793 with human expert ratings across four oral proficiency dimensions under speaker-independent testing - A multi-task CNN-LSTM diagnostic model with attention-based fusion achieves correlations of 0.887, 0.862, 0.824, and 0.793 with human expert ratings across four oral proficiency dimensions under speak
• A multidimensional IRT model with simple structure fits testlet-based reading data better than both the general polytomous testlet model and the standard 2PL/GPCM - A multidimensional IRT model with simple structure fits testlet-based reading data better than both the general polytomous testlet model and the standard 2PL/GPCM
• A multimethod approach provides a richer portrayal of young children's performance than any single measure. - A multimethod approach provides a richer portrayal of young children's performance than any single measure.
• A multimodal EEG-fNIRS dataset was collected from 31 participants watching three instructional videos, yielding over 4.5 million data points with expert-verified attention labels - A multimodal EEG-fNIRS dataset was collected from 31 participants watching three instructional videos, yielding over 4.5 million data points with expert-verified attention labels
• A multimodal LLM achieves moderate-to-substantial agreement with human consensus on well-defined CT practices but lower agreement on multi-component constructs like Physics Correctness and Systems Thinking - A multimodal LLM achieves moderate-to-substantial agreement with human consensus on well-defined CT practices but lower agreement on multi-component constructs like Physics Correctness and Systems Thi
• A multiple-choice gloss format (L1 + L2) produced significantly higher vocabulary posttest scores than a single-gloss format in Nagata's Japanese study - A multiple-choice gloss format (L1 + L2) produced significantly higher vocabulary posttest scores than a single-gloss format in Nagata's Japanese study
• A multisensory tablet with tonal and vibration feedback produced no significant difference in graphics-comprehension accuracy compared with tactile graphics - A multisensory tablet with tonal and vibration feedback produced no significant difference in graphics-comprehension accuracy compared with tactile graphics
• A multiyear pilot study analyzed the score variation, internal consistency, score stability, and concurrent validity of Pennsylvania's Framework for Leadership - A multiyear pilot study analyzed the score variation, internal consistency, score stability, and concurrent validity of Pennsylvania's Framework for Leadership
• A narrative review cites one study in which simultaneous notes, worked example and explanation aided understanding, and another in which temporally contiguous instruction lowered perceived cognitive load - A narrative review cites one study in which simultaneous notes, worked example and explanation aided understanding, and another in which temporally contiguous instruction lowered perceived cognitive l
• A narrative review of intelligent tutoring systems asserts, citing one source, that students in personalized learning environments outperform peers in standardized settings - A narrative review of intelligent tutoring systems asserts, citing one source, that students in personalized learning environments outperform peers in standardized settings
• A narrative review reports that the signaling studies it cites found higher learning outcomes with signaled multimedia (illustrations with labeled text) than without - A narrative review reports that the signaling studies it cites found higher learning outcomes with signaled multimedia (illustrations with labeled text) than without
• A narrative review, citing Ford (2003), attributes the underrepresentation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in gifted education to identification measures biased toward another cultural background - A narrative review, citing Ford (2003), attributes the underrepresentation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in gifted education to identification measures biased toward another cultur
• A national evaluation design was produced to assess supplemental reading comprehension programs for fifth-grade students - A national evaluation design was produced to assess supplemental reading comprehension programs for fifth-grade students
• A national randomized study of the impacts of charter schools on student achievement was conducted (2003-2010), prepared for the U.S. Department of Education - A national randomized study of the impacts of charter schools on student achievement was conducted (2003-2010), prepared for the U.S.
• A National Research Council committee secured a $25,000 General Education Board grant to develop intelligence tests for school children - A National Research Council committee secured a $25,000 General Education Board grant to develop intelligence tests for school children
• A national study examines trends and disparities in children's academic skills at school entry for students who began kindergarten between 2010 and 2017 - A national study examines trends and disparities in children's academic skills at school entry for students who began kindergarten between 2010 and 2017
• A Naïve Bayes classifier distinguishes free-text definitions of curiosity and interest at above-chance accuracy on unseen data - A Naïve Bayes classifier distinguishes free-text definitions of curiosity and interest at above-chance accuracy on unseen data
• A negative behavioral path through frequent resubmissions counteracted the affective benefit of layered feedback - A negative behavioral path through frequent resubmissions counteracted the affective benefit of layered feedback
• A negative-emotion alert followed by cognitive-affective reframing of the task coincided with branching of one student's engagement structure from completion-oriented to exploratory engagement - A negative-emotion alert followed by cognitive-affective reframing of the task coincided with branching of one student's engagement structure from completion-oriented to exploratory engagement
• A network of three mutually overlapping intuitive ideas (less distance implies less time, bunched up means faster, faster implies less time) stabilizes students' initial thinking - A network of three mutually overlapping intuitive ideas (less distance implies less time, bunched up means faster, faster implies less time) stabilizes students' initial thinking
• A neutrally configured LLM assistant produced the lowest rate of gender-stereotypic occupation suggestions, below even the no-AI control condition - A neutrally configured LLM assistant produced the lowest rate of gender-stereotypic occupation suggestions, below even the no-AI control condition
• A new group member's heavily distanced bid to discuss shifted the Bronze group's norms toward sharing and evaluating ideas - A new group member's heavily distanced bid to discuss shifted the Bronze group's norms toward sharing and evaluating ideas
• A newsletter issue featuring a specific teaching activity yielded a higher email open rate than previous research-focused content, and teaching-activity content drove engagement - A newsletter issue featuring a specific teaching activity yielded a higher email open rate than previous research-focused content, and teaching-activity content drove engagement
• A ninth-grade EXPLORE composite score of 17 is the tipping point for reaching an ACT score of 20, and can serve as an interim benchmark - A ninth-grade EXPLORE composite score of 17 is the tipping point for reaching an ACT score of 20, and can serve as an interim benchmark
• A non-peer-reviewed web essay asserts, citing an earlier source second-hand, that behaviorist reinforcement methods are very effective in creating positive behavior in almost any learning environment - A non-peer-reviewed web essay asserts, citing an earlier source second-hand, that behaviorist reinforcement methods are very effective in creating positive behavior in almost any learning environment
• A non-significant trend favored expansive framing on transfer-of-learning of facts (36% vs. 13%, p = .09) - A non-significant trend favored expansive framing on transfer-of-learning of facts (36% vs.
• A numerical example explores subsidizing low-income students' costly demonstrated interest to reduce admission inequity - A numerical example explores subsidizing low-income students' costly demonstrated interest to reduce admission inequity
• A NWEA brief highlights middle school reading as an urgent challenge in academic recovery, with evidence of post-COVID-19 declines among struggling adolescent readers - A NWEA brief highlights middle school reading as an urgent challenge in academic recovery, with evidence of post-COVID-19 declines among struggling adolescent readers
• A NWEA research brief examines the relationship between chronic absenteeism and academic recovery from COVID-era disruptions to learning - A NWEA research brief examines the relationship between chronic absenteeism and academic recovery from COVID-era disruptions to learning
• A NWEA research brief examines whether taking Algebra in 8th grade instead of 9th grade improves student outcomes - A NWEA research brief examines whether taking Algebra in 8th grade instead of 9th grade improves student outcomes
• A one standard deviation increase in 10th grade perceived mathematics ability under challenge corresponds to a 1.62 times higher risk of staying in the natural sciences rather than never entering these fields in college - A one standard deviation increase in 10th grade perceived mathematics ability under challenge corresponds to a 1.62 times higher risk of staying in the natural sciences rather than never entering thes
• A one-factor unidimensional model is the most reasonable fit for MAP computerized adaptive Reading and Mathematics tests across grades, terms, and ten states, though Michigan Mathematics misses the RMSEA criterion - A one-factor unidimensional model is the most reasonable fit for MAP computerized adaptive Reading and Mathematics tests across grades, terms, and ten states, though Michigan Mathematics misses the RM
• A one-parameter IRT model outperforms global and per-pitch baselines on AUC, BCE and Brier score but not on threshold accuracy for held-out singing attempts - A one-parameter IRT model outperforms global and per-pitch baselines on AUC, BCE and Brier score but not on threshold accuracy for held-out singing attempts
• A one-SD increase in mathematics self-concept raises predicted probability of advanced mathematics course choice by 16%; higher German self-concept lowers it - A one-SD increase in mathematics self-concept raises predicted probability of advanced mathematics course choice by 16%; higher German self-concept lowers it
• A P3-like ERP component can be elicited from toddlers as young as 30 months using an active auditory Oddball task - A P3-like ERP component can be elicited from toddlers as young as 30 months using an active auditory Oddball task
• A page-by-page, rubric-guided multimodal LLM workflow graded an authentic handwritten exam in about three hours at roughly $100 in token costs, versus about $3,500 in TA time - A page-by-page, rubric-guided multimodal LLM workflow graded an authentic handwritten exam in about three hours at roughly $100 in token costs, versus about $3,500 in TA time
• A partnership developed an approach for identifying at-risk students using school data linked with child welfare, justice, human services, and public benefits data. - A partnership developed an approach for identifying at-risk students using school data linked with child welfare, justice, human services, and public benefits data.
• A PDEODE teaching activity reduced first-year students' alternative conceptions about condensation from pre-test to post-test - A PDEODE teaching activity reduced first-year students' alternative conceptions about condensation from pre-test to post-test
• A pedagogical gap separates 4E-informed learning science from the disembodied, individualised pedagogical assumptions encoded in current AI systems - A pedagogical gap separates 4E-informed learning science from the disembodied, individualised pedagogical assumptions encoded in current AI systems