Claims: A 7

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• Applicants who submitted AI-written essays were admitted at lower rates than comparable non-users, with an estimated penalty of about 1.5 percentage points per AI-written essay - Applicants who submitted AI-written essays were admitted at lower rates than comparable non-users, with an estimated penalty of about 1.5 percentage points per AI-written essay
• Application instructions successfully shifted students' reading goals toward application processing, but not memorization goals - Application instructions successfully shifted students' reading goals toward application processing, but not memorization goals
• Application of the Stanford Revision to 1000 non-selected children found the intelligence quotient a valid expression of intelligence, practically no sex differences, and social status not a disturbing influence on mental-age estimates. - Application of the Stanford Revision to 1000 non-selected children found the intelligence quotient a valid expression of intelligence, practically no sex differences, and social status not a disturbin
• Application reading instructions did not reduce overestimation of application performance (no debiasing effect), with effects varying by text - Application reading instructions did not reduce overestimation of application performance (no debiasing effect), with effects varying by text
• Application reading instructions lead students to spend longer reading the text than general or memory instructions - Application reading instructions lead students to spend longer reading the text than general or memory instructions
• Application, not acceptance, is the primary barrier preventing CPS students from enrolling in four-year colleges - Application, not acceptance, is the primary barrier preventing CPS students from enrolling in four-year colleges
• Applications to the summer school increased up to double the available positions, which the authors attribute to its active and cooperative learning - Applications to the summer school increased up to double the available positions, which the authors attribute to its active and cooperative learning
• Applied to 1,163 real master's theses, Pangram flagged 529 (45.5%) as containing AI-generated content, mostly at low-to-moderate levels - Applied to 1,163 real master's theses, Pangram flagged 529 (45.5%) as containing AI-generated content, mostly at low-to-moderate levels
• Applied to the full dataset of 936 students, the LLM reproduced the human-observed growth trends, detecting significant growth on Q25 and Q26 but none on Q27 - Applied to the full dataset of 936 students, the LLM reproduced the human-observed growth trends, detecting significant growth on Q25 and Q26 but none on Q27
• Applying GRPO alone to LLMs for tagging yields significantly lower performance than supervised fine-tuning - Applying GRPO alone to LLMs for tagging yields significantly lower performance than supervised fine-tuning
• Applying PET raises accuracy for every user cohort, with the largest gain for the Low Literacy cohort - Applying PET raises accuracy for every user cohort, with the largest gain for the Low Literacy cohort
• Applying skill theory to grammar conflates constructs: pedagogical rules are not what exists in learners' mental representation - Applying skill theory to grammar conflates constructs: pedagogical rules are not what exists in learners' mental representation
• Applying the adapted CTA framework in the discharge pilot uncovered previously unknown stakeholders and barriers - Applying the adapted CTA framework in the discharge pilot uncovered previously unknown stakeholders and barriers
• Applying the difficulty weights yields highly unequal per-elision values within a sentence, e.g. elision 8 of unit 1 worth 15.19% of the unit versus 3.99% for several others. - Applying the difficulty weights yields highly unequal per-elision values within a sentence, e.g.
• Applying the Full Roster-Plus Method instead of the Full Roster Method produces very small empirical differences in value-added estimates in District of Columbia Public Schools data - Applying the Full Roster-Plus Method instead of the Full Roster Method produces very small empirical differences in value-added estimates in District of Columbia Public Schools data
• Applying the reproducibility checks to TRANSFER performance, the Xie et al. (2018) results are (rather) robust, but RECALL and moderator results are doubtful - Applying the reproducibility checks to TRANSFER performance, the Xie et al.
• Applying the Stanford revision to selected children in four California cities, Williams classified 32% feeble-minded, 20% borderline, 22% dull normal, and 26% normal or superior. - Applying the Stanford revision to selected children in four California cities, Williams classified 32% feeble-minded, 20% borderline, 22% dull normal, and 26% normal or superior.
• Appreciating everyday errors is held to be important for understanding how decisions and judgments are formed and as evidence of psychical determinism - Appreciating everyday errors is held to be important for understanding how decisions and judgments are formed and as evidence of psychical determinism
• Apprenticeship expansion into nontraditional industries such as healthcare and education accelerated during the pandemic - Apprenticeship expansion into nontraditional industries such as healthcare and education accelerated during the pandemic
• Apprenticeship-partnered adolescents generate more advanced counterarguments than similar-ability-paired peers - Apprenticeship-partnered adolescents generate more advanced counterarguments than similar-ability-paired peers
• Approaches to test score use and test purpose lack well-developed methodological guidelines and established sources of evidence, unlike score interpretation - Approaches to test score use and test purpose lack well-developed methodological guidelines and established sources of evidence, unlike score interpretation
• Approximately 10 percent of CPS graduates accepted into a four-year college do not enroll the following fall - Approximately 10 percent of CPS graduates accepted into a four-year college do not enroll the following fall
• Approximately 13 percent of undergraduates decline AI use for ethical rather than practical reasons, a group undetectable through reliance-scale scores - Approximately 13 percent of undergraduates decline AI use for ethical rather than practical reasons, a group undetectable through reliance-scale scores
• Approximately 13–14% of total variance in first-grade written composition is attributable to differences among classrooms - Approximately 13–14% of total variance in first-grade written composition is attributable to differences among classrooms
• Approximately 2.9% of Croatian grade 1–4 pupils meet diagnostic criteria for auditory processing disorder on the PSP-1 screening battery - Approximately 2.9% of Croatian grade 1–4 pupils meet diagnostic criteria for auditory processing disorder on the PSP-1 screening battery
• Approximately 40 percent of educators reported spending less time on social studies and science as a result of the promotion policy - Approximately 40 percent of educators reported spending less time on social studies and science as a result of the promotion policy
• Approximately 57% of California students experiencing homelessness are enrolled in schools where more than 80% of students are eligible for free or reduced-price meals, compared with 34% of all students - Approximately 57% of California students experiencing homelessness are enrolled in schools where more than 80% of students are eligible for free or reduced-price meals, compared with 34% of all studen
• Approximately four fifths of LEAs reported not having enough qualified staff to teach TK - Approximately four fifths of LEAs reported not having enough qualified staff to teach TK
• Approximately half of students' analysed texts showed collaborative learning meeting co-regulation and co-construction descriptors - Approximately half of students' analysed texts showed collaborative learning meeting co-regulation and co-construction descriptors
• Approximately one in four students who tested the prior year were missing from fall 2020 data, disproportionately Black or Latinx students in higher-poverty schools, so prior estimates likely understated pandemic impacts - Approximately one in four students who tested the prior year were missing from fall 2020 data, disproportionately Black or Latinx students in higher-poverty schools, so prior estimates likely understa
• Approximately two-thirds of teacher education students chose not to adopt GenAI in assessments even when its use was allowed - Approximately two-thirds of teacher education students chose not to adopt GenAI in assessments even when its use was allowed
• Aptitude-by-treatment interactions for instructional structure show mixed support: crossovers in some studies, nulls in others - Aptitude-by-treatment interactions for instructional structure show mixed support: crossovers in some studies, nulls in others
• AR/VR tools show the largest effect among AI application types (g = 1.765), while ITS and personalized educational games show small effects - AR/VR tools show the largest effect among AI application types (g = 1.765), while ITS and personalized educational games show small effects
• Arabic numeral formatted, small-problem-size outcomes (basic facts, computational fluency) retain high loadings on a specialized quantitative factor despite executive attention in the model - Arabic numeral formatted, small-problem-size outcomes (basic facts, computational fluency) retain high loadings on a specialized quantitative factor despite executive attention in the model
• Arbitrarily assigned point values in the Yerkes-Bridges scale yield implausible growth-rate results, such as intellectual ability increasing more than fifty per cent during the fourth year and only approximately fifteen per cent during the seventh. - Arbitrarily assigned point values in the Yerkes-Bridges scale yield implausible growth-rate results, such as intellectual ability increasing more than fifty per cent during the fourth year and only ap
• ARCS motivation did not significantly moderate any of the tested UTAUT3 acceptance pathways - ARCS motivation did not significantly moderate any of the tested UTAUT3 acceptance pathways
• ARCS motivation did not significantly predict behavioral intention but exerted a strong direct effect on use behavior, dominating its explanation - ARCS motivation did not significantly predict behavioral intention but exerted a strong direct effect on use behavior, dominating its explanation
• ARCS motivation showed the strongest correlations in the matrix with both behavioral intention and use behavior - ARCS motivation showed the strongest correlations in the matrix with both behavioral intention and use behavior
• Area discrimination accuracy does not predict children's social judgments; age, not shared decision imprecision, accounts for the task correlations - Area discrimination accuracy does not predict children's social judgments; age, not shared decision imprecision, accounts for the task correlations
• Area-of-law-specific and general exam practice contribute about equally and independently to performance development - Area-of-law-specific and general exam practice contribute about equally and independently to performance development
• Areas of Chicago without magnet elementary schools have lower median family income and fewer white residents than areas within magnet neighborhood zones - Areas of Chicago without magnet elementary schools have lower median family income and fewer white residents than areas within magnet neighborhood zones
• Argument quality gains favored the PS-GenAI-PF group over the PF group, while elaboration gains favored the GenAI-PF group - Argument quality gains favored the PS-GenAI-PF group over the PF group, while elaboration gains favored the GenAI-PF group
• Argument structure training did not generally improve component identification, but specifically improved identification of warrants at posttest - Argument structure training did not generally improve component identification, but specifically improved identification of warrants at posttest
• Argument structure training improved identification of atypical full-fledged arguments at posttest, but not at the 4-week follow-up - Argument structure training improved identification of atypical full-fledged arguments at posttest, but not at the 4-week follow-up
• Argument structure training increased students' self-reported confidence with the Toulmin model - Argument structure training increased students' self-reported confidence with the Toulmin model
• Argumentation Improves Reasoning
• Argumentation quality in multiplayer game chat is an attribute of group interaction, not of individual utterances - Argumentation quality in multiplayer game chat is an attribute of group interaction, not of individual utterances
• Argumentation quality is associated with denser co-occurrence of scientific reasoning and self-regulation processes
• Argumentative dialogs between humans and generative AI can support knowledge transformation when prompted appropriately - Argumentative dialogs between humans and generative AI can support knowledge transformation when prompted appropriately
• Arithmetic deficits in adults with DD concentrate in mental calculation, arithmetical rules, and written calculation, with number comprehension and transcoding preserved - Arithmetic deficits in adults with DD concentrate in mental calculation, arithmetical rules, and written calculation, with number comprehension and transcoding preserved
• Arithmetic fluency increases significantly from first to third grade, with substantial individual differences in initial levels and growth - Arithmetic fluency increases significantly from first to third grade, with substantial individual differences in initial levels and growth
• Arithmetic problem difficulty may increase as the square of the number of steps rather than directly with step count - Arithmetic problem difficulty may increase as the square of the number of steps rather than directly with step count
• Arithmetic problem-solving performance improves over 1.2 years in children, with larger gains on standard addition than control problems - Arithmetic problem-solving performance improves over 1.2 years in children, with larger gains on standard addition than control problems
• Arithmetic skill may predict algebra understanding better than fraction conceptual knowledge or magnitude understanding - Arithmetic skill may predict algebra understanding better than fraction conceptual knowledge or magnitude understanding
• Arithmetic work in the Bruckner free-order experiment was distinctly inferior to that of children with the same amount of schooling - Arithmetic work in the Bruckner free-order experiment was distinctly inferior to that of children with the same amount of schooling
• Arizona high school graduates are predicted to earn $271,040 more over a lifetime than dropouts, net of ability and motivation adjustments - Arizona high school graduates are predicted to earn $271,040 more over a lifetime than dropouts, net of ability and motivation adjustments
• Arizona students in foster care attended nontraditional schools at several times the rate of other students, especially in high school - Arizona students in foster care attended nontraditional schools at several times the rate of other students, especially in high school
• Arizona students in foster care changed schools during the school year at about four times the rate of other students - Arizona students in foster care changed schools during the school year at about four times the rate of other students
• Arizona students in foster care had the lowest statewide testing participation rate, declining sharply in later grades - Arizona students in foster care had the lowest statewide testing participation rate, declining sharply in later grades
• Arizona students in foster care were less likely than all students statewide to attend the state's highest-performing schools - Arizona students in foster care were less likely than all students statewide to attend the state's highest-performing schools
• Arizona's ESA voucher program grew 409%, from 12,127 to 61,689 students, between the 2021–22 and 2022–23 school years, with nearly all growth from the new Universal ESA - Arizona's ESA voucher program grew 409%, from 12,127 to 61,689 students, between the 2021–22 and 2022–23 school years, with nearly all growth from the new Universal ESA
• Arm training improves letter recognition and letter-name knowledge relative to the other training conditions - Arm training improves letter recognition and letter-name knowledge relative to the other training conditions
• Arm training with nested handwriting exercises yields the greatest overall acquisitions in letter knowledge and script, while arm-body training reduces them - Arm training with nested handwriting exercises yields the greatest overall acquisitions in letter knowledge and script, while arm-body training reduces them
• Arm-body training improves overall legibility of letter script while pencil-and-paper training reduces it - Arm-body training improves overall legibility of letter script while pencil-and-paper training reduces it
• Arm-body training reduces letters written under dictation relative to the other conditions - Arm-body training reduces letters written under dictation relative to the other conditions
• Army Alpha intelligence standing correlates r = +.31 with one-term school standing among 153 normal-school students - Army Alpha intelligence standing correlates r = +.31 with one-term school standing among 153 normal-school students
• Army intelligence test rankings corresponded with officers' rankings of soldiers (average correlation 0.536 across twelve companies), suggesting the tests measured something beyond literacy - Army intelligence test rankings corresponded with officers' rankings of soldiers (average correlation 0.536 across twelve companies), suggesting the tests measured something beyond literacy
• Army mental tests demonstrated their value in selecting men for officers' training schools and other service lines requiring special ability - Army mental tests demonstrated their value in selecting men for officers' training schools and other service lines requiring special ability
• Aronson et al. (2002) pen-pal growth mindset intervention produced a statistically significant positive effect on quarter GPA (effect size 0.85) - Aronson et al.
• Around half of empirical study away studies use no theoretical or conceptual framework - Around half of empirical study away studies use no theoretical or conceptual framework
• Around half of teachers reported meeting in grade-level teams at least weekly and observing colleagues' classrooms at least quarterly to implement the CCSS - Around half of teachers reported meeting in grade-level teams at least weekly and observing colleagues' classrooms at least quarterly to implement the CCSS
• Arousal showed a positive relationship with final high school mathematics grade when controlling for the other test anxiety facets - Arousal showed a positive relationship with final high school mathematics grade when controlling for the other test anxiety facets
• ARPG+ produces higher final prompt quality than unguided, template, and rule-based conditions among simulated learners - ARPG+ produces higher final prompt quality than unguided, template, and rule-based conditions among simulated learners
• ARPG+ reaches quality milestones faster than comparison conditions in simulation - ARPG+ reaches quality milestones faster than comparison conditions in simulation
• ARPG+ shifts cognitive load composition toward productive effort and reduces overload frequency in simulation - ARPG+ shifts cognitive load composition toward productive effort and reduces overload frequency in simulation
• Arrows did not guide initial reading behavior in matrix diagrams with two nominal headers - Arrows did not guide initial reading behavior in matrix diagrams with two nominal headers
• Art students in a high-inconsistency scenario report stronger challenge and hindrance appraisals than those in a low-inconsistency scenario - Art students in a high-inconsistency scenario report stronger challenge and hindrance appraisals than those in a low-inconsistency scenario
• Articles edited by more heterogeneous contributors are more balanced, indicating productive friction that counters polarization - Articles edited by more heterogeneous contributors are more balanced, indicating productive friction that counters polarization
• Artifact-grounded agent responses are rated significantly higher than transcript-only responses on groundedness, analytical depth, helpfulness, relevance, and overall quality - Artifact-grounded agent responses are rated significantly higher than transcript-only responses on groundedness, analytical depth, helpfulness, relevance, and overall quality
• Artistic and social-emotional competencies are mutually reinforcing - Artistic and social-emotional competencies are mutually reinforcing
• Arts and humanities is the most frequent subject domain in peer assessment research, with natural sciences, education, and health and welfare next - Arts and humanities is the most frequent subject domain in peer assessment research, with natural sciences, education, and health and welfare next
• Arts-based methods in community-based research raise specific ethical challenges around anonymity, ownership, representation and emotions, alongside practical limits of time, training and cost - Arts-based methods in community-based research raise specific ethical challenges around anonymity, ownership, representation and emotions, alongside practical limits of time, training and cost
• Arts-based methods in community-based research with vulnerable populations grew steadily in use from 1993 to 2013, with 90% of the 131 reviewed studies published between 2004 and 2013 - Arts-based methods in community-based research with vulnerable populations grew steadily in use from 1993 to 2013, with 90% of the 131 reviewed studies published between 2004 and 2013
• As a Tier 2 intervention, Bridge to Reading schools significantly outperformed comparison peers on spring NWEA MAP Reading (ES +0.33), with significant effects at both grade levels - As a Tier 2 intervention, Bridge to Reading schools significantly outperformed comparison peers on spring NWEA MAP Reading (ES +0.33), with significant effects at both grade levels
• AS and NS JOSs reliably predicted later solving outcomes, with AS JOSs predicting success and NS JOSs predicting failure - AS and NS JOSs reliably predicted later solving outcomes, with AS JOSs predicting success and NS JOSs predicting failure
• As cited second-hand in an AI-literacy framework paper: ChatGPT use improved short-term essay scores but triggered metacognitive laziness with no significant knowledge-transfer gains - As cited second-hand in an AI-literacy framework paper: ChatGPT use improved short-term essay scores but triggered metacognitive laziness with no significant knowledge-transfer gains
• As cumulative ACEs increase, children's probability of flourishing (learning interest, task completion, self-regulation) and family resilience decrease across race/ethnicity and income groups - As cumulative ACEs increase, children's probability of flourishing (learning interest, task completion, self-regulation) and family resilience decrease across race/ethnicity and income groups
• As it scaled, TFA generally maintained fidelity to its core program model, with small changes to its pre-service training program - As it scaled, TFA generally maintained fidelity to its core program model, with small changes to its pre-service training program
• As material scaffolds faded, Mrs. Lewis's students' performance returned to initial levels between High and Low support, while Mr. Green's students declined significantly across the unit - As material scaffolds faded, Mrs.
• As of 2018, 42 states required a civics or government course, 8 required a full year, and 19 required a civics exam to graduate - As of 2018, 42 states required a civics or government course, 8 required a full year, and 19 required a civics exam to graduate
• As of 2020 about half of U.S. schools required HVAC upgrades, and many now face heat-related closures or shortened days - As of 2020 about half of U.S.
• As of 2023-24, California was the only state using four criteria for exiting EL classification - As of 2023-24, California was the only state using four criteria for exiting EL classification
• As of 2024, only 10 U.S. states explicitly include Spanish–English bilinguals in their kindergarten entry assessments, while 41 states implicitly include or do not include them - As of 2024, only 10 U.S.
• As of fiscal year 2017, 22 states still provided less per-pupil K–12 education funding than in 2008–09 - As of fiscal year 2017, 22 states still provided less per-pupil K–12 education funding than in 2008–09
• As of May 2024, 37 states require that some type of statewide or district-level KEA be administered to all incoming kindergarten students - As of May 2024, 37 states require that some type of statewide or district-level KEA be administered to all incoming kindergarten students
• As predicted by the adaptive strategy choice model, children's retrieval frequency correlates with retrieval efficiency but not with procedural efficiency - As predicted by the adaptive strategy choice model, children's retrieval frequency correlates with retrieval efficiency but not with procedural efficiency
• As principals' professional development in instructional leadership increases, mathematics gains are significantly more pronounced for historically underserved students of color than for white and Asian students - As principals' professional development in instructional leadership increases, mathematics gains are significantly more pronounced for historically underserved students of color than for white and Asi
• As teachers gain experience, their students are more likely to do better on measures beyond test scores, such as school attendance - As teachers gain experience, their students are more likely to do better on measures beyond test scores, such as school attendance
• As total enrollment shrinks, the shares of English Learners, students with disabilities, and low-income students are growing, concentrating higher-need populations in districts with less funding - As total enrollment shrinks, the shares of English Learners, students with disabilities, and low-income students are growing, concentrating higher-need populations in districts with less funding
• ASAP costs about $14,029 per student over three years, with no direct program costs billed to students - ASAP costs about $14,029 per student over three years, with no direct program costs billed to students
• ASAP likely increases college access and enrollment rates - ASAP likely increases college access and enrollment rates
• ASAP likely increases community college students' graduation and degree attainment rates - ASAP likely increases community college students' graduation and degree attainment rates
• ASAP likely increases credit accumulation and persistence rates - ASAP likely increases credit accumulation and persistence rates
• ASAP showed no statistically significant effect on enrollment in any college at the sixth semester in the Scrivener et al. (2015) trial - ASAP showed no statistically significant effect on enrollment in any college at the sixth semester in the Scrivener et al.
• ASD shows a distinct executive dysfunction profile of impaired cognitive flexibility and planning with intact inhibitory control - ASD shows a distinct executive dysfunction profile of impaired cognitive flexibility and planning with intact inhibitory control
• Asian and white CPS students score consistently higher than Latino and African-American students in reading and math, and Asian students score significantly higher in math than white students - Asian and white CPS students score consistently higher than Latino and African-American students in reading and math, and Asian students score significantly higher in math than white students
• Asian students generally pull ahead of White students at a faster rate during summers than during school periods - Asian students generally pull ahead of White students at a faster rate during summers than during school periods
• Asking questions is a valued scientific practice: all 23 experts agreed it is a key aspect of scientific research - Asking questions is a valued scientific practice: all 23 experts agreed it is a key aspect of scientific research
• Asking the AI tool directly about hidden instructions exposed the prompt injection in all 6 security-check iterations, but the authors caution this is not a robust safeguard - Asking the AI tool directly about hidden instructions exposed the prompt injection in all 6 security-check iterations, but the authors caution this is not a robust safeguard
• Asking the class to agree with a student's answer and directing students to help one another are associated with higher math achievement - Asking the class to agree with a student's answer and directing students to help one another are associated with higher math achievement
• ASL proficiency correlates positively with English reading comprehension among deaf adults - ASL proficiency correlates positively with English reading comprehension among deaf adults
• Aspirational capital and kinship sustained the Tough As Nails CT initiative through the COVID-19 pandemic - Aspirational capital and kinship sustained the Tough As Nails CT initiative through the COVID-19 pandemic
• Aspirational Growth defaults to 60th-percentile growth (met by about 40% of similar students) and is selectable from the 55th to 95th percentile in 5-percentile increments - Aspirational Growth defaults to 60th-percentile growth (met by about 40% of similar students) and is selectable from the 55th to 95th percentile in 5-percentile increments
• ASR recognition accuracy enhances learning motivation but does not significantly predict reflective behavior - ASR recognition accuracy enhances learning motivation but does not significantly predict reflective behavior
• ASR transcription serves as a diagnostic tool identifying individual learners' pronunciation errors, with function words most commonly mispronounced - ASR transcription serves as a diagnostic tool identifying individual learners' pronunciation errors, with function words most commonly mispronounced
• ASR usage frequency moderately predicts reflective behavior but does not significantly predict learning motivation - ASR usage frequency moderately predicts reflective behavior but does not significantly predict learning motivation
• Assessing AI feedback within PAIRR helped students develop AI literacy and writerly agency, with very few showing overconfidence in AI - Assessing AI feedback within PAIRR helped students develop AI literacy and writerly agency, with very few showing overconfidence in AI
• Assessing the impacts of a package of interventions whose pieces touch the entire student population is a common reform challenge - Assessing the impacts of a package of interventions whose pieces touch the entire student population is a common reform challenge
• Assessment accommodations, once adopted, tend to feel transitional rather than fully equal parts of an assessment - Assessment accommodations, once adopted, tend to feel transitional rather than fully equal parts of an assessment
• Assessment design functions as a pedagogical condition shaping how students engage with GenAI during learning - Assessment design functions as a pedagogical condition shaping how students engage with GenAI during learning
• Assessment design, perceived assessment value, self-confidence, and fear of wrongful plagiarism accusations were the most frequently cited reasons for students' GenAI adoption decisions - Assessment design, perceived assessment value, self-confidence, and fear of wrongful plagiarism accusations were the most frequently cited reasons for students' GenAI adoption decisions
• Assessment for learning improves achievement
• Assessment instruments are never neutral but always mediational, embedding a culturally biased telos - Assessment instruments are never neutral but always mediational, embedding a culturally biased telos
• Assessment metadata can be used to quantify the impact of test disengagement on estimates of educational effectiveness - Assessment metadata can be used to quantify the impact of test disengagement on estimates of educational effectiveness
• Assessment of young multilingual learners is hampered by a dearth of valid, linguistically appropriate measures and by English-only administration - Assessment of young multilingual learners is hampered by a dearth of valid, linguistically appropriate measures and by English-only administration
• Assessment shifts from the quality of AI-generated text to articulating tasks, justifying prompt choices, and reflexively evaluating AI behaviour - Assessment shifts from the quality of AI-generated text to articulating tasks, justifying prompt choices, and reflexively evaluating AI behaviour
• Assessment tasks built on family-identified funds of knowledge elicited computational thinking from K-2 children in a small design-based study that made no comparison with standard assessment
• Assessment validity is a deeper problem than AI-output detection, and disallowed use clusters with time pressure and unclear expectations - Assessment validity is a deeper problem than AI-output detection, and disallowed use clusters with time pressure and unclear expectations
• Assessment/marking shows an inverse demand–AI-use association in the primary system-average analysis, with predicted use falling 3.47 percentage points across a two-point relative-demand contrast - Assessment/marking shows an inverse demand–AI-use association in the primary system-average analysis, with predicted use falling 3.47 percentage points across a two-point relative-demand contrast
• Assessments are framed as one indicator among many of student impact from COVID-19 - Assessments are framed as one indicator among many of student impact from COVID-19
• Assessments not designed for MLLs fail to differentiate ELA skills for students with very low ACCESS scores but align strongly at moderate-to-high ACCESS scores - Assessments not designed for MLLs fail to differentiate ELA skills for students with very low ACCESS scores but align strongly at moderate-to-high ACCESS scores
• Assessments requiring novelty and originality were more resilient to AI-generated output - Assessments requiring novelty and originality were more resilient to AI-generated output
• Assigning schools to use RM-CC5 as their core Grade 5 mathematics curriculum for a full year did not significantly change state assessment achievement compared with business-as-usual schools - Assigning schools to use RM-CC5 as their core Grade 5 mathematics curriculum for a full year did not significantly change state assessment achievement compared with business-as-usual schools
• Assignment quality improved between 1997 and 1999, yet math assignment challenge remained very low - Assignment quality improved between 1997 and 1999, yet math assignment challenge remained very low
• Assignment scores do not distinguish conversations in which all three observable dimensions appear from those in which at least one is not observed - Assignment scores do not distinguish conversations in which all three observable dimensions appear from those in which at least one is not observed
• Assignment support was the highest-rated Class Companion function (83% Effective/Very Effective, M = 3.38), while assessing knowledge and skills was the lowest (71%) - Assignment support was the highest-rated Class Companion function (83% Effective/Very Effective, M = 3.38), while assessing knowledge and skills was the lowest (71%)
• Assignment to BookNook tutoring produces a small but statistically significant increase in reading growth on the NWEA MAP for grade 1-4 students - Assignment to BookNook tutoring produces a small but statistically significant increase in reading growth on the NWEA MAP for grade 1-4 students
• Assignment to the ERWC 3.0 in grade 11 produced a positive, statistically significant impact on achievement on the Non-PT ICA, but no statistically significant impact on the Summative Assessment sample - Assignment to the ERWC 3.0 in grade 11 produced a positive, statistically significant impact on achievement on the Non-PT ICA, but no statistically significant impact on the Summative Assessment sampl
• Assignments teachers designated as challenging tended to score higher on intellectual quality than typical assignments - Assignments teachers designated as challenging tended to score higher on intellectual quality than typical assignments
• Assimilator learners gained significantly more in the VR (guided exploration) mode than in VR (non-guided exploration) or Non VR modes - Assimilator learners gained significantly more in the VR (guided exploration) mode than in VR (non-guided exploration) or Non VR modes
• Assistance and task difficulty imply an inverted U-shaped relation to learning progress - Assistance and task difficulty imply an inverted U-shaped relation to learning progress
• Assistant and Enabler entanglements dominate GenAI-in-higher-education research, each accounting for 42.16% of a 102-study corpus, while Synthesizer, Reimaginator, and Generator together constitute less than one fifth - Assistant and Enabler entanglements dominate GenAI-in-higher-education research, each accounting for 42.16% of a 102-study corpus, while Synthesizer, Reimaginator, and Generator together constitute le
• Assisting self-explanation prompts particularly foster conceptual knowledge, an effect mediated by self-explanations on the rationale of a principle - Assisting self-explanation prompts particularly foster conceptual knowledge, an effect mediated by self-explanations on the rationale of a principle
• ASSISTments achieved a long-term effect comparable to high-dosage tutoring at a small fraction of the cost - ASSISTments achieved a long-term effect comparable to high-dosage tutoring at a small fraction of the cost
• ASSISTments benefited Hispanic students more than non-Hispanic students - ASSISTments benefited Hispanic students more than non-Hispanic students
• ASSISTments benefited students of color significantly more than White students, narrowing the ethnic achievement gap - ASSISTments benefited students of color significantly more than White students, narrowing the ethnic achievement gap
• ASSISTments use in grade 7 math homework produces a statistically significant long-term positive effect on grade 8 state test scores one year after the intervention ends - ASSISTments use in grade 7 math homework produces a statistically significant long-term positive effect on grade 8 state test scores one year after the intervention ends
• ASSISTments use in seventh grade produces a statistically significant long-term math achievement effect of 0.10 SD one year after implementation ends - ASSISTments use in seventh grade produces a statistically significant long-term math achievement effect of 0.10 SD one year after implementation ends
• Associate deans report that neither their institution nor their units have implemented official AI policies, prompting localized unit-level guidelines - Associate deans report that neither their institution nor their units have implemented official AI policies, prompting localized unit-level guidelines
• Association strength between self-regulation and developmental outcomes varies by measurement type (review-attributed) - Association strength between self-regulation and developmental outcomes varies by measurement type (review-attributed)
• Associations are larger when teacher and student variables are reported by the same informant, significant only for teacher ill-being - Associations are larger when teacher and student variables are reported by the same informant, significant only for teacher ill-being
• Associations between classroom-level interactions and elementary students' regulation of motivation are mixed across studies - Associations between classroom-level interactions and elementary students' regulation of motivation are mixed across studies
• Associations between inhibition and word reading are task-dependent, ranging from negligible to large (r = .59) - Associations between inhibition and word reading are task-dependent, ranging from negligible to large (r = .59)
• Associations between intercultural factors and psychosocial outcomes generalize across student immigrant status and across the 58 countries examined - Associations between intercultural factors and psychosocial outcomes generalize across student immigrant status and across the 58 countries examined
• Associations between SLD stigma and academic performance are small, based on very few studies, and less robust than stigma's associations with psychological outcomes - Associations between SLD stigma and academic performance are small, based on very few studies, and less robust than stigma's associations with psychological outcomes
• Associations between teacher personality and effectiveness are strongest for evaluations of teaching and near zero for academic achievement and classroom observation - Associations between teacher personality and effectiveness are strongest for evaluations of teaching and near zero for academic achievement and classroom observation
• Associations of teacher well-being with student motivation and student achievement do not significantly differ by outcome type - Associations of teacher well-being with student motivation and student achievement do not significantly differ by outcome type
• Associations with school belonging are generally stronger in rural than urban locations - Associations with school belonging are generally stronger in rural than urban locations
• Associations with student outcomes are comparable across teacher well-being domains, with no significant differences by domain - Associations with student outcomes are comparable across teacher well-being domains, with no significant differences by domain
• Associations with teacher wellbeing are moderated by sample type (in-service vs pre-service) and educational setting, while age and education show nonsignificant associations - Associations with teacher wellbeing are moderated by sample type (in-service vs pre-service) and educational setting, while age and education show nonsignificant associations
• Assuming conversational fluency indicates English proficiency has led to bilingual children being misdiagnosed as learning disabled or retarded and to premature exit from support programs - Assuming conversational fluency indicates English proficiency has led to bilingual children being misdiagnosed as learning disabled or retarded and to premature exit from support programs
• Assuming linear within-year achievement growth is often not justified, particularly in reading - Assuming linear within-year achievement growth is often not justified, particularly in reading
• Asthma linked to poor indoor air quality is a causal chain from facilities to chronic absenteeism and lower achievement - Asthma linked to poor indoor air quality is a causal chain from facilities to chronic absenteeism and lower achievement
• Asymmetrical switch costs are not an unambiguous marker of inhibition: they depend on task type and bilingual profile, and admit non-inhibitory explanations - Asymmetrical switch costs are not an unambiguous marker of inhibition: they depend on task type and bilingual profile, and admit non-inhibitory explanations
• Asynchronous concurrent execution bounds overall latency to approximately the slowest individual model's inference time - Asynchronous concurrent execution bounds overall latency to approximately the slowest individual model's inference time
• At 30K and 60K data scales, AgenticMath outperforms all compared baselines across four base models on six math benchmarks - At 30K and 60K data scales, AgenticMath outperforms all compared baselines across four base models on six math benchmarks
• At a 1-day test delay, interleaved practice yields a moderate benefit over blocked practice (d = 0.42) - At a 1-day test delay, interleaved practice yields a moderate benefit over blocked practice (d = 0.42)
• At all ages, children with developmental dyscalculia perform significantly lower than controls in magnitude comparison tasks using symbolic numbers - At all ages, children with developmental dyscalculia perform significantly lower than controls in magnitude comparison tasks using symbolic numbers
• At baseline, mechanics-specific AI use was inversely related to course performance, but the direction of causation is indistinguishable - At baseline, mechanics-specific AI use was inversely related to course performance, but the direction of causation is indistinguishable
• At domain level, teachers' responsible decision-making shows the largest observed relationship with students' SEC, and students' relationship skills the strongest with teachers' SEC - At domain level, teachers' responsible decision-making shows the largest observed relationship with students' SEC, and students' relationship skills the strongest with teachers' SEC
• At each level of freshman course performance, students with disabilities and students two or more years below grade level are less likely to graduate than their non-disabled peers - At each level of freshman course performance, students with disabilities and students two or more years below grade level are less likely to graduate than their non-disabled peers
• At end of program, the largest Too Good for Drugs effect was on teacher-rated prosocial behaviors (effect size 0.52), not statistically significant after WWC correction - At end of program, the largest Too Good for Drugs effect was on teacher-rated prosocial behaviors (effect size 0.52), not statistically significant after WWC correction
• At Foxglove, the principal and coaches give teachers feedback on every assignment they share, alongside regular five-week progress reviews - At Foxglove, the principal and coaches give teachers feedback on every assignment they share, alongside regular five-week progress reviews
• At high (but not low) levels of children's inhibitory control, parental number talk was associated with children's math performance - At high (but not low) levels of children's inhibitory control, parental number talk was associated with children's math performance
• At Ivy Elementary, teachers lead grade-level goal setting and participate in school-level decisions, with the principal empowering staff - At Ivy Elementary, teachers lead grade-level goal setting and participate in school-level decisions, with the principal empowering staff
• At large peer-teacher relatedness discrepancies, high teacher relatedness compensates for absent peer relatedness to support engagement, whereas low teacher relatedness accompanies low engagement (Study 1) - At large peer-teacher relatedness discrepancies, high teacher relatedness compensates for absent peer relatedness to support engagement, whereas low teacher relatedness accompanies low engagement (Stu
• At least 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet full diagnostic criteria by age 25 and a further 50% meet criteria in partial remission, with European estimates of persistence up to 80% - At least 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet full diagnostic criteria by age 25 and a further 50% meet criteria in partial remission, with European estimates of persistence up to 80%
• At least 20.4% of queries in an online internship programme are status enquiries about pending submissions, which a corpus-grounded AI assistant served only 1.3% of the time - At least 20.4% of queries in an online internship programme are status enquiries about pending submissions, which a corpus-grounded AI assistant served only 1.3% of the time
• At least 26 states supported ongoing statewide leadership development initiatives for in-service leaders as of 2022–23 - At least 26 states supported ongoing statewide leadership development initiatives for in-service leaders as of 2022–23
• At least 90% of reading and science items and about 80% of math items show difficulty differences within 0.3 logits between on-grade and all-grade calibration - At least 90% of reading and science items and about 80% of math items show difficulty differences within 0.3 logits between on-grade and all-grade calibration
• At least 97.5% of Reading items and 92.5% of Mathematics items passed the fit check, with 7 Reading and 23 Mathematics items flagged for misfit - At least 97.5% of Reading items and 92.5% of Mathematics items passed the fit check, with 7 Reading and 23 Mathematics items flagged for misfit
• At least ten state education agencies have launched official micro-credential pilots, with Tennessee's pilot reaching almost 800 educators - At least ten state education agencies have launched official micro-credential pilots, with Tennessee's pilot reaching almost 800 educators
• At low memory loads, older adults report less uncertainty than younger adults despite making larger errors, suggesting an overconfidence bias - At low memory loads, older adults report less uncertainty than younger adults despite making larger errors, suggesting an overconfidence bias
• At matched token sizes, samples of picture-book text almost never contain fewer unique word types than samples of child-directed speech - At matched token sizes, samples of picture-book text almost never contain fewer unique word types than samples of child-directed speech
• At natural TM prevalence (1.6%), even the best model generates roughly 4.3 false alarms per genuine detection, making fully automated stand-alone screening not viable on its own - At natural TM prevalence (1.6%), even the best model generates roughly 4.3 false alarms per genuine detection, making fully automated stand-alone screening not viable on its own
• At other (variable) time points since exposure, deployed personnel do not have higher odds of screening positive for substance use than non-deployed personnel - At other (variable) time points since exposure, deployed personnel do not have higher odds of screening positive for substance use than non-deployed personnel
• At other (variable) time points since exposure, deployed personnel show significantly higher odds of PTSD and depression than non-deployed personnel, while the common mental disorder analysis is inconclusive - At other (variable) time points since exposure, deployed personnel show significantly higher odds of PTSD and depression than non-deployed personnel, while the common mental disorder analysis is incon
• At pre-test most distance students were positive about an institutional AIDA, but a majority saw challenges, and prior GenAI experience correlated with more positive perceptions - At pre-test most distance students were positive about an institutional AIDA, but a majority saw challenges, and prior GenAI experience correlated with more positive perceptions
• At publication, a frontier coding model could produce solutions to six of the ten research-shaped assignments but struggled with four, which the authors treat as non-durable design experience - At publication, a frontier coding model could produce solutions to six of the ten research-shaped assignments but struggled with four, which the authors treat as non-durable design experience
• At racially/ethnically diverse schools, African American boys are suspended at about 13 percentage points higher rates than other students in the same school - At racially/ethnically diverse schools, African American boys are suspended at about 13 percentage points higher rates than other students in the same school
• At scale level, the questionnaire's Elaboration & evaluation scale correlated significantly with the same think-aloud scale (r=.60) while the Orientation & planning scale did not (r=.24) - At scale level, the questionnaire's Elaboration & evaluation scale correlated significantly with the same think-aloud scale (r=.60) while the Orientation & planning scale did not (r=.24)
• At school, ethnic constancy and knowledge predict better adaptive behavior, and constancy predicts fewer externalizing and internalizing problems - At school, ethnic constancy and knowledge predict better adaptive behavior, and constancy predicts fewer externalizing and internalizing problems
• At semester end, intrinsic motivation was positively correlated and programming anxiety negatively correlated with programming performance - At semester end, intrinsic motivation was positively correlated and programming anxiety negatively correlated with programming performance
• At the classroom level in the joint Model E, only aggregated classroom management, aggregated SES and aggregated language background related significantly to mathematics achievement - At the classroom level in the joint Model E, only aggregated classroom management, aggregated SES and aggregated language background related significantly to mathematics achievement
• At the close of the first full year, PKTP's communication about the importance of transition was unclear to many teacher and parent participants - At the close of the first full year, PKTP's communication about the importance of transition was unclear to many teacher and parent participants
• At the discourse-act level, notes expressing uncertainty are associated with more follow-up and notes open on community orientation with less, and notes lacking building-knowledge openness receive less follow-up - At the discourse-act level, notes expressing uncertainty are associated with more follow-up and notes open on community orientation with less, and notes lacking building-knowledge openness receive les
• At the end of first grade, children who repeated kindergarten had lower reading and math knowledge and skills than children who started on time - At the end of first grade, children who repeated kindergarten had lower reading and math knowledge and skills than children who started on time
• At the end of first grade, children whose kindergarten entry was delayed demonstrated slightly higher reading knowledge and skills than those who started on time - At the end of first grade, children whose kindergarten entry was delayed demonstrated slightly higher reading knowledge and skills than those who started on time
• At the end of first grade, children whose kindergarten entry was delayed were behind their classmates who began kindergarten on time in math - At the end of first grade, children whose kindergarten entry was delayed were behind their classmates who began kindergarten on time in math
• At the end of French first grade, T2 decoding skills and T2 lower level language skills predicted reading comprehension, but T2 discourse skills did not - At the end of French first grade, T2 decoding skills and T2 lower level language skills predicted reading comprehension, but T2 discourse skills did not
• At the end of the programme, the trained experimental group differed significantly from the control group in argumentation competence - At the end of the programme, the trained experimental group differed significantly from the control group in argumentation competence
• At the Ethical Culture School, expected graduation rates differed by entrance timing and sex: early-entering boys and girls graduated at higher rates than late-entering boys and girls - At the Ethical Culture School, expected graduation rates differed by entrance timing and sex: early-entering boys and girls graduated at higher rates than late-entering boys and girls
• At the facet level, visualizing data is the most prevalent facet and co-occurs with applying statistics and synthesizing results - At the facet level, visualizing data is the most prevalent facet and co-occurs with applying statistics and synthesizing results
• At the implementation checkpoint, several groups added an explicit human-approval step after encountering local-LLM structured-output reliability limitations - At the implementation checkpoint, several groups added an explicit human-approval step after encountering local-LLM structured-output reliability limitations
• At the individual level, both general and strategic leadership and climate are associated with Requirement and Openness attitudes, but only general factors with Appeal and Divergence - At the individual level, both general and strategic leadership and climate are associated with Requirement and Openness attitudes, but only general factors with Appeal and Divergence
• At the individual level, the Switch-Model most frequently provided the best fit to MLD children's reaction times, though a substantial subgroup fit the DS-Model or no model - At the individual level, the Switch-Model most frequently provided the best fit to MLD children's reaction times, though a substantial subgroup fit the DS-Model or no model
• At the median cutoff, proactive and reactive tutoring show no significant difference in MAP growth, with proactive benefits increasing for students farther below the cutoff - At the median cutoff, proactive and reactive tutoring show no significant difference in MAP growth, with proactive benefits increasing for students farther below the cutoff
• At the organizational level, general climate negatively moderates the positive effect of strategic climate on implementers' perceptions of EBP appeal and divergence - At the organizational level, general climate negatively moderates the positive effect of strategic climate on implementers' perceptions of EBP appeal and divergence
• At the organizational level, strategic leadership and climate, but not their general counterparts, are associated with implementer attitudes toward EBPs - At the organizational level, strategic leadership and climate, but not their general counterparts, are associated with implementer attitudes toward EBPs
• At the school level, domain-identical pretests show exceptional prognostic power from grade 5 onward, but are weaker predictors at the student and classroom levels across the school career - At the school level, domain-identical pretests show exceptional prognostic power from grade 5 onward, but are weaker predictors at the student and classroom levels across the school career
• At Time 3, profile membership was significantly associated with Japanese learning self-efficacy and learning burnout, with all three profiles differing pairwise - At Time 3, profile membership was significantly associated with Japanese learning self-efficacy and learning burnout, with all three profiles differing pairwise
• At trait level PsyScore-AES ranks first in 10 of 11 dimensions (mean QWK 0.735), improving Voice scoring from 0.619 to 0.740 while trailing T-MES on Style - At trait level PsyScore-AES ranks first in 10 of 11 dimensions (mean QWK 0.735), improving Voice scoring from 0.619 to 0.740 while trailing T-MES on Style
• At UCLA Community School, the share of graduates meeting UC/CSU A-G course requirements rose to 81% in 2021 and the 4-year graduation rate grew from 69% in 2012 to 90% in 2022 - At UCLA Community School, the share of graduates meeting UC/CSU A-G course requirements rose to 81% in 2021 and the 4-year graduation rate grew from 69% in 2012 to 90% in 2022
• At UofT, GATs produced a reliable end-of-course increase in Constructive engagement, with no effects on Passive, Active engagement, or MSLQ elaboration - At UofT, GATs produced a reliable end-of-course increase in Constructive engagement, with no effects on Passive, Active engagement, or MSLQ elaboration
• At-risk children in SWPBIS schools are slightly less likely to receive an office discipline referral than at-risk peers in comparison schools (41.3% vs 46.5%, d = -0.13) - At-risk children in SWPBIS schools are slightly less likely to receive an office discipline referral than at-risk peers in comparison schools (41.3% vs 46.5%, d = -0.13)
• At-risk children in SWPBIS schools were significantly less likely to be referred to special education than at-risk peers in comparison schools - At-risk children in SWPBIS schools were significantly less likely to be referred to special education than at-risk peers in comparison schools
• At-risk count instability at the LEA level varies widely and is largest in small districts - At-risk count instability at the LEA level varies widely and is largest in small districts
• At-risk first graders required an average of 5.65 exposures to master a high-frequency sight word in a daily timed reading activity - At-risk first graders required an average of 5.65 exposures to master a high-frequency sight word in a daily timed reading activity
• At-risk identification is demographically patterned, with Black, Hispanic, and male students more likely to be identified - At-risk identification is demographically patterned, with Black, Hispanic, and male students more likely to be identified
• At-risk learners show lower initial levels and delayed growth in early numeracy components, especially counting skills, relative to typically developing peers - At-risk learners show lower initial levels and delayed growth in early numeracy components, especially counting skills, relative to typically developing peers
• At-risk students are overrepresented in One-Star schools - At-risk students are overrepresented in One-Star schools
• At-risk students reported general satisfaction with the relational feedback intervention, and most respondents preferred it more frequently than twice per semester - At-risk students reported general satisfaction with the relational feedback intervention, and most respondents preferred it more frequently than twice per semester
• At-risk students show substantially lower achievement than non-At-risk peers on state tests - At-risk students show substantially lower achievement than non-At-risk peers on state tests
• Athletes' personality affects coaches' perceptions of relationship quality, with more difficult personalities linked to lower closeness, commitment and complementarity - Athletes' personality affects coaches' perceptions of relationship quality, with more difficult personalities linked to lower closeness, commitment and complementarity
• ATI research using static aptitude measures has yielded remarkably sparse robust results - ATI research using static aptitude measures has yielded remarkably sparse robust results
• Attachment styles, irrational beliefs and psychological symptoms jointly explain approximately 41% of the variance in university students' cognitive flexibility - Attachment styles, irrational beliefs and psychological symptoms jointly explain approximately 41% of the variance in university students' cognitive flexibility
• Attachment to LLMs exhibits cruel optimism: desired efficiency collides with the vigilance and expertise students do not yet possess - Attachment to LLMs exhibits cruel optimism: desired efficiency collides with the vigilance and expertise students do not yet possess
• Attainment indices vary sharply by race/ethnicity and gender: Black young men face a projected PAI of 12.6 percent versus 62.0 percent for Asian/Pacific Islander young women - Attainment indices vary sharply by race/ethnicity and gender: Black young men face a projected PAI of 12.6 percent versus 62.0 percent for Asian/Pacific Islander young women
• Attempt-reduction patterns differed across course parts: Diagnostic and General Feedback were associated with fewer attempts for New Content, Single-Issue for Old Content - Attempt-reduction patterns differed across course parts: Diagnostic and General Feedback were associated with fewer attempts for New Content, Single-Issue for Old Content
• Attempted recall during vocabulary study showed no demonstrable superiority over mere reading and re-reading in adult learners - Attempted recall during vocabulary study showed no demonstrable superiority over mere reading and re-reading in adult learners
• Attempts at shared attention accompany supportive instruction among experienced teachers but non-supportive instruction among student teachers - Attempts at shared attention accompany supportive instruction among experienced teachers but non-supportive instruction among student teachers
• Attempts to strip sex instruction of all feeling are doomed to failure, because emotion is more basic than information in determining ethical living - Attempts to strip sex instruction of all feeling are doomed to failure, because emotion is more basic than information in determining ethical living
• Attendance and effort, more than test scores or demographics, drive course grades, GPA, course failure, graduation, and college readiness - Attendance and effort, more than test scores or demographics, drive course grades, GPA, course failure, graduation, and college readiness
• Attendance and online platform participation remained predictive of students' course grades during remote learning, with relationships as large or larger than pre-pandemic - Attendance and online platform participation remained predictive of students' course grades during remote learning, with relationships as large or larger than pre-pandemic
• Attendance at Gehring STEM Academy had statistically significant positive impacts on mathematics and reading achievement in grades 1-5 after up to 1.5 years, with no significant science impacts - Attendance at Gehring STEM Academy had statistically significant positive impacts on mathematics and reading achievement in grades 1-5 after up to 1.5 years, with no significant science impacts
• Attendance at Math Corps was strong at all three replication sites - Attendance at Math Corps was strong at all three replication sites
• Attendance at offered SI sessions is low and highly variable: on average 2.3 of 7 sessions, with 29% never attending - Attendance at offered SI sessions is low and highly variable: on average 2.3 of 7 sessions, with 29% never attending
• Attendance at SI-PASS meetings correlates positively with final exam performance within the experimental group - Attendance at SI-PASS meetings correlates positively with final exam performance within the experimental group
• Attendance in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten is important for young learners - Attendance in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten is important for young learners
• Attendance in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten is important, and early-grade chronic absenteeism has identifiable risk factors - Attendance in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten is important, and early-grade chronic absenteeism has identifiable risk factors
• Attendance in preschool and kindergarten is framed as important to young learners' school success - Attendance in preschool and kindergarten is framed as important to young learners' school success
• Attendance Support students maintained a 3.0 GPA despite low attendance but graduated high school at 71 percent, below the district average, and fewer than half attended college - Attendance Support students maintained a 3.0 GPA despite low attendance but graduated high school at 71 percent, below the district average, and fewer than half attended college
• Attendance, behavior, and course performance (the ABC indicators) reliably predict which secondary students are at risk of dropping out - Attendance, behavior, and course performance (the ABC indicators) reliably predict which secondary students are at risk of dropping out
• Attendance, but not academic achievement, improved for previously suspended students following the suspension reform - Attendance, but not academic achievement, improved for previously suspended students following the suspension reform
• Attendees correctly identified AI-generated images in 82% of polling responses, and polling served as a scaffold for discussion rather than a measurement tool - Attendees correctly identified AI-generated images in 82% of polling responses, and polling served as a scaffold for discussion rather than a measurement tool
• Attending a charter high school is associated with a 7 to 15 percentage point higher likelihood of earning a standard diploma than attending a traditional public high school - Attending a charter high school is associated with a 7 to 15 percentage point higher likelihood of earning a standard diploma than attending a traditional public high school
• Attending a charter high school is associated with an 8 to 10 percentage point higher likelihood of attending college - Attending a charter high school is associated with an 8 to 10 percentage point higher likelihood of attending college
• Attending a game session rather than a lecture increased all epistemic emotions except boredom among university students in a Diplomacy-based international relations course. - Attending a game session rather than a lecture increased all epistemic emotions except boredom among university students in a Diplomacy-based international relations course.
• Attending a high school that reduces the fear of bullying raises students' graduation rates - Attending a high school that reduces the fear of bullying raises students' graduation rates
• Attending a match college raises simulated four-year graduation probability by 13 percentage points for CPS students with access to very selective colleges, but college choice has little impact for students with low qualifications - Attending a match college raises simulated four-year graduation probability by 13 percentage points for CPS students with access to very selective colleges, but college choice has little impact for st
• Attending a New Leaders-led school in Oakland has positive, statistically significant effects on student achievement - Attending a New Leaders-led school in Oakland has positive, statistically significant effects on student achievement
• Attending a selective exam-entry high school yields no significant academic benefits and lowers 11th-grade GPA relative to observationally similar peers elsewhere - Attending a selective exam-entry high school yields no significant academic benefits and lowers 11th-grade GPA relative to observationally similar peers elsewhere
• Attending a top-tier nonselective high school raises ACT scores, with the largest gains for students whose counterfactual is a bottom-tier school - Attending a top-tier nonselective high school raises ACT scores, with the largest gains for students whose counterfactual is a bottom-tier school
• Attending an inclusive STEM high school is not associated with declaring a STEM major at a two-year college - Attending an inclusive STEM high school is not associated with declaring a STEM major at a two-year college
• Attending an inclusive STEM high school nearly triples the odds of declaring a Core STEM major at a four-year college two years after high school graduation - Attending an inclusive STEM high school nearly triples the odds of declaring a Core STEM major at a four-year college two years after high school graduation
• Attending both a KIPP middle school and a KIPP high school had large positive impacts on college enrollment and persistence - Attending both a KIPP middle school and a KIPP high school had large positive impacts on college enrollment and persistence
• Attending Green Dot Public Schools produces statistically significant positive effects on high school mathematics achievement (potentially positive effects rating, small extent of evidence) - Attending Green Dot Public Schools produces statistically significant positive effects on high school mathematics achievement (potentially positive effects rating, small extent of evidence)
• Attending higher-rated schools (CPS School Quality Rating Policy) is associated with better math, reading, and English proficiency test outcomes for ELs - Attending higher-rated schools (CPS School Quality Rating Policy) is associated with better math, reading, and English proficiency test outcomes for ELs
• Attending racially integrated schools is associated with higher academic achievement and improved long-term educational and economic outcomes for students of color, with no academic harm for white students - Attending racially integrated schools is associated with higher academic achievement and improved long-term educational and economic outcomes for students of color, with no academic harm for white stu
• Attending to a poem's title as a structural cue was evident in novice but not expert protocols, and the title jolted a novice into revising a misinterpretation. - Attending to a poem's title as a structural cue was evident in novice but not expert protocols, and the title jolted a novice into revising a misinterpretation.
• Attending to affect in co-design supports community formation and cross-scale transfer
• Attention across the SDGs is uneven, with focus on SDG 9 but limited engagement with SDG 4 and SDG 14 - Attention across the SDGs is uneven, with focus on SDG 9 but limited engagement with SDG 4 and SDG 14
• Attention allocated to the secondary AOI remained limited and did not differ significantly between conditions in duration or time to first fixation - Attention allocated to the secondary AOI remained limited and did not differ significantly between conditions in duration or time to first fixation
• Attention and self-regulation skills are trainable in children, with reported behavioral and neural changes across curricula and intervention programs - Attention and self-regulation skills are trainable in children, with reported behavioral and neural changes across curricula and intervention programs
• Attention bids were significantly more likely to succeed with the augmented toy (68% vs 52% success) - Attention bids were significantly more likely to succeed with the augmented toy (68% vs 52% success)
• Attention does not differentially predict broad math versus broad ELA scores - Attention does not differentially predict broad math versus broad ELA scores
• Attention increases nonlinguistic-probe P1 amplitude in adults and 13-year-olds, but modulation is weak or absent in 16-year-olds - Attention increases nonlinguistic-probe P1 amplitude in adults and 13-year-olds, but modulation is weak or absent in 16-year-olds
• Attention is more predictive of targeted than broad math, but equally predictive of both reading measure types - Attention is more predictive of targeted than broad math, but equally predictive of both reading measure types
• Attention is more strongly associated with reading and cognitive measures than hyperactivity, which correlates mainly with phonemic decoding and memory - Attention is more strongly associated with reading and cognitive measures than hyperactivity, which correlates mainly with phonemic decoding and memory
• Attention is the most frequently assessed learning construct in IVR eye-tracking research, while motivation, self-regulation, and immersion are unexamined - Attention is the most frequently assessed learning construct in IVR eye-tracking research, while motivation, self-regulation, and immersion are unexamined
• Attention more strongly predicts targeted math than targeted reading at a trend level - Attention more strongly predicts targeted math than targeted reading at a trend level
• Attention plays a major role in L2 learning because a task-relevant knowledge base is built in memory through attention - Attention plays a major role in L2 learning because a task-relevant knowledge base is built in memory through attention
• Attention problems are associated with lower preliteracy and language scores in preschoolers, controlling for aggression and social skills - Attention problems are associated with lower preliteracy and language scores in preschoolers, controlling for aggression and social skills
• Attention problems are more important than executive functioning for predicting first-grade calculation, while executive functioning is more important for applied problems - Attention problems are more important than executive functioning for predicting first-grade calculation, while executive functioning is more important for applied problems
• Attention robustly increases linguistic-probe late-N1 amplitude from age 10 through adulthood - Attention robustly increases linguistic-probe late-N1 amplitude from age 10 through adulthood
• Attention to form via structural analysis or via highlighting structures in context promotes interlanguage grammar acquisition, but only highlighting in context comes with comprehension of input - Attention to form via structural analysis or via highlighting structures in context promotes interlanguage grammar acquisition, but only highlighting in context comes with comprehension of input
• Attentional Drift, reported by 125 participants, reflects pace impatience and restless switching after AI-supported work - Attentional Drift, reported by 125 participants, reflects pace impatience and restless switching after AI-supported work
• Attentional focusing is the only effortful control subdomain associated with DLPFC activation when controlling for age and accuracy - Attentional focusing is the only effortful control subdomain associated with DLPFC activation when controlling for age and accuracy
• Attentional shifting, but not focusing, significantly moderates the effect of speech anxiety on judged quality - Attentional shifting, but not focusing, significantly moderates the effect of speech anxiety on judged quality
• Attitude effects of innovative teaching decrease with student grade level - Attitude effects of innovative teaching decrease with student grade level
• Attitude, facilitating conditions, and social influence correlate most strongly with behavioral intention, while perceived ease of use correlates weakest - Attitude, facilitating conditions, and social influence correlate most strongly with behavioral intention, while perceived ease of use correlates weakest
• Attitudes and demographics predicted empathy in the prostitute-label group but not the trafficking-label group - Attitudes and demographics predicted empathy in the prostitute-label group but not the trafficking-label group
• Attitudes toward AI improved after direct experience, and satisfaction was predicted by within-turn production fluency rather than linguistic uptake - Attitudes toward AI improved after direct experience, and satisfaction was predicted by within-turn production fluency rather than linguistic uptake
• Attitudes, gender, and age predict counselors' rape myth acceptance in both label conditions - Attitudes, gender, and age predict counselors' rape myth acceptance in both label conditions
• Attitude–proficiency correlations are stronger for foreign languages than for local languages - Attitude–proficiency correlations are stronger for foreign languages than for local languages
• Attribute mastery showed significant proficiency-group, attribute, and attribute-by-proficiency effects, but no significant status-group main effect - Attribute mastery showed significant proficiency-group, attribute, and attribute-by-proficiency effects, but no significant status-group main effect
• Attributing outcomes to Allah's will among some PSMTs functioned as probabilistic reasoning, not mere personalist belief - Attributing outcomes to Allah's will among some PSMTs functioned as probabilistic reasoning, not mere personalist belief
• Attribution reframing interventions improved outcomes for struggling students (review-reported) - Attribution reframing interventions improved outcomes for struggling students (review-reported)
• Attributional feedback raises self-efficacy and performance, with ability versus effort feedback credibility depending on learners' capabilities and timing - Attributional feedback raises self-efficacy and performance, with ability versus effort feedback credibility depending on learners' capabilities and timing
• Attrition gaps between staff of color and non-Hispanic White staff grew during the pandemic except for school administrators, where they narrowed - Attrition gaps between staff of color and non-Hispanic White staff grew during the pandemic except for school administrators, where they narrowed
• Attrition in the station study was higher than expected, and partial-data families rated app components slightly lower than complete-data families - Attrition in the station study was higher than expected, and partial-data families rated app components slightly lower than complete-data families
• Attrition of 130 students (35%) between pretest and posttest was not systematically related to baseline characteristics - Attrition of 130 students (35%) between pretest and posttest was not systematically related to baseline characteristics
• Attrition patterns at KIPP middle schools are typically no different than at nearby schools - Attrition patterns at KIPP middle schools are typically no different than at nearby schools
• Attrition was concentrated in schools with higher concentrations of racial/ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged students - Attrition was concentrated in schools with higher concentrations of racial/ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged students
• Atypical full-fledged arguments are harder to identify than typical full-fledged arguments, which are harder than three-component arguments - Atypical full-fledged arguments are harder to identify than typical full-fledged arguments, which are harder than three-component arguments
• AU and OC conditions show distinct correlation patterns with external creativity and fluency measures, supporting their differentiation as divergent thinking versus verbal ability conditions - AU and OC conditions show distinct correlation patterns with external creativity and fluency measures, supporting their differentiation as divergent thinking versus verbal ability conditions
• Audio explanations with an LDI integrated structure lead to longer fixation times on referred-to picture elements during interpretation phases than LDI separated structures - Audio explanations with an LDI integrated structure lead to longer fixation times on referred-to picture elements during interpretation phases than LDI separated structures
• Audio lessons training vocabulary from L1 to L2 yield better L1-to-L2 translation than traditional L2-to-L1 training - Audio lessons training vocabulary from L1 to L2 yield better L1-to-L2 translation than traditional L2-to-L1 training
• Audio narration with finger-tracking animation directs bilingual preschoolers' attention to the target-language print in dual-language e-books, including the nondominant language - Audio narration with finger-tracking animation directs bilingual preschoolers' attention to the target-language print in dual-language e-books, including the nondominant language
• Audio-visual lecture clips produce better comprehension than audio-only clips, and the multimedia advantage holds at accelerated speed - Audio-visual lecture clips produce better comprehension than audio-only clips, and the multimedia advantage holds at accelerated speed
• Audiovisual attention decomposition via forward encoding and variance partitioning yields VAC, AAC, and SAC as surrogate indicators, not direct measures of attention - Audiovisual attention decomposition via forward encoding and variance partitioning yields VAC, AAC, and SAC as surrogate indicators, not direct measures of attention
• Audiovisual gain correlates positively with speech intelligibility in children with cochlear implants - Audiovisual gain correlates positively with speech intelligibility in children with cochlear implants
• Audiovisual presentation yields significantly higher sentence recognition than auditory-alone presentation for most children with cochlear implants - Audiovisual presentation yields significantly higher sentence recognition than auditory-alone presentation for most children with cochlear implants
• Audiovisual sentence performance approximates the simple sum of unimodal scores, with no super-additive integration for familiar sentences - Audiovisual sentence performance approximates the simple sum of unimodal scores, with no super-additive integration for familiar sentences
• Audit finds the stored context fields do not operationally distinguish contextual-scope Types C and D - Audit finds the stored context fields do not operationally distinguish contextual-scope Types C and D
• Auditory distraction disrupts episodic retrieval equivalently to visual distraction, indicating a domain-general interference effect in long-term memory - Auditory distraction disrupts episodic retrieval equivalently to visual distraction, indicating a domain-general interference effect in long-term memory
• Auditory math access works best when the technology is familiar: Math Speak aided expression identification, and BVI students performed similarly to or slightly better than traditional methods with familiar apps - Auditory math access works best when the technology is familiar: Math Speak aided expression identification, and BVI students performed similarly to or slightly better than traditional methods with fa
• Auditory memory (digit-span) tests are overrepresented in the adult scale and depress the rankings of otherwise high-performing students - Auditory memory (digit-span) tests are overrepresented in the adult scale and depress the rankings of otherwise high-performing students
• Auditory reaction-time measure of cognitive load did not differ between guided and unguided low-vision navigation in older adults - Auditory reaction-time measure of cognitive load did not differ between guided and unguided low-vision navigation in older adults
• Augmented reality and QR-code mobile systems enable context-aware language learning in designated physical zones - Augmented reality and QR-code mobile systems enable context-aware language learning in designated physical zones
• AURA's within-session reinforcement learning improved composite response quality over non-adaptive baselines (p = 0.044, d = 0.66), with fewer specification prompts and more validation behavior - AURA's within-session reinforcement learning improved composite response quality over non-adaptive baselines (p = 0.044, d = 0.66), with fewer specification prompts and more validation behavior
• Austin charter ELL students outperformed Austin district ELL students in reading growth - Austin charter ELL students outperformed Austin district ELL students in reading growth
• Austin charter Hispanic students outperformed Austin district Hispanic students in reading growth - Austin charter Hispanic students outperformed Austin district Hispanic students in reading growth
• Austin charter schools outperformed Austin district schools in reading growth but not significantly in math - Austin charter schools outperformed Austin district schools in reading growth but not significantly in math
• Austin charter students in poverty outperformed Austin district students in poverty in reading, with a non-significant math advantage - Austin charter students in poverty outperformed Austin district students in poverty in reading, with a non-significant math advantage
• Austin CMO-affiliated charters outperformed independent Austin charters in both subjects - Austin CMO-affiliated charters outperformed independent Austin charters in both subjects
• Austin students' one-year growth in 2018-19 exceeded the state average in both reading and math - Austin students' one-year growth in 2018-19 exceeded the state average in both reading and math
• Australian and Malaysian Muslim learners ranked discord items differently, with Australian students most resistant to anti-science statements and most accepting of divine-cause statements - Australian and Malaysian Muslim learners ranked discord items differently, with Australian students most resistant to anti-science statements and most accepting of divine-cause statements
• Australian Islamic students reconcile discord over evolution by distinguishing belief from knowledge acquisition, learning content while suspending belief in it - Australian Islamic students reconcile discord over evolution by distinguishing belief from knowledge acquisition, learning content while suspending belief in it
• Australian universities show an escalating trend toward contingent academic appointments and a declining trend in continuing teaching-and-research staff - Australian universities show an escalating trend toward contingent academic appointments and a declining trend in continuing teaching-and-research staff
• Australian universities' quality assurance of graduate attributes relies on a narrow range of strategies, and assessment data remain largely underutilised - Australian universities' quality assurance of graduate attributes relies on a narrow range of strategies, and assessment data remain largely underutilised
• Authentic assessment designs in higher education predominantly replicate professional workplace scenarios, with few addressing social authenticity - Authentic assessment designs in higher education predominantly replicate professional workplace scenarios, with few addressing social authenticity
• Authentic assessment designs most commonly target knowledge construction and 21st-century skills, with digital literacy rarely addressed - Authentic assessment designs most commonly target knowledge construction and 21st-century skills, with digital literacy rarely addressed
• Authentic Audiences Improve Student Work
• Authentic materials and tools in the service of real-life resemblance are a double-edged sword, featuring in both low-effectiveness (cognitive) and high-effectiveness (motivational) settings - Authentic materials and tools in the service of real-life resemblance are a double-edged sword, featuring in both low-effectiveness (cognitive) and high-effectiveness (motivational) settings
• Authentic video enhanced self-reported acuity for detail, though the non-parametric check was marginal - Authentic video enhanced self-reported acuity for detail, though the non-parametric check was marginal
• Authentic video outperformed virtual simulation on the higher-order analysis and support dimensions of observation assignments - Authentic video outperformed virtual simulation on the higher-order analysis and support dimensions of observation assignments
• Authentic, challenging projects in the Learning Studio developed students' self-efficacy for future careers - Authentic, challenging projects in the Learning Studio developed students' self-efficacy for future careers
• Authentication regressions exposed a session-expiry defect in the preceding release, and the recorded release establishes a fresh anonymous session after timeout - Authentication regressions exposed a session-expiry defect in the preceding release, and the recorded release establishes a fresh anonymous session after timeout
• Authenticity and realism are the most frequent failure modes in initial LLM-personalized math problems, and a single refinement iteration substantially reduces failures - Authenticity and realism are the most frequent failure modes in initial LLM-personalized math problems, and a single refinement iteration substantially reduces failures
• Author-reported RD findings count toward effectiveness ratings only if standard errors account for clustering of students at unique forcing variable values - Author-reported RD findings count toward effectiveness ratings only if standard errors account for clustering of students at unique forcing variable values
• Author-reported statistically significant program effects did not remain significant after WWC corrections for clustering and multiple comparisons - Author-reported statistically significant program effects did not remain significant after WWC corrections for clustering and multiple comparisons
• Authorial suspension is marked by a fluency-ownership gap, deferral of commitment despite exhausted deliberation, and an overview unavailable on withdrawal - Authorial suspension is marked by a fluency-ownership gap, deferral of commitment despite exhausted deliberation, and an overview unavailable on withdrawal
• Authoritarian parenting is associated with more problem behaviors, fewer adaptive behaviors, and lower academic readiness - Authoritarian parenting is associated with more problem behaviors, fewer adaptive behaviors, and lower academic readiness
• Authoritative parenting is associated with better social-emotional and academic school readiness in Mexican and Dominican American students - Authoritative parenting is associated with better social-emotional and academic school readiness in Mexican and Dominican American students
• Authority Challenge and Emotional Manipulation are the most effective attack strategies, with consistent rank ordering across three LLM families - Authority Challenge and Emotional Manipulation are the most effective attack strategies, with consistent rank ordering across three LLM families
• Authority effects on heuristic and visual arguments persist when instructions push participants toward evaluating conviction, ruling out an instruction-interpretation artifact - Authority effects on heuristic and visual arguments persist when instructions push participants toward evaluating conviction, ruling out an instruction-interpretation artifact
• Authority figures do not increase persuasion for formal proofs, regardless of proof complexity or author eminence - Authority figures do not increase persuasion for formal proofs, regardless of proof complexity or author eminence
• Authority over assistance boundaries is highly centralized in system logic in LLM-based programming support systems - Authority over assistance boundaries is highly centralized in system logic in LLM-based programming support systems
• Authors report that flexibility in sim access supports student agency while students tend to explore in a productive sequence - Authors report that flexibility in sim access supports student agency while students tend to explore in a productive sequence
• Authorship captures a more distinct aspect of artistic evaluation than other performance dimensions - Authorship captures a more distinct aspect of artistic evaluation than other performance dimensions
• Authorship scores were highly concentrated near the maximum of the rubric scale - Authorship scores were highly concentrated near the maximum of the rubric scale
• Autistic and general-population job seekers do not differ significantly on the Disconumbers and Shapedance game-based assessment package - Autistic and general-population job seekers do not differ significantly on the Disconumbers and Shapedance game-based assessment package
• Autistic individuals show reduced multisensory integration, most consistently for speech-related stimuli - Autistic individuals show reduced multisensory integration, most consistently for speech-related stimuli
• Automated AI assessment systems reduce grading time and improve evaluation consistency in nursing education - Automated AI assessment systems reduce grading time and improve evaluation consistency in nursing education
• Automated CTML metrics show significant improvement in temporal contiguity and coherence for CTML-informed videos, while modality, redundancy, and image quality show no significant difference - Automated CTML metrics show significant improvement in temporal contiguity and coherence for CTML-informed videos, while modality, redundancy, and image quality show no significant difference
• Automated detectors of disengaged behaviors inferred from interaction-log data alone reached AUC over 0.8 for gaming and correlated 0.55 with observed off-task behavior - Automated detectors of disengaged behaviors inferred from interaction-log data alone reached AUC over 0.8 for gaming and correlated 0.55 with observed off-task behavior
• Automated essay scoring can achieve high agreement with human raters but faces calibration constraints - Automated essay scoring can achieve high agreement with human raters but faces calibration constraints
• Automated facial joy coding showed high sensitivity and specificity against human coding for both instructor and student videos - Automated facial joy coding showed high sensitivity and specificity against human coding for both instructor and student videos
• Automated formative assessment and feedback with AI agents ranks second-highest in impact with moderate perceived challenge - Automated formative assessment and feedback with AI agents ranks second-highest in impact with moderate perceived challenge
• Automated gaming-the-system detectors built with XGBoost reliably recognize gaming in both problem-solving and self-explanation steps - Automated gaming-the-system detectors built with XGBoost reliably recognize gaming in both problem-solving and self-explanation steps
• Automated grading systems may produce systematically inequitable outcomes for international and non-Western students - Automated grading systems may produce systematically inequitable outcomes for international and non-Western students
• Automated HDR problem generation makes repeated and longitudinal assessment feasible by producing structurally equivalent cases with different contexts - Automated HDR problem generation makes repeated and longitudinal assessment feasible by producing structurally equivalent cases with different contexts
• Automated judging aligns strongly with three domain experts (r = 0.82 for role fidelity) but exhibits a conservative bias, scoring ethical deviation 0.08 points lower than humans - Automated judging aligns strongly with three domain experts (r = 0.82 for role fidelity) but exhibits a conservative bias, scoring ethical deviation 0.08 points lower than humans
• Automated marking reduced assessment turnaround from 11.2 days to 0.1 days and enabled intervention students to complete 4.1 times the practice volume of controls - Automated marking reduced assessment turnaround from 11.2 days to 0.1 days and enabled intervention students to complete 4.1 times the practice volume of controls
• Automated methods capturing thematic cohesion significantly enrich the analysis of knowledge building over time in student discussion - Automated methods capturing thematic cohesion significantly enrich the analysis of knowledge building over time in student discussion
• Automated metrics and LLM judges can misalign with expert human preferences in non-verifiable educational evaluation - Automated metrics and LLM judges can misalign with expert human preferences in non-verifiable educational evaluation
• Automated real-time feedback in an adaptive diagnostic ITS produced greater progression on a SOLO-based mathematics assessment than the same system without real-time feedback - Automated real-time feedback in an adaptive diagnostic ITS produced greater progression on a SOLO-based mathematics assessment than the same system without real-time feedback
• Automated scoring practice produced a significant time × group interaction on total interpreting scores - Automated scoring practice produced a significant time × group interaction on total interpreting scores
• Automated speech recognition tutoring supports early reading in three areas: word identification, attention to meaning, and motivation - Automated speech recognition tutoring supports early reading in three areas: word identification, attention to meaning, and motivation
• Automated verification of AI-drafted content produced mixed results: strong accuracy and integrity scores but only 5 of 10 chapters meeting the pedagogical-progression bar - Automated verification of AI-drafted content produced mixed results: strong accuracy and integrity scores but only 5 of 10 chapters meeting the pedagogical-progression bar
• Automatic DAC coding of dialogue acts agrees substantially with manual coding (79.0% agreement, kappa 0.75) - Automatic DAC coding of dialogue acts agrees substantially with manual coding (79.0% agreement, kappa 0.75)
• Automatic word recognition frees resources for comprehension
• Automatically coded dialogue acts correlate with manually coded collaborative activities as expected - Automatically coded dialogue acts correlate with manually coded collaborative activities as expected
• Automatically coded dialogue acts distinguish male and female students' online communication - Automatically coded dialogue acts distinguish male and female students' online communication
• Automatically updating the flowchart and injecting generated code into editors drew participants away from explanations and toward direct code editing - Automatically updating the flowchart and injecting generated code into editors drew participants away from explanations and toward direct code editing
• Automaticity does not predict decoding or reading comprehension in middle-school students - Automaticity does not predict decoding or reading comprehension in middle-school students
• Automaticity is detectable in the orthography-to-phonology pathway using nonword trials - Automaticity is detectable in the orthography-to-phonology pathway using nonword trials
• Automaticity of handwriting is associated with both stroke frequency and stroke pressure - Automaticity of handwriting is associated with both stroke frequency and stroke pressure
• Automaticity of handwriting predicts handwriting speed in fourth-grade children - Automaticity of handwriting predicts handwriting speed in fourth-grade children
• Automaticity of handwriting predicts orthographic skills even when visual-motor integration is included in the model - Automaticity of handwriting predicts orthographic skills even when visual-motor integration is included in the model
• Automating constructive alignment with GenAI risks shifting it towards an instrument of compliance - Automating constructive alignment with GenAI risks shifting it towards an instrument of compliance
• Automation bias toward fluent LLM output surrenders learners' epistemic agency - Automation bias toward fluent LLM output surrenders learners' epistemic agency
• Automatization of L2 skills requires extensive practice in a consistent environment, not repetition of grammar rules as in traditional exercises - Automatization of L2 skills requires extensive practice in a consistent environment, not repetition of grammar rules as in traditional exercises
• Automatization of the phonological component through pronunciation practice improves ESP students' reading comprehension more than traditional translation-based instruction - Automatization of the phonological component through pronunciation practice improves ESP students' reading comprehension more than traditional translation-based instruction
• Automatized L2 morphosyntactic skills develop very gradually over time, following a power function learning curve like other cognitive skills - Automatized L2 morphosyntactic skills develop very gradually over time, following a power function learning curve like other cognitive skills
• Autonomous achievement goal complexes predict adaptive outcomes over and above goals alone and reasons alone - Autonomous achievement goal complexes predict adaptive outcomes over and above goals alone and reasons alone
• Autonomous and controlled motivation correlate positively and strongly across countries (r = .544), and each relates positively to mathematics achievement (r = .248 and r = .080) - Autonomous and controlled motivation correlate positively and strongly across countries (r = .544), and each relates positively to mathematics achievement (r = .248 and r = .080)
• Autonomous and intrinsic forms of motivation are positively associated with time management, while controlled motivation and amotivation show negative or null associations - Autonomous and intrinsic forms of motivation are positively associated with time management, while controlled motivation and amotivation show negative or null associations
• Autonomous motivation decreased and controlled motivation increased overall, with no differences between the need-supportive and baseline conditions - Autonomous motivation decreased and controlled motivation increased overall, with no differences between the need-supportive and baseline conditions
• Autonomous motivation is the strongest positive predictor of hedonic teacher wellbeing (ρ = .83) - Autonomous motivation is the strongest positive predictor of hedonic teacher wellbeing (ρ = .83)
• Autonomous motivation positively predicts subsequent school grades in both middle and high school students - Autonomous motivation positively predicts subsequent school grades in both middle and high school students
• Autonomous motivation significantly and positively predicts subjective norms, contrary to theoretical expectations - Autonomous motivation significantly and positively predicts subjective norms, contrary to theoretical expectations
• Autonomous motivation types positively relate to school achievement while controlled types show weak negative or null relations - Autonomous motivation types positively relate to school achievement while controlled types show weak negative or null relations
• Autonomous reasons are more prominent than controlled reasons for goal striving regardless of aim type - Autonomous reasons are more prominent than controlled reasons for goal striving regardless of aim type
• Autonomous regulation correlates positively with self-efficacy, learning strategies, and behavioral engagement, while controlled regulation shows no significant linear relations with these outcomes - Autonomous regulation correlates positively with self-efficacy, learning strategies, and behavioral engagement, while controlled regulation shows no significant linear relations with these outcomes
• Autonomy alone cannot secure orthographic mastery: most children need explicit instruction about the orthographic system - Autonomy alone cannot secure orthographic mastery: most children need explicit instruction about the orthographic system
• Autonomy frustration directly and positively predicts teacher-rated active disengagement, not explained by reduced vitality - Autonomy frustration directly and positively predicts teacher-rated active disengagement, not explained by reduced vitality
• Autonomy need satisfaction and autonomy need frustration are each negatively correlated with outcomes among K-12 youth (ill-being and well-being respectively) - Autonomy need satisfaction and autonomy need frustration are each negatively correlated with outcomes among K-12 youth (ill-being and well-being respectively)
• Autonomy need satisfaction and autonomy need frustration are each positively correlated with psychological well-being among K-12 youth - Autonomy need satisfaction and autonomy need frustration are each positively correlated with psychological well-being among K-12 youth
• Autonomy shows a strong content signal: 53 of 64 outcomes satisfy the a priori autonomy rule, with exceptions for self-efficacy (competence) and collegial support (relatedness) - Autonomy shows a strong content signal: 53 of 64 outcomes satisfy the a priori autonomy rule, with exceptions for self-efficacy (competence) and collegial support (relatedness)
• Autonomy, diversity, interactivity, openness and Web 2.0 showed a positive significant effect on students' achievement in a structural model - Autonomy, diversity, interactivity, openness and Web 2.0 showed a positive significant effect on students' achievement in a structural model
• Autonomy, meaningful purpose, and interest improve intrinsic motivation and deeper processing - Autonomy, meaningful purpose, and interest improve intrinsic motivation and deeper processing
• Autonomy-supportive instructions dampen the impairing effects of difficult math exercises on need-based experiences - Autonomy-supportive instructions dampen the impairing effects of difficult math exercises on need-based experiences
• Autonomy-supportive teaching contrasts with controlling teaching, and controlled students do poorly compared to autonomous students - Autonomy-supportive teaching contrasts with controlling teaching, and controlled students do poorly compared to autonomous students
• Autonomy-supportive training programs are overall effective, with a weighted effect size of 0.63 across 19 studies - Autonomy-supportive training programs are overall effective, with a weighted effect size of 0.63 across 19 studies
• Autonomy-supportive versus controlling instructions have limited main effects, enhancing autonomy satisfaction only - Autonomy-supportive versus controlling instructions have limited main effects, enhancing autonomy satisfaction only
• AutoTutor achieved learning gains comparable to human tutors in physics and computer literacy - AutoTutor achieved learning gains comparable to human tutors in physics and computer literacy
• AutoTutor cannot handle most student questions, so student question frequency extinguishes quickly in tutoring sessions - AutoTutor cannot handle most student questions, so student question frequency extinguishes quickly in tutoring sessions
• AutoTutor yields average learning gains of 0.3 to 0.8 sigma compared to reading text for an equivalent amount of time - AutoTutor yields average learning gains of 0.3 to 0.8 sigma compared to reading text for an equivalent amount of time