Claims: A 6

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• All nine Cultivate learning condition measures show strong Rasch person reliability (0.82-0.87) in CPS administrations - All nine Cultivate learning condition measures show strong Rasch person reliability (0.82-0.87) in CPS administrations
• All nine DReaM uncertainty articulation sub-categories were identified in middle school students' citizen science participation - All nine DReaM uncertainty articulation sub-categories were identified in middle school students' citizen science participation
• All participant pairs ranked the fully student-led Dialog E best, and disagreement about the elaborative-revoicing Dialog B reflected differences in values rather than in noticing - All participant pairs ranked the fully student-led Dialog E best, and disagreement about the elaborative-revoicing Dialog B reflected differences in values rather than in noticing
• All participants believed heritage learners perform better in classroom listening, but dialectal differences posed difficulties for HLLs that NHLLs did not notice - All participants believed heritage learners perform better in classroom listening, but dialectal differences posed difficulties for HLLs that NHLLs did not notice
• All participants intended to continue integrating AI into teaching and to recommend the institute, and 70% had already begun implementing AI-enhanced tools or assignments - All participants intended to continue integrating AI into teaching and to recommend the institute, and 70% had already begun implementing AI-enhanced tools or assignments
• All participants reported higher teaching self-efficacy after the teaching-simulation training - All participants reported higher teaching self-efficacy after the teaching-simulation training
• All participating girls reported parents helping them navigate school-based conflict, with parents advising silence or non-engagement as a protective strategy - All participating girls reported parents helping them navigate school-based conflict, with parents advising silence or non-engagement as a protective strategy
• All parts of the item were important for predicting response time - All parts of the item were important for predicting response time
• All program types show positive effects when controlling for other influences, with attendance monitoring and incentives, child care, community service, and school restructuring producing the best results - All program types show positive effects when controlling for other influences, with attendance monitoring and incentives, child care, community service, and school restructuring producing the best res
• All reviewed studies conceptualize gifted underachievement with a discrepancy model, but achievement measures and cut-offs differ widely across studies - All reviewed studies conceptualize gifted underachievement with a discrepancy model, but achievement measures and cut-offs differ widely across studies
• All seven dimensions of instructional practice with quantitative data are modestly but significantly related to teachers' value-added scores - All seven dimensions of instructional practice with quantitative data are modestly but significantly related to teachers' value-added scores
• All SFAILQ dimensions correlate positively with academic self-efficacy (usage skills strongest) and academic engagement (responsible use strongest) - All SFAILQ dimensions correlate positively with academic self-efficacy (usage skills strongest) and academic engagement (responsible use strongest)
• All six CPS age cohorts saw a slight 2001 decline in math scores of less than one month, which a Rasch-score re-analysis suggests reflects an actual drop in learning rather than test-form effects - All six CPS age cohorts saw a slight 2001 decline in math scores of less than one month, which a Rasch-score re-analysis suggests reflects an actual drop in learning rather than test-form effects
• All six GenAI-SRL dimensions correlate positively with learners' perceived writing improvement (r = 0.275–0.338) - All six GenAI-SRL dimensions correlate positively with learners' perceived writing improvement (r = 0.275–0.338)
• All six Practitioner Advisory Board members reported that engaging with Merlyn Mind was a valuable use of their time and that their feedback was taken seriously - All six Practitioner Advisory Board members reported that engaging with Merlyn Mind was a valuable use of their time and that their feedback was taken seriously
• All six predictor constructs correlate positively and significantly with ethical GenAI use, ranging from r = 0.370 to r = 0.507 - All six predictor constructs correlate positively and significantly with ethical GenAI use, ranging from r = 0.370 to r = 0.507
• All six studied high-certification districts partner with at least one teacher residency program and at least one Grow Your Own program - All six studied high-certification districts partner with at least one teacher residency program and at least one Grow Your Own program
• All student groups benefited equally in inquiry skills improvement after Web-based collaborative inquiry, with no significant effects of gender, achievement level, or academic track - All student groups benefited equally in inquiry skills improvement after Web-based collaborative inquiry, with no significant effects of gender, achievement level, or academic track
• All student groups preferred deductive over inductive grammar instruction - All student groups preferred deductive over inductive grammar instruction
• All student groups preferred explicit over implicit grammar instruction - All student groups preferred explicit over implicit grammar instruction
• All students in the self-determination skill intervention achieved their goals at better than average levels - All students in the self-determination skill intervention achieved their goals at better than average levels
• All subjects iterated while designing a training simulator specification, with iteration counts ranging from 10 to 30 - All subjects iterated while designing a training simulator specification, with iteration counts ranging from 10 to 30
• All surveyed former students strongly agreed that prison college participation positively affected their lives, behavior in prison, and post-release lives - All surveyed former students strongly agreed that prison college participation positively affected their lives, behavior in prison, and post-release lives
• All teams showed divergent-then-convergent idea improvement patterns across prototyping sessions - All teams showed divergent-then-convergent idea improvement patterns across prototyping sessions
• All ten multimedia treatment conditions produced significant pre-to-post achievement gains with medium or high effect sizes - All ten multimedia treatment conditions produced significant pre-to-post achievement gains with medium or high effect sizes
• All ten sub-factors of the L2 motivational self-system correlate significantly and positively with L2 self-efficacy - All ten sub-factors of the L2 motivational self-system correlate significantly and positively with L2 self-efficacy
• All three assertion sources (word, corpus-derived, construct-derived) contribute to predictive accuracy - All three assertion sources (word, corpus-derived, construct-derived) contribute to predictive accuracy
• All three drawing conditions scored better than the control condition on the drawing test and performed equally well - All three drawing conditions scored better than the control condition on the drawing test and performed equally well
• All three EL subgroups scored lower than never-ELs in math and reading throughout kindergarten to 4th grade - All three EL subgroups scored lower than never-ELs in math and reading throughout kindergarten to 4th grade
• All three English Learner groups had lower K-4 test scores than never-ELs - All three English Learner groups had lower K-4 test scores than never-ELs
• All three English Learner groups have lower mean math and reading achievement than the all-student average in kindergarten - All three English Learner groups have lower mean math and reading achievement than the all-student average in kindergarten
• All three groups benefited from the instructional intervention, with both experimental groups benefiting the most - All three groups benefited from the instructional intervention, with both experimental groups benefiting the most
• All three groups differed significantly on expressive vocabulary, with non-native signers scoring lowest - All three groups differed significantly on expressive vocabulary, with non-native signers scoring lowest
• All three input/interaction conditions produced significant gains in vocabulary recognition and acquisition of Japanese locative structures - All three input/interaction conditions produced significant gains in vocabulary recognition and acquisition of Japanese locative structures
• All three instructional groups began at comparable, mostly low decision-making levels and all improved over the intervention - All three instructional groups began at comparable, mostly low decision-making levels and all improved over the intervention
• All three instructional methods reduced misconceptions, and comprehension and transfer effects were stable at delayed testing one week later - All three instructional methods reduced misconceptions, and comprehension and transfer effects were stable at delayed testing one week later
• All three intervention groups converted AI feedback into effective revisions more successfully than regular AI use, with the combined group highest in effective adoption rate - All three intervention groups converted AI feedback into effective revisions more successfully than regular AI use, with the combined group highest in effective adoption rate
• All three L1 gloss conditions significantly improve immediate vocabulary recall over a no-gloss control in EFL reading - All three L1 gloss conditions significantly improve immediate vocabulary recall over a no-gloss control in EFL reading
• All three LLM feedback types credibly reduced attempts to success relative to the baseline, with the largest reduction for Diagnostic Feedback - All three LLM feedback types credibly reduced attempts to success relative to the baseline, with the largest reduction for Diagnostic Feedback
• All three LLM-generated feedback types are associated with faster time to solution than a compiler-errors-only baseline, with Single-Issue Feedback showing the largest reduction - All three LLM-generated feedback types are associated with faster time to solution than a compiler-errors-only baseline, with Single-Issue Feedback showing the largest reduction
• All three social class indicators (parental education, family cultural capital, family economic capital) positively predict standardized test performance among 15-year-olds - All three social class indicators (parental education, family cultural capital, family economic capital) positively predict standardized test performance among 15-year-olds
• All three structured interdependence conditions produce higher agreement that team members' sense of obligation to contribute aided learning, compared with no structured interdependence - All three structured interdependence conditions produce higher agreement that team members' sense of obligation to contribute aided learning, compared with no structured interdependence
• All three trained classifiers outperformed the zero-rule baseline (28.4% accuracy) for classifying cognitive engagement in discussion posts - All three trained classifiers outperformed the zero-rule baseline (28.4% accuracy) for classifying cognitive engagement in discussion posts
• All training policies narrowed the prior-knowledge achievement gap from pretest to posttest, with BKT achieving the largest reduction (77.1%) - All training policies narrowed the prior-knowledge achievement gap from pretest to posttest, with BKT achieving the largest reduction (77.1%)
• All types of regulation can be explicitly taught and improved with time, effort, and effective feedback - All types of regulation can be explicitly taught and improved with time, effort, and effective feedback
• Allocation to Medly improved post-test GCSE science attainment relative to business-as-usual self-directed revision (Hedges' g = 0.33) - Allocation to Medly improved post-test GCSE science attainment relative to business-as-usual self-directed revision (Hedges' g = 0.33)
• Allowing learners to request knowledge of results before a trial and then revise the choice after it (Self-Both) did not produce learning beyond deciding only after the trial (Self-After), which the authors take as no support for an additive motivational-plus-informational effect. - Allowing learners to request knowledge of results before a trial and then revise the choice after it (Self-Both) did not produce learning beyond deciding only after the trial (Self-After), which the a
• Allowing opt-out options improves output-bound accuracy in adults, primary-school children, and preschoolers - Allowing opt-out options improves output-bound accuracy in adults, primary-school children, and preschoolers
• Almost 10 percent of students from the first two cohorts of the CNMCC Breaking Through Construction Apprenticeship Program entered a formal apprenticeship - Almost 10 percent of students from the first two cohorts of the CNMCC Breaking Through Construction Apprenticeship Program entered a formal apprenticeship
• Almost 90 percent of college-continuing seniors intend to work while continuing their education, and 35 percent plan to work more than 20 hours per week - Almost 90 percent of college-continuing seniors intend to work while continuing their education, and 35 percent plan to work more than 20 hours per week
• Almost all CPS eighth-graders (92 percent) used the GoCPS platform to apply to high school in its first year - Almost all CPS eighth-graders (92 percent) used the GoCPS platform to apply to high school in its first year
• Almost all LEAs planned professional development for principals and site leaders on early childhood topics - Almost all LEAs planned professional development for principals and site leaders on early childhood topics
• Almost all middle and high school academic indicators demonstrated similar predictive strength across student groups, with exceptions for science and English language arts proficiency in middle school and science proficiency and community service learning enrollment in high school - Almost all middle and high school academic indicators demonstrated similar predictive strength across student groups, with exceptions for science and English language arts proficiency in middle school
• Almost all reviewed instruments target general knowledge about autism rather than teachers' knowledge of autism-specific evidence-based practices, for which only two quantitative studies were found - Almost all reviewed instruments target general knowledge about autism rather than teachers' knowledge of autism-specific evidence-based practices, for which only two quantitative studies were found
• Almost all states adopted new educator evaluation laws or regulations between 2009 and 2014, and 60 percent of districts reported full or partial implementation in 2013-14 - Almost all states adopted new educator evaluation laws or regulations between 2009 and 2014, and 60 percent of districts reported full or partial implementation in 2013-14
• Almost no model-and-harness combination sustains tutoring over the full 30-day horizon, as learning plateaus within 5–10 days - Almost no model-and-harness combination sustains tutoring over the full 30-day horizon, as learning plateaus within 5–10 days
• Alpha is negatively related to sample mean age, and knowledge type shows no effect after controlling for test length - Alpha is negatively related to sample mean age, and knowledge type shows no effect after controlling for test length
• Alpha of knowledge tests increases after interventions from pretest to posttest - Alpha of knowledge tests increases after interventions from pretest to posttest
• Alpha of knowledge tests is higher for language and mathematics than for science and social sciences/humanities - Alpha of knowledge tests is higher for language and mathematics than for science and social sciences/humanities
• Alpha of knowledge tests is substantially related to the number of items in the test - Alpha of knowledge tests is substantially related to the number of items in the test
• Alpha predicts academic standing better in Agriculture (r = .54) than in Arts or Engineering, and subtest patterns vary by college - Alpha predicts academic standing better in Agriculture (r = .54) than in Arts or Engineering, and subtest patterns vary by college
• Alpha subtests differ in predicting grades, with correlations from .17 (Test 3) to .37 (Test 7) among seniors - Alpha subtests differ in predicting grades, with correlations from .17 (Test 3) to .37 (Test 7) among seniors
• Alphabet instruction benefits did not transfer to letter-word identification, phonological awareness, emergent reading, or developmental spelling - Alphabet instruction benefits did not transfer to letter-word identification, phonological awareness, emergent reading, or developmental spelling
• Alphabetics improvement-index findings for Waterford Early Reading Program™ were inconsistent across outcomes, ranging from –26 to +37 percentile points - Alphabetics improvement-index findings for Waterford Early Reading Program™ were inconsistent across outcomes, ranging from –26 to +37 percentile points
• Altering the order of administration of math and verbal tests serves as an ecological intervention that reduces stereotype threat on girls’ math performance. - Altering the order of administration of math and verbal tests serves as an ecological intervention that reduces stereotype threat on girls’ math performance.
• Alternate Average Adult tests are misplaced: 50% of AI 1 failures and 46% of AI 2 failures came from students with IQ above 110 - Alternate Average Adult tests are misplaced: 50% of AI 1 failures and 46% of AI 2 failures came from students with IQ above 110
• Alternate models isolate the roles of goal success/failure, GPD effects, and emotion effects in the GPE framework - Alternate models isolate the roles of goal success/failure, GPD effects, and emotion effects in the GPE framework
• Alternating example-practice pairs produce faster and more accurate near-transfer solutions than blocked presentation of examples followed by practice - Alternating example-practice pairs produce faster and more accurate near-transfer solutions than blocked presentation of examples followed by practice
• Alternating observation and performance in dyads yielded better transfer than individual practice or a control condition in a video-game task - Alternating observation and performance in dyads yielded better transfer than individual practice or a control condition in a video-game task
• Alternative and traditionally certified teachers were similar on academic credentials but differed in race, education major, concurrent coursework, and first-year mentoring - Alternative and traditionally certified teachers were similar on academic credentials but differed in race, education major, concurrent coursework, and first-year mentoring
• Alternative certification enrollment growth in Texas did not increase teacher supply because completion rates were low - Alternative certification enrollment growth in Texas did not increase teacher supply because completion rates were low
• Alternative certification programs grew to account for about one-third of all new teachers certified annually in the United States - Alternative certification programs grew to account for about one-third of all new teachers certified annually in the United States
• Alternative conceptions in force and motion were very difficult to change: of 14 students, 6 showed substantial conceptual change, 1 some change, and 7 no change - Alternative conceptions in force and motion were very difficult to change: of 14 students, 6 showed substantial conceptual change, 1 some change, and 7 no change
• Alternative routes to teaching were promoted in the past decade because of concerns about teacher shortages and teacher quality - Alternative routes to teaching were promoted in the past decade because of concerns about teacher shortages and teacher quality
• Alternative student growth measures brought financial costs and implementation challenges around teacher time, test administration, and rigor - Alternative student growth measures brought financial costs and implementation challenges around teacher time, test administration, and rigor
• Alternative student growth measures, especially student learning objectives, were used for many purposes beyond teacher evaluation - Alternative student growth measures, especially student learning objectives, were used for many purposes beyond teacher evaluation
• Alternative value-added specifications produce substantially different teacher estimates but small changes in distribution tails - Alternative value-added specifications produce substantially different teacher estimates but small changes in distribution tails
• Alternative-strategy practices are most effective for improving procedural flexibility, with weaker evidence for conceptual and procedural knowledge - Alternative-strategy practices are most effective for improving procedural flexibility, with weaker evidence for conceptual and procedural knowledge
• Alternatively certified teachers are 25% more likely to leave their schools and the profession, controlling for other factors - Alternatively certified teachers are 25% more likely to leave their schools and the profession, controlling for other factors
• Alumni survey responsiveness tends to peak at two milestones: the first year out and the fourth or fifth year out - Alumni survey responsiveness tends to peak at two milestones: the first year out and the fourth or fifth year out
• Always on-track and always off-track students attend schools with systematically different demographic compositions - Always on-track and always off-track students attend schools with systematically different demographic compositions
• Always responsive students showed large effect-size advantages over nonresponsive students, with the largest effect sizes ranging from 0.58 to 1.72 - Always responsive students showed large effect-size advantages over nonresponsive students, with the largest effect sizes ranging from 0.58 to 1.72
• Ambient consumer AI use in the holdout did not close the structured-tutor gap - Ambient consumer AI use in the holdout did not close the structured-tutor gap
• Ambiguous preintervention functional forms and other factors affecting posttest means and slopes are common in ITS applications - Ambiguous preintervention functional forms and other factors affecting posttest means and slopes are common in ITS applications
• Ambiguous tasks with a revision step help students recognize the role of assumptions in mathematical activity
• Ambivalent-profile students undervalued visual information and rigidly applied print-reading strategies, undermining their OMR comprehension - Ambivalent-profile students undervalued visual information and rigidly applied print-reading strategies, undermining their OMR comprehension
• American and Chinese users showed distinct messaging use patterns: fun-oriented short exchanges in the US versus informing and long in-depth chats in China - American and Chinese users showed distinct messaging use patterns: fun-oriented short exchanges in the US versus informing and long in-depth chats in China
• American Indian and Alaska Native students often do not willingly participate in the question-answer activity that constitutes most classroom discussions, because direct questioning in front of peers contradicts community norms - American Indian and Alaska Native students often do not willingly participate in the question-answer activity that constitutes most classroom discussions, because direct questioning in front of peers
• American Indian and Alaska Native, Black, and Latinx students and students in high-poverty schools were disproportionately impacted by pandemic-era achievement declines, particularly in elementary grades - American Indian and Alaska Native, Black, and Latinx students and students in high-poverty schools were disproportionately impacted by pandemic-era achievement declines, particularly in elementary gra
• American Indian/Alaska Native students showed higher disengagement under remote testing than in-school testing - American Indian/Alaska Native students showed higher disengagement under remote testing than in-school testing
• American university engineering students showed the opposite foci pattern: the less successful group manifested more high-level MR than the more successful group - American university engineering students showed the opposite foci pattern: the less successful group manifested more high-level MR than the more successful group
• Ammons's influential 1956 review concluded that feedback improves learning and motivation without considering the contradictory evidence available to him - Ammons's influential 1956 review concluded that feedback improves learning and motivation without considering the contradictory evidence available to him
• Among 166 sixth graders, social CPS skill levels were mostly high while cognitive CPS skill levels were mostly low across four ATC21S CPS tasks - Among 166 sixth graders, social CPS skill levels were mostly high while cognitive CPS skill levels were mostly low across four ATC21S CPS tasks
• Among 2012 disability groups, youth with intellectual disability, autism, deaf-blindness, multiple disabilities, and orthopedic impairments were most at-risk in preparation for life after high school - Among 2012 disability groups, youth with intellectual disability, autism, deaf-blindness, multiple disabilities, and orthopedic impairments were most at-risk in preparation for life after high school
• Among 2018 on-time graduates, the most frequently unmet CCR requirements were laboratory science (37 percent), fine arts (29 percent), and world languages (23 percent) - Among 2018 on-time graduates, the most frequently unmet CCR requirements were laboratory science (37 percent), fine arts (29 percent), and world languages (23 percent)
• Among 24 Topeka teachers, half positioned the AI as a teaching partner, 29% as a grading assistant, and 21% as a substitute teacher - Among 24 Topeka teachers, half positioned the AI as a teaching partner, 29% as a grading assistant, and 21% as a substitute teacher
• Among 245 Indonesian undergraduates, majorities reported concern about reduced critical thinking when depending on AI (75%), excessive reliance (73%), misinformation (70%) and unintentional plagiarism (69%), and 40% about algorithmic bias - Among 245 Indonesian undergraduates, majorities reported concern about reduced critical thinking when depending on AI (75%), excessive reliance (73%), misinformation (70%) and unintentional plagiarism
• Among 32 dyads in an open-ended collaborative tabletop task, three behavioral clusters split into two learning (gainer) profiles and one non-learning profile despite similar task performance - Among 32 dyads in an open-ended collaborative tabletop task, three behavioral clusters split into two learning (gainer) profiles and one non-learning profile despite similar task performance
• Among 50 reviewed studies, 42 examined cognitive effects, with most showing large effects (d ≥ 0.8) but seven showing no or negative effects - Among 50 reviewed studies, 42 examined cognitive effects, with most showing large effects (d ≥ 0.8) but seven showing no or negative effects
• Among 53 quantitative SRL interventions for pre-service teachers, effect sizes were distributed evenly across highly effective (n = 17), moderately effective (n = 16) and less effective (n = 20) categories - Among 53 quantitative SRL interventions for pre-service teachers, effect sizes were distributed evenly across highly effective (n = 17), moderately effective (n = 16) and less effective (n = 20) categ
• Among 6,699 LLM-judge deduction flags, visual delivery is the largest deficiency category (39%) and learner adaptation the second (27%), while content problems are rarer (16%) - Among 6,699 LLM-judge deduction flags, visual delivery is the largest deficiency category (39%) and learner adaptation the second (27%), while content problems are rarer (16%)
• Among 800 girls aged six to twenty interviewed in 1917-18, active games and sports constituted at least half of recreational preferences across the entire age range - Among 800 girls aged six to twenty interviewed in 1917-18, active games and sports constituted at least half of recreational preferences across the entire age range
• Among academics, anticipatory AI guilt (credibility and cheating concerns) exceeds post-use guilt (remorse after AI use) - Among academics, anticipatory AI guilt (credibility and cheating concerns) exceeds post-use guilt (remorse after AI use)
• Among accepted students, FAFSA completion is associated with roughly 50 percent higher four-year college enrollment - Among accepted students, FAFSA completion is associated with roughly 50 percent higher four-year college enrollment
• Among African American eighth graders high in racial centrality, stronger endorsement of the traditional academic race stereotype is associated with lower academic self-concept, controlling achievement and demographics (Study 1) - Among African American eighth graders high in racial centrality, stronger endorsement of the traditional academic race stereotype is associated with lower academic self-concept, controlling achievemen
• Among AI-assisted software engineering courses with public objectives, human-AI collaboration, tool development, and evaluation are the most common learning-objective themes - Among AI-assisted software engineering courses with public objectives, human-AI collaboration, tool development, and evaluation are the most common learning-objective themes
• Among AI-exposed students, open collaboration predicted higher aggregate offloading, which was associated with lower Week 8 higher-order thinking (indirect estimate −0.34) - Among AI-exposed students, open collaboration predicted higher aggregate offloading, which was associated with lower Week 8 higher-order thinking (indirect estimate −0.34)
• Among AI-TPACK dimensions, all except AI technological knowledge and integrative AI-TPACK are significantly and positively associated with college teachers' AI teaching innovation behavior - Among AI-TPACK dimensions, all except AI technological knowledge and integrative AI-TPACK are significantly and positively associated with college teachers' AI teaching innovation behavior
• Among AI-using teachers, tasks experienced as relatively more demanding are more likely to be AI-supported overall - Among AI-using teachers, tasks experienced as relatively more demanding are more likely to be AI-supported overall
• Among biomedical leavers, 62.5% described leaving only in terms of disenchantment while 25.2% described only attraction and 12.2% both equally - Among biomedical leavers, 62.5% described leaving only in terms of disenchantment while 25.2% described only attraction and 12.2% both equally
• Among boys of the same age, those one year above normal grade average both heavier and taller than boys of normal grade, and in some cases boys one year below normal also average heavier and taller - Among boys of the same age, those one year above normal grade average both heavier and taller than boys of normal grade, and in some cases boys one year below normal also average heavier and taller
• Among Chicago graduates who enter four-year colleges, high school GPA is the strongest predictor of graduating within six years - Among Chicago graduates who enter four-year colleges, high school GPA is the strongest predictor of graduating within six years
• Among child health risks, only hearing problems uniquely predicted reading readiness, accounting for 5.5% of variance - Among child health risks, only hearing problems uniquely predicted reading readiness, accounting for 5.5% of variance
• Among children below 80 IQ in the Providence grammar schools, only one of 220 made a mark better than C - Among children below 80 IQ in the Providence grammar schools, only one of 220 made a mark better than C
• Among children with cochlear implants, later implantation correlates with more positive math self-views and longer use correlates negatively with math and scholastic self-views - Among children with cochlear implants, later implantation correlates with more positive math self-views and longer use correlates negatively with math and scholastic self-views
• Among children, differences in Arabic numeral performance are associated with ratio-dependent BOLD differences in left superior parietal cortex and right OTC, but dot array performance differences show no such brain differences - Among children, differences in Arabic numeral performance are associated with ratio-dependent BOLD differences in left superior parietal cortex and right OTC, but dot array performance differences sho
• Among children, right RLPFC activation for relational integration increases with age, with no relationship to estimated IQ - Among children, right RLPFC activation for relational integration increases with age, with no relationship to estimated IQ
• Among Chinese higher vocational students, GenAI usage habits and usage contexts are positively associated with perceived learning outcomes while usage frequency is negatively associated, controlling for gender and grade - Among Chinese higher vocational students, GenAI usage habits and usage contexts are positively associated with perceived learning outcomes while usage frequency is negatively associated, controlling f
• Among DCPS students with a reported health condition, 28 percent receive support through a Section 504 plan or an individualized education program - Among DCPS students with a reported health condition, 28 percent receive support through a Section 504 plan or an individualized education program
• Among deep learning KT models, simpler DKT performs comparably to complex architectures under limited dialogue data - Among deep learning KT models, simpler DKT performs comparably to complex architectures under limited dialogue data
• Among elementary schools with strong 5Essentials results, high-poverty schools improved more than low-poverty schools on more than one-half of measures - Among elementary schools with strong 5Essentials results, high-poverty schools improved more than low-poverty schools on more than one-half of measures
• Among eligible students, Chicago Connected participation increased remote learning engagement for high pre-pandemic GPA students but decreased it for low pre-pandemic GPA students - Among eligible students, Chicago Connected participation increased remote learning engagement for high pre-pandemic GPA students but decreased it for low pre-pandemic GPA students
• Among fall 2015 entrants, Asian students had the highest persistence rate (84.2 percent) and Black students the lowest (66.9 percent) - Among fall 2015 entrants, Asian students had the highest persistence rate (84.2 percent) and Black students the lowest (66.9 percent)
• Among four-year college enrollees, former and late-arriving English Learners persisted at or above district-average rates while long-term English Learners with IEPs persisted at substantially lower rates - Among four-year college enrollees, former and late-arriving English Learners persisted at or above district-average rates while long-term English Learners with IEPs persisted at substantially lower ra
• Among GPT-assisted students, proactive and critical engagement patterns are associated with higher exam scores while limited engagement shows little benefit relative to control - Among GPT-assisted students, proactive and critical engagement patterns are associated with higher exam scores while limited engagement shows little benefit relative to control
• Among grades provided with ST Math, only grade 2 showed statistically significant CST advantages; grades 3, 4, and 5 did not - Among grades provided with ST Math, only grade 2 showed statistically significant CST advantages; grades 3, 4, and 5 did not
• Among grades that fully implemented ST Math, grades 2, 3, and 5 showed significant CST advantages but grade 4 did not - Among grades that fully implemented ST Math, grades 2, 3, and 5 showed significant CST advantages but grade 4 did not
• Among highly effective interventions targeting metacognition, four of eleven focused on a single SRL area (metacognition) and five promoted the dual role - Among highly effective interventions targeting metacognition, four of eleven focused on a single SRL area (metacognition) and five promoted the dual role
• Among human-cell studies, only 5 of 14 found the expected positive effect of high emotional design on retention and 5 on transfer; only 5 of 9 studies measuring emotions found the expected effect on positive emotions - Among human-cell studies, only 5 of 14 found the expected positive effect of high emotional design on retention and 5 on transfer; only 5 of 9 studies measuring emotions found the expected effect on p
• Among interventions that increased exercise during the intervention, carry-over effects were proportionally similar to previous research - Among interventions that increased exercise during the intervention, carry-over effects were proportionally similar to previous research
• Among kindergartners with low number sense, attention problems and executive functioning each uniquely predict first-grade mathematics outcomes - Among kindergartners with low number sense, attention problems and executive functioning each uniquely predict first-grade mathematics outcomes
• Among language-only interventions, instructional practices and one-on-one or small-group delivery produced significantly larger language gains than curricula and large-group or whole-class delivery - Among language-only interventions, instructional practices and one-on-one or small-group delivery produced significantly larger language gains than curricula and large-group or whole-class delivery
• Among Latino sixth graders, increases in same-ethnic representation from elementary to middle school are associated with higher school belonging and GPA, qualified by school ethnic diversity - Among Latino sixth graders, increases in same-ethnic representation from elementary to middle school are associated with higher school belonging and GPA, qualified by school ethnic diversity
• Among LCAP planned actions referencing students in foster care in the 10 largest districts, very few were unique to foster care and an even smaller fraction of funds was - Among LCAP planned actions referencing students in foster care in the 10 largest districts, very few were unique to foster care and an even smaller fraction of funds was
• Among live-evaluation RL-in-education papers reporting significant differences, a majority reported at least one intermediate (n = 5) or large (n = 6) Cohen's d effect on post-test learning outcomes - Among live-evaluation RL-in-education papers reporting significant differences, a majority reported at least one intermediate (n = 5) or large (n = 6) Cohen's d effect on post-test learning outcomes
• Among LLM users, Low-Reliance students (use in under half of submissions) consistently outperformed High-Reliance students by roughly 7-8% across all three midterms - Among LLM users, Low-Reliance students (use in under half of submissions) consistently outperformed High-Reliance students by roughly 7-8% across all three midterms
• Among low baseline self-efficacy students, favorability toward a format moderated its benefit: tutor favorability favored tutor gains, paper unfavorability favored paper gains - Among low baseline self-efficacy students, favorability toward a format moderated its benefit: tutor favorability favored tutor gains, paper unfavorability favored paper gains
• Among lower-risk children, higher formal HME was associated with worse arithmetic performance, a reversed association already present at ages 2 and 5 - Among lower-risk children, higher formal HME was associated with worse arithmetic performance, a reversed association already present at ages 2 and 5
• Among Malaysian Muslim science students, intensity of discord over scientific claims shows no direct link to scientific reasoning ability - Among Malaysian Muslim science students, intensity of discord over scientific claims shows no direct link to scientific reasoning ability
• Among motor subskills, general FiMS and graphomotor skills show the strongest links to overall academic-cognitive skills, and miscellaneous GMS and balance the strongest among GMS subskills - Among motor subskills, general FiMS and graphomotor skills show the strongest links to overall academic-cognitive skills, and miscellaneous GMS and balance the strongest among GMS subskills
• Among NFTE alumni respondents who launched businesses, 47 percent had a business open in the past year, 65 percent of open businesses were profitable, and 52 percent employed at least one other person - Among NFTE alumni respondents who launched businesses, 47 percent had a business open in the past year, 65 percent of open businesses were profitable, and 52 percent employed at least one other person
• Among RL papers statistically outperforming baselines, normalized learning gain was the most common effective reward source, used in over half of the papers (n = 10) - Among RL papers statistically outperforming baselines, normalized learning gain was the most common effective reward source, used in over half of the papers (n = 10)
• Among RL-in-education papers testing statistical significance, 18 of 35 report at least one RL policy significantly outperforming all baselines, while over half of all reviewed papers report no statistical analysis - Among RL-in-education papers testing statistical significance, 18 of 35 report at least one RL policy significantly outperforming all baselines, while over half of all reviewed papers report no statis
• Among school-level factors, only principal leadership and school culture correlate positively with CMSE - Among school-level factors, only principal leadership and school culture correlate positively with CMSE
• Among secondary school students, calibration accuracy is unrelated to confidence in performance estimates across French, Math, and German exams - Among secondary school students, calibration accuracy is unrelated to confidence in performance estimates across French, Math, and German exams
• Among selective enrollment students, 64 percent are qualified to attend a selective or very selective college but only 37 percent enroll in one - Among selective enrollment students, 64 percent are qualified to attend a selective or very selective college but only 37 percent enroll in one
• Among similarly qualified seniors, the high school attended largely determines coursetaking patterns - Among similarly qualified seniors, the high school attended largely determines coursetaking patterns
• Among SLO districts the most frequently reported benefit was increased collaboration, while alternative assessment-based value-added models were perceived as fairer than SLOs - Among SLO districts the most frequently reported benefit was increased collaboration, while alternative assessment-based value-added models were perceived as fairer than SLOs
• Among small districts in multidistrict SELPAs, membership in a SELPA without a large district was associated with higher preK inclusion but lower K–12 inclusion - Among small districts in multidistrict SELPAs, membership in a SELPA without a large district was associated with higher preK inclusion but lower K–12 inclusion
• Among specific student constructs, academic content, discipline issues, and interpersonal competencies were the most frequently measured outcomes in character education program studies - Among specific student constructs, academic content, discipline issues, and interpersonal competencies were the most frequently measured outcomes in character education program studies
• Among students below benchmark at the start of grade 1, meeting screening benchmarks earlier is associated with higher grade 3 MCAS proficiency rates - Among students below benchmark at the start of grade 1, meeting screening benchmarks earlier is associated with higher grade 3 MCAS proficiency rates
• Among students choosing multiplist and evaluatist assumptions, 11th-grade students were more likely than eighth-grade students to justify their views with pragmatic and evidential criteria of knowing - Among students choosing multiplist and evaluatist assumptions, 11th-grade students were more likely than eighth-grade students to justify their views with pragmatic and evidential criteria of knowing
• Among students initially on-track, being male, Black, or Hispanic and attending higher-FRPL schools predict higher odds of falling off track in math - Among students initially on-track, being male, Black, or Hispanic and attending higher-FRPL schools predict higher odds of falling off track in math
• Among students overweight or obese at baseline who received both Get Fit and Prevention, BMI z-scores and overweight/obesity prevalence were reduced - Among students overweight or obese at baseline who received both Get Fit and Prevention, BMI z-scores and overweight/obesity prevalence were reduced
• Among students receiving at least 24 hours of Air Tutors tutoring, no statistically significant long-term effect on statewide math assessments was detected - Among students receiving at least 24 hours of Air Tutors tutoring, no statistically significant long-term effect on statewide math assessments was detected
• Among students receiving at least 24 hours of Air Tutors tutoring, the program showed no significant impact on statewide summative assessments but a positive, statistically significant impact on district benchmark assessments in both districts (effect sizes 0.13 and 0.33) - Among students receiving at least 24 hours of Air Tutors tutoring, the program showed no significant impact on statewide summative assessments but a positive, statistically significant impact on distr
• Among students starting 6th grade on track, being male, Black, Hispanic, or attending a higher low-income school is associated with falling off track - Among students starting 6th grade on track, being male, Black, Hispanic, or attending a higher low-income school is associated with falling off track
• Among students who started the year most at risk for reading difficulties, none of the three implementation features (timing, frequency, tutor qualifications) was associated with end-of-year literacy progress - Among students who started the year most at risk for reading difficulties, none of the three implementation features (timing, frequency, tutor qualifications) was associated with end-of-year literacy
• Among students with an IEP, youth with emotional disturbance or an intellectual disability experienced more positive changes over the past decade than youth in other disability groups - Among students with an IEP, youth with emotional disturbance or an intellectual disability experienced more positive changes over the past decade than youth in other disability groups
• Among students with low performance expectations, self-first variety (a self-focused essay followed by other-focused letters) produced higher grades than other-first variety - Among students with low performance expectations, self-first variety (a self-focused essay followed by other-focused letters) produced higher grades than other-first variety
• Among students with the same ACT scores (21-23), college graduation rates are 77 percent for those with a high school GPA of 3.5 or higher versus 40 percent for those with a GPA of 2.0-2.4 - Among students with the same ACT scores (21-23), college graduation rates are 77 percent for those with a high school GPA of 3.5 or higher versus 40 percent for those with a GPA of 2.0-2.4
• Among students with the same high grades, ACT scores differ substantially by race/ethnicity, a pattern the report flags as possible racial bias - Among students with the same high grades, ACT scores differ substantially by race/ethnicity, a pattern the report flags as possible racial bias
• Among students, longer AI-use experience is monotonically associated with higher perceived usefulness (Spearman's r = 0.327), though self-selection may explain part of the pattern - Among students, longer AI-use experience is monotonically associated with higher perceived usefulness (Spearman's r = 0.327), though self-selection may explain part of the pattern
• Among TAM constructs, result demonstrability, intention to use, and ease of use received the highest ratings while output quality was lowest - Among TAM constructs, result demonstrability, intention to use, and ease of use received the highest ratings while output quality was lowest
• Among the 27 participating TUDA districts, mathematics and reading scores were relatively stable since 2017, with most declines in grade 8 reading - Among the 27 participating TUDA districts, mathematics and reading scores were relatively stable since 2017, with most declines in grade 8 reading
• Among the 50 most innovative U.S. universities, instructor-set syllabus-level governance is the dominant GenAI convergence, with 33 of 50 providing syllabus or course-policy guidance - Among the 50 most innovative U.S.
• Among the 57 mixed methods articles, explanatory sequential designs were most common (52.6%), followed by convergent (40.4%) and exploratory sequential (7.0%) designs - Among the 57 mixed methods articles, explanatory sequential designs were most common (52.6%), followed by convergent (40.4%) and exploratory sequential (7.0%) designs
• Among the CPS class of 2009, 76 percent enrolled in college within six years, and delayed entry was concentrated among two-year starters rather than four-year starters - Among the CPS class of 2009, 76 percent enrolled in college within six years, and delayed entry was concentrated among two-year starters rather than four-year starters
• Among the five lessons rated highly for both mathematical sense-making and student questioning and reasoning, contextualized story problems featured prominently - Among the five lessons rated highly for both mathematical sense-making and student questioning and reasoning, contextualized story problems featured prominently
• Among the three 8B LLMs, Llama 3 underperforms Apertus and Granite 3.3 on most evaluation metrics - Among the three 8B LLMs, Llama 3 underperforms Apertus and Granite 3.3 on most evaluation metrics
• Among top-performing math students, male students show strongly math-oriented math–reading achievement profiles whereas female students' profiles are more balanced - Among top-performing math students, male students show strongly math-oriented math–reading achievement profiles whereas female students' profiles are more balanced
• Among two objects with the same signalling, participants focused more on the arrow-cued object, and the change occurred in the un-cued object - Among two objects with the same signalling, participants focused more on the arrow-cued object, and the change occurred in the un-cued object
• Among university students, poorer calibration accuracy is accompanied by lower confidence in the performance estimate, independent of performance level - Among university students, poorer calibration accuracy is accompanied by lower confidence in the performance estimate, independent of performance level
• Among youth from low-income families, perceived neighborhood safety is negatively associated with GPA, whereas among non-low-income youth no association is observed - Among youth from low-income families, perceived neighborhood safety is negatively associated with GPA, whereas among non-low-income youth no association is observed
• Among youth who did not complete high-school, strong school belonging is associated with five percentage points lower NEET likelihood - Among youth who did not complete high-school, strong school belonging is associated with five percentage points lower NEET likelihood
• Amotivation increased in both conditions during the intervention, but the increase was smaller in the need-supportive condition - Amotivation increased in both conditions during the intervention, but the increase was smaller in the need-supportive condition
• Amount of accumulated deliberate practice distinguishes more from less accomplished musicians - Amount of accumulated deliberate practice distinguishes more from less accomplished musicians
• Amount of ASR practice (days per week, session length) showed no observable difference in pronunciation improvement - Amount of ASR practice (days per week, session length) showed no observable difference in pronunciation improvement
• Amount of child-directed speech at 19 months predicts expressive vocabulary size at 24 months in low-SES Spanish-learning infants - Amount of child-directed speech at 19 months predicts expressive vocabulary size at 24 months in low-SES Spanish-learning infants
• Amount of listening time while active was not significantly related to End-of-Unit exam performance - Amount of listening time while active was not significantly related to End-of-Unit exam performance
• Amount of sensorimotor engagement, target language, proficiency, and type of embodied interaction do not significantly moderate embodied vocabulary learning effects - Amount of sensorimotor engagement, target language, proficiency, and type of embodied interaction do not significantly moderate embodied vocabulary learning effects
• AMOVA uses a null-hypothesis rejection cutoff at a TPE score of 2.45, which rounds via the nearest-integer function to 3.00 - AMOVA uses a null-hypothesis rejection cutoff at a TPE score of 2.45, which rounds via the nearest-integer function to 3.00
• Amplify Science intervention showed only a small, non-significant effect on a standardized science assessment distal to the NGSS (g = 0.09) - Amplify Science intervention showed only a small, non-significant effect on a standardized science assessment distal to the NGSS (g = 0.09)
• AMPT gave students the opportunity to express themselves and see their interests reflected in the math domain - AMPT gave students the opportunity to express themselves and see their interests reflected in the math domain
• AMSTI science teachers reported statistically significantly higher levels of student engagement than control group science teachers - AMSTI science teachers reported statistically significantly higher levels of student engagement than control group science teachers
• An 11-case manual validation matrix confirms DebugTracker records the debugging process across Python, TypeScript, and Java tasks and three operating systems - An 11-case manual validation matrix confirms DebugTracker records the debugging process across Python, TypeScript, and Java tasks and three operating systems
• An 11-week teacher-delivered phonological awareness intervention significantly improves kindergarten children's phoneme segmentation, letter knowledge, reading, and invented spelling - An 11-week teacher-delivered phonological awareness intervention significantly improves kindergarten children's phoneme segmentation, letter knowledge, reading, and invented spelling
• An 8-hour SRL teacher training improved teachers' self-efficacy to foster SRL and perceived SRL practice, but not student-level outcomes - An 8-hour SRL teacher training improved teachers' self-efficacy to foster SRL and perceived SRL practice, but not student-level outcomes
• An 8-week basketball mathematics intervention improves fraction performance more than control conditions in 11–13-year-olds - An 8-week basketball mathematics intervention improves fraction performance more than control conditions in 11–13-year-olds
• An abbreviated 12-item RPM subset predicts sentence recognition in CI users with comparable validity to the full 48-item test - An abbreviated 12-item RPM subset predicts sentence recognition in CI users with comparable validity to the full 48-item test
• An abundance of choices can worsen education decisions, contributing to college dropout when combined with a lack of structure - An abundance of choices can worsen education decisions, contributing to college dropout when combined with a lack of structure
• An accountability feature allowing students to grade received reviews improved the correlation between expert and peer marks in peerScholar - An accountability feature allowing students to grade received reviews improved the correlation between expert and peer marks in peerScholar
• An ACO-derived 12-item short form (GenAI-SRL-12) retains the full scale's factor structure, reliability, and construct equivalence - An ACO-derived 12-item short form (GenAI-SRL-12) retains the full scale's factor structure, reliability, and construct equivalence
• An adapted SimCalc intervention in Florida produced strong learning gains (ES = 1.09), significantly higher posttests than predicted from the Texas control group - An adapted SimCalc intervention in Florida produced strong learning gains (ES = 1.09), significantly higher posttests than predicted from the Texas control group
• An adapted SimCalc linear-function unit in England produced significant posttest gains versus Texas-control predictions (ES = 0.57), with no significant gain differences by poverty or prior achievement - An adapted SimCalc linear-function unit in England produced significant posttest gains versus Texas-control predictions (ES = 0.57), with no significant gain differences by poverty or prior achievemen
• An adaptive AI-based STEM instructional program produced statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group across all deep learning dimensions in sixth-grade science - An adaptive AI-based STEM instructional program produced statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group across all deep learning dimensions in sixth-grade science
• An adaptive mastery testing strategy reduces test length by 30% to 81% while reaching the same mastery decision as the conventional test for 96% of trainees - An adaptive mastery testing strategy reduces test length by 30% to 81% while reaching the same mastery decision as the conventional test for 96% of trainees
• An additional $1,000 of grant aid improves year-to-year persistence by a statistically significant 1.2 percentage points, with smaller statistically insignificant effects on degree completion - An additional $1,000 of grant aid improves year-to-year persistence by a statistically significant 1.2 percentage points, with smaller statistically insignificant effects on degree completion
• An additional month of relative age among peers decreases the likelihood of receiving special education services by 2-5 percent - An additional month of relative age among peers decreases the likelihood of receiving special education services by 2-5 percent
• An adjacent corridor served as an improvised spatial expansion of the makerspace mediating students' knowledge practices - An adjacent corridor served as an improvised spatial expansion of the makerspace mediating students' knowledge practices
• An adult-education market report asserts, quoting earlier research it does not detail, that adult training yields better results the more closely it relates to a real job or occupation - An adult-education market report asserts, quoting earlier research it does not detail, that adult training yields better results the more closely it relates to a real job or occupation
• An adult-education market report, citing a 2014 Department of Labor synthesis, states that cohort membership contributes to adult learners' skill development and persistence - An adult-education market report, citing a 2014 Department of Labor synthesis, states that cohort membership contributes to adult learners' skill development and persistence
• An agentic AI instructor sustained and deepened student engagement across successive course modules in a field deployment - An agentic AI instructor sustained and deepened student engagement across successive course modules in a field deployment
• An agentic cursor increased participants' understanding and predictability of the AI agent's actions during collaborative writing - An agentic cursor increased participants' understanding and predictability of the AI agent's actions during collaborative writing
• An AI assistant configured on the ISLE approach can scaffold the epistemic core of inquiry, at the level of feasibility - An AI assistant configured on the ISLE approach can scaffold the epistemic core of inquiry, at the level of feasibility
• An AI browser's refusal on academic integrity grounds was bypassed with a single unverified claim of instructor status - An AI browser's refusal on academic integrity grounds was bypassed with a single unverified claim of instructor status
• An AI-enabled world demands a data-literate citizenry able to read, use, interpret, and communicate about data and participate in AI-related policy debates - An AI-enabled world demands a data-literate citizenry able to read, use, interpret, and communicate about data and participate in AI-related policy debates
• An AI-supported reading progress tool produced large effect sizes for speed and accuracy but not significant prosody gains for third-grade EFL learners - An AI-supported reading progress tool produced large effect sizes for speed and accuracy but not significant prosody gains for third-grade EFL learners
• An analysis of 10,000 tech entrepreneurs and 135 venture capital firms found only 1% of venture-funded tech projects went to Black individuals - An analysis of 10,000 tech entrepreneurs and 135 venture capital firms found only 1% of venture-funded tech projects went to Black individuals
• An analysis of 23 state ESSA plans identified four main categories of SEA and LEA roles in school improvement: LEA Independence, SEA Oversight, SEA Resource, and SEA–LEA Collaboration. - An analysis of 23 state ESSA plans identified four main categories of SEA and LEA roles in school improvement: LEA Independence, SEA Oversight, SEA Resource, and SEA–LEA Collaboration.
• An analysis of 69 district Portraits of a Graduate finds six Skill Sets that capture 90 percent of the attributes districts articulate - An analysis of 69 district Portraits of a Graduate finds six Skill Sets that capture 90 percent of the attributes districts articulate
• An analytical chapter identifies reward hacking, engagement optimization over learning, and scaffolding dependency as risks of RL policies with poorly specified rewards - An analytical chapter identifies reward hacking, engagement optimization over learning, and scaffolding dependency as risks of RL policies with poorly specified rewards
• An analytical strategy training program embedded in a digital literacy course improved university students' performance on online search and evaluation tasks, though to varying extent. - An analytical strategy training program embedded in a digital literacy course improved university students' performance on online search and evaluation tasks, though to varying extent.
• An anomalous third-test result was attributed to urging all pupils to read as rapidly as possible, which spurred the no-drill group more - An anomalous third-test result was attributed to urging all pupils to read as rapidly as possible, which spurred the no-drill group more
• An apparent switching advantage in dyslexia (lower switching reaction-time cost) disappears after controlling for processing speed - An apparent switching advantage in dyslexia (lower switching reaction-time cost) disappears after controlling for processing speed
• An approximately hour-long interactive computer tutorial on orthographic projection produced significant pre–post performance gains for most students - An approximately hour-long interactive computer tutorial on orthographic projection produced significant pre–post performance gains for most students
• An argument's named authoritative author increased mathematicians' persuasiveness ratings, but the authority effect vanished for deductive proofs - An argument's named authoritative author increased mathematicians' persuasiveness ratings, but the authority effect vanished for deductive proofs
• An argument-based approach to test score effectiveness can be illustrated by contrasting effectiveness arguments for interim assessments based on a conventional test blueprint versus one augmented with learning progressions - An argument-based approach to test score effectiveness can be illustrated by contrasting effectiveness arguments for interim assessments based on a conventional test blueprint versus one augmented wit
• An article on narrative inquiry asserts, without data, that teachers' internal drive rather than top-down prescriptions leads to the most successful change in educational practice - An article on narrative inquiry asserts, without data, that teachers' internal drive rather than top-down prescriptions leads to the most successful change in educational practice
• An AST-only structural classifier substantially exceeds random baseline accuracy in predicting CogTax levels, with L1–L3 mutually confused and L4 perfectly precise - An AST-only structural classifier substantially exceeds random baseline accuracy in predicting CogTax levels, with L1–L3 mutually confused and L4 perfectly precise
• An audio-augmented toy produced significantly longer cooperative play than the same toy without augmentation in triads of 6- to 11-year-olds - An audio-augmented toy produced significantly longer cooperative play than the same toy without augmentation in triads of 6- to 11-year-olds
• An authentic (greenhouse) video setting improves retention but not application of instructional video content in Experiment 1 - An authentic (greenhouse) video setting improves retention but not application of instructional video content in Experiment 1
• An automated agent responding to detected gaming-the-system reduced gaming by half and improved gaming students' learning - An automated agent responding to detected gaming-the-system reduced gaming by half and improved gaming students' learning
• An automated LLM assessor rates 3E clinical communication skills with agreement comparable to individual human raters - An automated LLM assessor rates 3E clinical communication skills with agreement comparable to individual human raters
• An automatic measure of speech style accommodation significantly positively correlates with prevalence of other-oriented transacts in dyadic debates (R = .36, p < .05) - An automatic measure of speech style accommodation significantly positively correlates with prevalence of other-oriented transacts in dyadic debates (R = .36, p < .05)
• An earlier Number Rockets study showed positive effects but was excluded from evidence ratings because its tutors were the authors' graduate students - An earlier Number Rockets study showed positive effects but was excluded from evidence ratings because its tutors were the authors' graduate students
• An earlier report of the national KIPP evaluation described strong positive achievement impacts in math and reading for 22 KIPP middle schools - An earlier report of the national KIPP evaluation described strong positive achievement impacts in math and reading for 22 KIPP middle schools
• An earlier YOLO-5-based handwriting recognition method reached only 88.28% accuracy on examination table fields, which the authors judge insufficient for summative assessment - An earlier YOLO-5-based handwriting recognition method reached only 88.28% accuracy on examination table fields, which the authors judge insufficient for summative assessment
• An early-semester presentation on fluency and feeling of learning improved students' attitudes toward active learning - An early-semester presentation on fluency and feeling of learning improved students' attitudes toward active learning
• An efficiency paradox: well-intentioned students default to passive GenAI processes and experience cognitive laziness and overreliance - An efficiency paradox: well-intentioned students default to passive GenAI processes and experience cognitive laziness and overreliance
• An effort-based reward did not significantly reduce answer offloading or improve unaided performance - An effort-based reward did not significantly reduce answer offloading or improve unaided performance
• An eight-week commercial video game intervention produced significant gains on all three measured graduate skills relative to control, totalling about 14 hours of play - An eight-week commercial video game intervention produced significant gains on all three measured graduate skills relative to control, totalling about 14 hours of play
• An elementary-school RCT found no statistically significant difference between TFA and non-TFA teachers in mathematics or reading achievement - An elementary-school RCT found no statistically significant difference between TFA and non-TFA teachers in mathematics or reading achievement
• An ELEVATE prototype achieves near real-time end-to-end tutoring interaction on consumer-grade school hardware without cloud GPUs - An ELEVATE prototype achieves near real-time end-to-end tutoring interaction on consumer-grade school hardware without cloud GPUs
• An emotion-control strategy is expected to lower state anxiety early in training, with a stronger negative relationship for trainees high in trait anxiety - An emotion-control strategy is expected to lower state anxiety early in training, with a stronger negative relationship for trainees high in trait anxiety
• An emotional connection to nature, rather than conservation knowledge, is a powerful predictor of children's conservation behavior - An emotional connection to nature, rather than conservation knowledge, is a powerful predictor of children's conservation behavior
• An empirical experiment discovered applicability conditions for five of PROTO-TEG's nine didactic strategies - An empirical experiment discovered applicability conditions for five of PROTO-TEG's nine didactic strategies
• An engagement-optimized RL tutor exhibits reward hacking, achieving the highest cumulative reward while producing minimal learning and a 70.8% behavioral-safety violation rate - An engagement-optimized RL tutor exhibits reward hacking, achieving the highest cumulative reward while producing minimal learning and a 70.8% behavioral-safety violation rate
• An epistemological account of human-GAI engagement lays a foundation for alternative approaches to teaching, assessment, professional development and AI governance - An epistemological account of human-GAI engagement lays a foundation for alternative approaches to teaching, assessment, professional development and AI governance
• An equity and personalization focus led teachers to apply elements of formative assessment without extensive formal training - An equity and personalization focus led teachers to apply elements of formative assessment without extensive formal training
• An ERIC digest reports that a 2000 validity study gave strong initial evidence that National Board certification identifies teachers who are more expert and whose students learn more deeply - An ERIC digest reports that a 2000 validity study gave strong initial evidence that National Board certification identifies teachers who are more expert and whose students learn more deeply
• An estimated 18 percent of CPS ninth-graders will obtain a four-year college degree within 10 years of starting high school (Bachelor's DAI, 2015) - An estimated 18 percent of CPS ninth-graders will obtain a four-year college degree within 10 years of starting high school (Bachelor's DAI, 2015)
• An estimated 19 percent of Local School Councils are nonfunctional - An estimated 19 percent of Local School Councils are nonfunctional
• An estimated 31 million or more US students over the last 20 years enrolled in but did not complete post-secondary education - An estimated 31 million or more US students over the last 20 years enrolled in but did not complete post-secondary education
• An estimated 39-46% of Chicago elementary schools show consolidated principal power while 23-32% show strong democracy - An estimated 39-46% of Chicago elementary schools show consolidated principal power while 23-32% show strong democracy
• An estimated 46 percent of Chicago elementary principals display inclusive leadership - An estimated 46 percent of Chicago elementary principals display inclusive leadership
• An estimated one-third of students fail to learn because of psychosocial problems that interfere with engagement in instruction - An estimated one-third of students fail to learn because of psychosocial problems that interfere with engagement in instruction
• An evaluation of the New York City community schools initiative found increased graduation rates, increased elementary and middle school mathematics achievement, and reductions in chronic absenteeism. - An evaluation of the New York City community schools initiative found increased graduation rates, increased elementary and middle school mathematics achievement, and reductions in chronic absenteeism.
• An evaluation of the World History Project detected no statistically significant difference from comparison students in the other five historical thinking skills - An evaluation of the World History Project detected no statistically significant difference from comparison students in the other five historical thinking skills
• An evaluation study compares teachers trained through different routes to certification - An evaluation study compares teachers trained through different routes to certification
• An exam with low internal consistency cannot be used to verify peer assessment validity - An exam with low internal consistency cannot be used to verify peer assessment validity
• An example-based built-in course in a mobile chatbot journaling system increases students' intrinsic motivation for creating a learning journal - An example-based built-in course in a mobile chatbot journaling system increases students' intrinsic motivation for creating a learning journal
• An Executive LLM focused on a skill elicits significantly more skill-related evidence than Independent Agents, with a crossover effect between skills - An Executive LLM focused on a skill elicits significantly more skill-related evidence than Independent Agents, with a crossover effect between skills
• An explicit prompt instruction to challenge gently changed nothing: the agent challenged in about 1% of turns under both prompts - An explicit prompt instruction to challenge gently changed nothing: the agent challenged in about 1% of turns under both prompts
• An exploratory configural caseness rule formalizes when a veteran warrants treatment for moral injury - An exploratory configural caseness rule formalizes when a veteran warrants treatment for moral injury
• An exploratory path model suggests perceived responsible behavior mediates the association between KBD and both learner motivation and acceptance - An exploratory path model suggests perceived responsible behavior mediates the association between KBD and both learner motivation and acceptance
• An external implementation study rated the STeLLA® and comparison professional development programs similarly on provider effectiveness, pacing, engagement, and collaboration - An external implementation study rated the STeLLA® and comparison professional development programs similarly on provider effectiveness, pacing, engagement, and collaboration
• An ICAP theory article reports, second-hand and without describing the design, a study in which concept mapping with a peer enhanced learning more than concept mapping alone - An ICAP theory article reports, second-hand and without describing the design, a study in which concept mapping with a peer enhanced learning more than concept mapping alone
• An IES practice-guide presentation recommends personalized problem contexts, asserting without cited studies that students engage more actively and perform better in them - An IES practice-guide presentation recommends personalized problem contexts, asserting without cited studies that students engage more actively and perform better in them
• An immersive storybook taught entirely in French was designed to help teachers recognize multilingual learners' assets - An immersive storybook taught entirely in French was designed to help teachers recognize multilingual learners' assets
• An Indian-accented agent was integrated as a trustworthy conversational peer through repeated, contextually useful contributions - An Indian-accented agent was integrated as a trustworthy conversational peer through repeated, contextually useful contributions
• An indirect, gradual nature-study approach to sex instruction is superfluous and may arouse pupils' suspicions rather than disarm them - An indirect, gradual nature-study approach to sex instruction is superfluous and may arouse pupils' suspicions rather than disarm them
• An individual-then-collaborative activity structure (I+C) yields better delayed recall than collaborative-then-individual (C+I) and fully individual (I) structures - An individual-then-collaborative activity structure (I+C) yields better delayed recall than collaborative-then-individual (C+I) and fully individual (I) structures
• An information test correlates only weakly with college class grades, with r = .13 for freshmen and r = 0 for seniors - An information test correlates only weakly with college class grades, with r = .13 for freshmen and r = 0 for seniors
• An initial PD design that did not distinguish equity conceptions reified deficit perspectives of multilingual learners - An initial PD design that did not distinguish equity conceptions reified deficit perspectives of multilingual learners
• An initial QRC deployment terminated artificially created pseudoscience debates on several popular web portals - An initial QRC deployment terminated artificially created pseudoscience debates on several popular web portals
• An innovation foreign to the rest of its system tends to be rejected; lasting change needs a coordinated bundle of innovations. - Ellsworth's survey of educational change models concludes that a single innovation incompatible with the system it enters may be rejected, and that success depends on a coordinated bundle of innovatio
• An instructional focus on advanced reading abilities benefits poor comprehenders while good readers suffer under that focus - An instructional focus on advanced reading abilities benefits poor comprehenders while good readers suffer under that focus
• An instructor's upright versus slumped and open versus closed body posture in an educational video affects students' perceived instructor enthusiasm on both dimensions - An instructor's upright versus slumped and open versus closed body posture in an educational video affects students' perceived instructor enthusiasm on both dimensions
• An intelligent reading tutor used 20 minutes a day offered time efficiencies over conventional human tutoring of 30 or more minutes a day - An intelligent reading tutor used 20 minutes a day offered time efficiencies over conventional human tutoring of 30 or more minutes a day
• An intensive principal professional development program did not change principals' practices in the ways intended by the program - An intensive principal professional development program did not change principals' practices in the ways intended by the program
• An internal program review found absence of a consistent pedagogical framework and need for active case-based materials - An internal program review found absence of a consistent pedagogical framework and need for active case-based materials
• An irrelevance prompt eliminates the recall cost of seductive details, supporting the diversion explanation - An irrelevance prompt eliminates the recall cost of seductive details, supporting the diversion explanation
• An IRT-based difficulty-aware conversational KT framework improves AUC over the LLMKT baseline on both QATD2k and MathDial - An IRT-based difficulty-aware conversational KT framework improves AUC over the LLMKT baseline on both QATD2k and MathDial
• An item positioned later in one booklet was found more difficult by that booklet's test takers, attributed to fatigue effect - An item positioned later in one booklet was found more difficult by that booklet's test takers, attributed to fatigue effect
• An iterative two-stage linking procedure improves identification of DIF items - An iterative two-stage linking procedure improves identification of DIF items
• An LLM debugging assistant correctly interprets brief, informal natural-language prompts describing circuits - An LLM debugging assistant correctly interprets brief, informal natural-language prompts describing circuits
• An LLM debugging assistant provides accurate, detailed descriptions of circuit components and their proper connections - An LLM debugging assistant provides accurate, detailed descriptions of circuit components and their proper connections
• An LLM facilitator agent maintains pace and coherence in structured group ethics discussions - An LLM facilitator agent maintains pace and coherence in structured group ethics discussions
• An LLM-based AI Evaluator agrees with expert human raters on collaboration transcripts at a level similar to inter-expert agreement - An LLM-based AI Evaluator agrees with expert human raters on collaboration transcripts at a level similar to inter-expert agreement
• An LLM-based analogy judge validated against expert judgments shows moderate-to-strong agreement and screens most generated analogies as meeting baseline adequacy - An LLM-based analogy judge validated against expert judgments shows moderate-to-strong agreement and screens most generated analogies as meeting baseline adequacy
• An LLM-based educational agent-enriched learning context improved task performance in most experimental classes but not all, with one experimental class underperforming the control on the complex task - An LLM-based educational agent-enriched learning context improved task performance in most experimental classes but not all, with one experimental class underperforming the control on the complex task
• An LLM-based Q&A practice system reduced presentation anxiety and improved perceived preparedness among first-time conference participants - An LLM-based Q&A practice system reduced presentation anxiety and improved perceived preparedness among first-time conference participants
• An LLM-based question-specificity classifier reached .830 knowledge and .829 scaffold accuracy without fine-tuning - An LLM-based question-specificity classifier reached .830 knowledge and .829 scaffold accuracy without fine-tuning
• An LLM-generated flowchart linking semantic feature descriptions to code across HTML, CSS, and JS files supports novice creative coders' orientation, navigation, and code understanding - An LLM-generated flowchart linking semantic feature descriptions to code across HTML, CSS, and JS files supports novice creative coders' orientation, navigation, and code understanding
• An LSTM-based strategy temporal analytics framework outperforms random forest, SVM, and majority-class baselines for stealth assessment predictive accuracy - An LSTM-based strategy temporal analytics framework outperforms random forest, SVM, and majority-class baselines for stealth assessment predictive accuracy
• An NSF-funded replication of Math Corps operated in three new cities across summers 2017–2019 with independent evaluation - An NSF-funded replication of Math Corps operated in three new cities across summers 2017–2019 with independent evaluation
• An NWEA research brief examines how self-efficacy relates to the persistence of achievement gaps for English Language Learners; its landing page states no finding - An NWEA research brief examines how self-efficacy relates to the persistence of achievement gaps for English Language Learners; its landing page states no finding
• An on-premises LLM autograder graded a 200-student course at 1–3 minutes wall-clock time per submission across a full term - An on-premises LLM autograder graded a 200-student course at 1–3 minutes wall-clock time per submission across a full term
• An online cross-disciplinary learning process with OPM modeling assignments effectively enhanced systems thinking and modeling skills of learners, including those with no relevant background - An online cross-disciplinary learning process with OPM modeling assignments effectively enhanced systems thinking and modeling skills of learners, including those with no relevant background
• An online PD program using unplugged explainable machine-learning activities increased K–12 educators' AI self-efficacy from below-moderate to above-moderate levels - An online PD program using unplugged explainable machine-learning activities increased K–12 educators' AI self-efficacy from below-moderate to above-moderate levels
• An online word error rate checker correlates strongly with the study's segmental error rate measure, offering a quick pronunciation accuracy score - An online word error rate checker correlates strongly with the study's segmental error rate measure, offering a quick pronunciation accuracy score
• An open and democratic classroom climate with discussion and dialogue appears to effectively promote citizenship development among secondary school students - An open and democratic classroom climate with discussion and dialogue appears to effectively promote citizenship development among secondary school students
• An open classroom climate at school can partially compensate for the disadvantages of young people with low socioeconomic status - An open classroom climate at school can partially compensate for the disadvantages of young people with low socioeconomic status
• An open classroom climate fosters adolescents' intention to be an informed voter - An open classroom climate fosters adolescents' intention to be an informed voter
• An open classroom climate has a positive impact on adolescents' civic knowledge and appreciation of political conflict, controlling for individual, classroom, school, and district characteristics - An open classroom climate has a positive impact on adolescents' civic knowledge and appreciation of political conflict, controlling for individual, classroom, school, and district characteristics
• An otherwise impossible 4:3 bimanual circling frequency relationship can be performed comfortably when it serves visual symmetry of visible proxy flags - An otherwise impossible 4:3 bimanual circling frequency relationship can be performed comfortably when it serves visual symmetry of visible proxy flags
• An overcoming-barriers retrieval-practice intervention increases undergraduates' generation of general retrieval practice examples at both immediate and three-week follow-up - An overcoming-barriers retrieval-practice intervention increases undergraduates' generation of general retrieval practice examples at both immediate and three-week follow-up
• An SDT-based questionnaire yields seven distinct, reliable motivation subtypes for Chinese college ESP learners - An SDT-based questionnaire yields seven distinct, reliable motivation subtypes for Chinese college ESP learners
• An SLM executor under tight constraints can drive a Cognitive Agent through formatted outputs and logit-based action selection, yielding partial rather than full explainability - An SLM executor under tight constraints can drive a Cognitive Agent through formatted outputs and logit-based action selection, yielding partial rather than full explainability
• An unexpected effect: task difficulty variation in the Tetris study also produced differences in reported extraneous cognitive load - An unexpected effect: task difficulty variation in the Tetris study also produced differences in reported extraneous cognitive load
• Anaheim High School's lab showed sustained and expanded impact in year two, with student-led use outpacing teacher engagement - Anaheim High School's lab showed sustained and expanded impact in year two, with student-led use outpacing teacher engagement
• Analog artefacts such as the nautical paper chart serve as public inscriptions and arenas for reasoning about rule following, making students' intentions assessable to instructors and teammates - Analog artefacts such as the nautical paper chart serve as public inscriptions and arenas for reasoning about rule following, making students' intentions assessable to instructors and teammates
• Analogical reasoning and perspective taking are the strongest predictors of knowledge integration, followed by tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty and reflexivity - Analogical reasoning and perspective taking are the strongest predictors of knowledge integration, followed by tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty and reflexivity
• Analysis of 52 higher-education assessment plans found outcome-based orientation dominant, with dynamic elements subsumed under summative scoring - Analysis of 52 higher-education assessment plans found outcome-based orientation dominant, with dynamic elements subsumed under summative scoring
• Analytic grades matched expert criteria more often for weak essays while holistic grades did so for strong essays - Analytic grades matched expert criteria more often for weak essays while holistic grades did so for strong essays
• Analytical competence showed a leap-plateau trajectory across sequential authentic-video workshops, improving mainly between Workshops 2 and 3 - Analytical competence showed a leap-plateau trajectory across sequential authentic-video workshops, improving mainly between Workshops 2 and 3
• Analytically, the DR estimator's bias is bounded by the product of propensity and imputation errors, and its generalization bound contains a variance term scaling with squared imputation error - Analytically, the DR estimator's bias is bounded by the product of propensity and imputation errors, and its generalization bound contains a variance term scaling with squared imputation error
• Analyzing a problem before reading facilitates subsequent recall of a relevant text for both novices and experts - Analyzing a problem before reading facilitates subsequent recall of a relevant text for both novices and experts
• Analyzing arts-based data was one of the biggest challenges in community-based arts-based research: what counts as data was unclear, conventional textual analyses dominated, and researcher-led versus participant-led interpretation each risked stereotyping - Analyzing arts-based data was one of the biggest challenges in community-based arts-based research: what counts as data was unclear, conventional textual analyses dominated, and researcher-led versus
• Analyzing fluctuation of engagement over time rather than averaging on-task and off-task instances across a lecture provides novel insights into student behavior - Analyzing fluctuation of engagement over time rather than averaging on-task and off-task instances across a lecture provides novel insights into student behavior
• Analyzing Give-N data by knower-level yields greater statistical power than analyzing by percent correct, plausibly explaining the discrepancy with Ansari et al. (2003). - Analyzing Give-N data by knower-level yields greater statistical power than analyzing by percent correct, plausibly explaining the discrepancy with Ansari et al.
• Analyzing practical-measure data across student groups helps teachers tailor CRSE instruction - Analyzing practical-measure data across student groups helps teachers tailor CRSE instruction
• Anatomical development measured by wrist-bone radiographs correlates very highly with height and weight in the Baldwin study - Anatomical development measured by wrist-bone radiographs correlates very highly with height and weight in the Baldwin study
• Anatomy images were more likely than evolution images to have direct placement only - Anatomy images were more likely than evolution images to have direct placement only
• Anchored discussion produces more meaning-oriented discussion of academic texts than traditional forum discussion - Anchored discussion produces more meaning-oriented discussion of academic texts than traditional forum discussion
• Anchored discussion strengthens referrals to content and prompts rereading of relevant passages - Anchored discussion strengthens referrals to content and prompts rereading of relevant passages
• Anchored discussion supports greater communicative efficiency but not higher mutual understanding - Anchored discussion supports greater communicative efficiency but not higher mutual understanding
• Anchored judge prompts restore score discrimination and raise the reward's agreement with independent human ratings (Spearman ρ 0.672→0.741) - Anchored judge prompts restore score discrimination and raise the reward's agreement with independent human ratings (Spearman ρ 0.672→0.741)
• Anchoring collaboration in a shared epistemic object distinguished the successful co-invention teams from the unsuccessful one - Anchoring collaboration in a shared epistemic object distinguished the successful co-invention teams from the unsuccessful one
• Anchoring-and-adjusting perspective taking saves effort but adjustments systematically fall short - Anchoring-and-adjusting perspective taking saves effort but adjustments systematically fall short
• Anchoring-and-adjustment explains the underconfidence-with-practice effect, with JOLs anchored between 30 and 50% correct recall - Anchoring-and-adjustment explains the underconfidence-with-practice effect, with JOLs anchored between 30 and 50% correct recall
• Anderson's structured cognitive tutoring systems and Papert's constructionist approach embody contrasting positions on control and learner agency - Anderson's structured cognitive tutoring systems and Papert's constructionist approach embody contrasting positions on control and learner agency
• Anger did not preclude high science talk: the most anger-expressing Red City student also had the group's highest science-talk proportion - Anger did not preclude high science talk: the most anger-expressing Red City student also had the group's highest science-talk proportion
• Anger does not mediate the effect of concessive refutation statements on conceptual change or transfer - Anger does not mediate the effect of concessive refutation statements on conceptual change or transfer
• Anger in collaborative gameplay can drive students to link game mechanics to real-world phenomena to defend their strategies - Anger in collaborative gameplay can drive students to link game mechanics to real-world phenomena to defend their strategies
• Anger shows a small positive association with political learning in both cross-sectional and experimental designs - Anger shows a small positive association with political learning in both cross-sectional and experimental designs
• Anger-related science talk rose in parallel until an apparent tipping point in group dynamics - Anger-related science talk rose in parallel until an apparent tipping point in group dynamics
• Animated personas produce better learning than static ones, and agent voice contributes significantly to learning - Animated personas produce better learning than static ones, and agent voice contributes significantly to learning
• Animation is overall beneficial to retention compared with static graphics in multimedia instruction about dynamic systems - Animation is overall beneficial to retention compared with static graphics in multimedia instruction about dynamic systems
• Animation produces a small overall learning advantage over static graphics in multimedia instruction - Animation produces a small overall learning advantage over static graphics in multimedia instruction
• Animations appear to pacify learners: static-picture groups navigated far more actively than the animation group - Animations appear to pacify learners: static-picture groups navigated far more actively than the animation group
• Animations can be superior to static graphics for learning tasks involving human motor movement - Animations can be superior to static graphics for learning tasks involving human motor movement
• Animations often do not produce more effective learning than static visualizations, partly because their transience creates high working memory load - Animations often do not produce more effective learning than static visualizations, partly because their transience creates high working memory load
• ANN analysis identifies AI learning self-efficacy and perceived usefulness as the strongest and most stable predictors of AI learning anxiety, with only modest advantage over linear benchmarks - ANN analysis identifies AI learning self-efficacy and perceived usefulness as the strongest and most stable predictors of AI learning anxiety, with only modest advantage over linear benchmarks
• Annenberg elementary schools developed in small but potentially significant ways in leadership, professional community, parent and community support, and social trust, mostly mirroring citywide development patterns - Annenberg elementary schools developed in small but potentially significant ways in leadership, professional community, parent and community support, and social trust, mostly mirroring citywide develo
• Annenberg external partners accumulated substantial experience working with schools but were not particularly successful in promoting improvement across the large number of schools they served - Annenberg external partners accumulated substantial experience working with schools but were not particularly successful in promoting improvement across the large number of schools they served
• Annenberg external partners were organizationally diverse, and a majority focused their work on curriculum and instruction - Annenberg external partners were organizationally diverse, and a majority focused their work on curriculum and instruction
• Annenberg schools showed no significant differences from non-Annenberg schools in student social and psychological outcomes, some of which weakened - Annenberg schools showed no significant differences from non-Annenberg schools in student social and psychological outcomes, some of which weakened
• Annenberg students' ITBS achievement improved while student engagement and classroom behavior declined, mirroring outcomes across the Chicago system - Annenberg students' ITBS achievement improved while student engagement and classroom behavior declined, mirroring outcomes across the Chicago system
• Annual expulsion rates in early care and education settings range widely, from 6 to 43.3 per 1,000 children enrolled, varying by program type and jurisdiction. - Annual expulsion rates in early care and education settings range widely, from 6 to 43.3 per 1,000 children enrolled, varying by program type and jurisdiction.
• Anonymity in computer-mediated collaboration can produce a stronger group identity than non-anonymous face-to-face situations - Anonymity in computer-mediated collaboration can produce a stronger group identity than non-anonymous face-to-face situations
• Anonymization algorithms preserving result patterns may require sample sizes far larger than typical experiments - Anonymization algorithms preserving result patterns may require sample sizes far larger than typical experiments
• Anonymous asynchronous online peer review of writing: lower-skill students sometimes felt inferior yet increased determination, while better writers felt they learned less - Anonymous asynchronous online peer review of writing: lower-skill students sometimes felt inferior yet increased determination, while better writers felt they learned less
• Anonymous real-time sharing of student responses mitigates evaluation apprehension while preserving individual accountability (authors' account) - Anonymous real-time sharing of student responses mitigates evaluation apprehension while preserving individual accountability (authors' account)
• ANS acuity (w) did not significantly improve within children over the six-month period in the session-level analysis, though a hierarchical linear model detected a linear increase in percent correct - ANS acuity (w) did not significantly improve within children over the six-month period in the session-level analysis, though a hierarchical linear model detected a linear increase in percent correct
• ANS acuity correlates with later number sets fluency but does not emerge as a unique predictor once symbolic knowledge is controlled - ANS acuity correlates with later number sets fluency but does not emerge as a unique predictor once symbolic knowledge is controlled
• ANS acuity improves throughout development, from w = 0.525 at age 3 to w = 0.179 at age 6 and w = 0.108 in adulthood - ANS acuity improves throughout development, from w = 0.525 at age 3 to w = 0.179 at age 6 and w = 0.108 in adulthood
• ANS acuity is a unique concurrent predictor of preschool math ability beyond expressive vocabulary, non-numerical attention RT, and memory span - ANS acuity is a unique concurrent predictor of preschool math ability beyond expressive vocabulary, non-numerical attention RT, and memory span
• ANS acuity is not related to algebra achievement once covariates are controlled, whereas retrieval errors remain predictive - ANS acuity is not related to algebra achievement once covariates are controlled, whereas retrieval errors remain predictive
• ANS acuity predicts accuracy of coordinate plane placements and expression evaluation accuracy, but not equation memory, in 9th graders - ANS acuity predicts accuracy of coordinate plane placements and expression evaluation accuracy, but not equation memory, in 9th graders
• Answer format moderates the adaptive teaching effect: with open-answer items controlled, immediate learning benefits also emerge - Answer format moderates the adaptive teaching effect: with open-answer items controlled, immediate learning benefits also emerge
• Answer-revealing tutor turns are followed by less independent student work on every tutor base, a deterministic judge-invariant result - Answer-revealing tutor turns are followed by less independent student work on every tutor base, a deterministic judge-invariant result
• Answering early on few clues correlates with worse real-time proxy performance - Answering early on few clues correlates with worse real-time proxy performance
• Answering history explanation questions often requires causal inferences because causal relationships are frequently left implicit in textbooks - Answering history explanation questions often requires causal inferences because causal relationships are frequently left implicit in textbooks
• Answering inserted adjunct questions with the text available produces higher delayed transfer learning than answering post-reading questions - Answering inserted adjunct questions with the text available produces higher delayed transfer learning than answering post-reading questions
• Answering MCQs benefits learning when learners retrieve knowledge from memory to evaluate plausible alternatives, but such retrieval may not occur with easy-to-guess answers. - Answering MCQs benefits learning when learners retrieve knowledge from memory to evaluate plausible alternatives, but such retrieval may not occur with easy-to-guess answers.
• Answers to elaborative interrogation questions were mostly poor in quality, and answer quality correlated positively with posttest scores - Answers to elaborative interrogation questions were mostly poor in quality, and answer quality correlated positively with posttest scores
• Antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies are linked to higher-quality teacher-student interactions and better classroom management - Antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies are linked to higher-quality teacher-student interactions and better classroom management
• Anthropometric variables, body composition and hand grip strength show no correlation with creativity components in this sample - Anthropometric variables, body composition and hand grip strength show no correlation with creativity components in this sample
• Anthropomorphic and colour features can capture and guide attention, overlapping with the signaling principle - Anthropomorphic and colour features can capture and guide attention, overlapping with the signaling principle
• Anthropomorphic explanations appear in older children but less frequently, with only a minority of 14-year-olds' fuse explanations anthropomorphic - Anthropomorphic explanations appear in older children but less frequently, with only a minority of 14-year-olds' fuse explanations anthropomorphic
• Anthropomorphic explanations of 15 abstract physics concepts differ significantly before and after classroom pedagogical interventions - Anthropomorphic explanations of 15 abstract physics concepts differ significantly before and after classroom pedagogical interventions
• Anthropomorphism is the most common emotional design feature, implemented in 23 of 35 reviewed articles (66%) - Anthropomorphism is the most common emotional design feature, implemented in 23 of 35 reviewed articles (66%)
• Anti-bullying intervention effects are weak, and RCT designs show even smaller effects than earlier meta-analyses suggested - Anti-bullying intervention effects are weak, and RCT designs show even smaller effects than earlier meta-analyses suggested
• Antibullying attitudes are negatively related to advocating avoidance and encouraging independent coping - Antibullying attitudes are negatively related to advocating avoidance and encouraging independent coping
• Antibullying attitudes are positively related to disciplining bullies, victim support, parental involvement, and involving peer bystanders - Antibullying attitudes are positively related to disciplining bullies, victim support, parental involvement, and involving peer bystanders
• Antibullying attitudes are unrelated to advocating assertion, enlisting other adults, and separating students - Antibullying attitudes are unrelated to advocating assertion, enlisting other adults, and separating students
• Anticipated joint action modulates object perception: co-actors expecting to lift a box together judge the load as lighter - Anticipated joint action modulates object perception: co-actors expecting to lift a box together judge the load as lighter
• Anticipating a workshop versus having prior workshop experience differentiates teachers' concern profiles - Anticipating a workshop versus having prior workshop experience differentiates teachers' concern profiles
• Anticipatory self-explanation prompts benefited higher-prior-knowledge apprentices on diagnostic strategy description scores, whereas retrospective prompts benefited lower-prior-knowledge apprentices - Anticipatory self-explanation prompts benefited higher-prior-knowledge apprentices on diagnostic strategy description scores, whereas retrospective prompts benefited lower-prior-knowledge apprentices
• Anticipatory self-explanation prompts induced lower extraneous cognitive load than retrospective prompts - Anticipatory self-explanation prompts induced lower extraneous cognitive load than retrospective prompts
• Anticipatory test anxiety can set off a downward spiral of maladaptive cognitions, emotions, and behaviors - Anticipatory test anxiety can set off a downward spiral of maladaptive cognitions, emotions, and behaviors
• Antisaccade performance follows a curvilinear developmental trajectory best fit by an inverse function, with intra-subject latency variability decreasing with age - Antisaccade performance follows a curvilinear developmental trajectory best fit by an inverse function, with intra-subject latency variability decreasing with age
• Anxiety and toxic stress from stereotypes, bullying, and exclusionary practices impede learning by preoccupying the brain with worry and fear - Anxiety and toxic stress from stereotypes, bullying, and exclusionary practices impede learning by preoccupying the brain with worry and fear
• Anxiety in foreign language classroom learning experiences is linked with oral performance among Japanese EFL learners - Anxiety in foreign language classroom learning experiences is linked with oral performance among Japanese EFL learners
• Anxiety is a multifaceted construct with several differentiated types - Anxiety is a multifaceted construct with several differentiated types
• Anxiety negatively predicts subsequent mathematics test performance in primary school students when emotions are modeled simultaneously - Anxiety negatively predicts subsequent mathematics test performance in primary school students when emotions are modeled simultaneously
• Anxiety shows no significant overall association with political learning in either cross-sectional or experimental designs - Anxiety shows no significant overall association with political learning in either cross-sectional or experimental designs
• Anxiety shows positive concurrent associations with acceptance outcomes for AI-assisted English learning, and should not be read as uniformly negative or beneficial - Anxiety shows positive concurrent associations with acceptance outcomes for AI-assisted English learning, and should not be read as uniformly negative or beneficial
• Anxiety, enjoyment and boredom are three critical emotions in language learning that affect outcomes and engagement - Anxiety, enjoyment and boredom are three critical emotions in language learning that affect outcomes and engagement
• Anxiety-potentiated startle is greater during low- and medium-load tasks than during the high-load task in both age groups - Anxiety-potentiated startle is greater during low- and medium-load tasks than during the high-load task in both age groups
• Anxious affect and self-rated mastery start worse for relearning but reverse in favour of relearning by the third session - Anxious affect and self-rated mastery start worse for relearning but reverse in favour of relearning by the third session
• Any AI writing support decreases feelings of ownership compared to no AI support, with ownership following a gradient by stage (highest with no AI, then planning, revision, and AI-generated draft lowest). - Any AI writing support decreases feelings of ownership compared to no AI support, with ownership following a gradient by stage (highest with no AI, then planning, revision, and AI-generated draft lowe
• Any clicker participation outperforms absence on exam questions, but the lowest quartile sees no significant benefit - Any clicker participation outperforms absence on exam questions, but the lowest quartile sees no significant benefit
• Any positive effects of responding to disfluency are most likely to appear on later perceptual tasks, not content recall - Any positive effects of responding to disfluency are most likely to appear on later perceptual tasks, not content recall
• Any single measure type approximates the composite (.89, .87, .85) but has only limited value used alone - Any single measure type approximates the composite (.89, .87, .85) but has only limited value used alone
• AP and IB programs in neighborhood high schools serve students with higher-than-average but below selective-enrollment achievement - AP and IB programs in neighborhood high schools serve students with higher-than-average but below selective-enrollment achievement
• AP Computer Science participation is disproportionately low among girls and students of color - AP Computer Science participation is disproportionately low among girls and students of color
• APA presentations tend to overload the visual channel, especially with high element interactivity content - APA presentations tend to overload the visual channel, especially with high element interactivity content
• Apart from one specimen, ability to read mirror-script shows little correlation with ability to read illegible writing. - Apart from one specimen, ability to read mirror-script shows little correlation with ability to read illegible writing.
• APAs produce more definitive results for affective gain and group learning than for cognitive achievement gains - APAs produce more definitive results for affective gain and group learning than for cognitive achievement gains
• APOE genotype does not modify the association between Mediterranean diet or fish intake and cognitive function - APOE genotype does not modify the association between Mediterranean diet or fish intake and cognitive function
• Appalachian culture carries aspirational, resistance, and familial capital that connect to problem-solving and CT - Appalachian culture carries aspirational, resistance, and familial capital that connect to problem-solving and CT
• Apparent improvements from systematic sensory training locate in central factors such as attention and understanding, so strictly there is no sense training - Apparent improvements from systematic sensory training locate in central factors such as attention and understanding, so strictly there is no sense training
• Appending learning objectives to questions improves Bloom classification on the AF dataset - Appending learning objectives to questions improves Bloom classification on the AF dataset
• Applicants who contact a selective university's admissions office are more likely to be admitted - Applicants who contact a selective university's admissions office are more likely to be admitted
• Applicants who submitted AI-written essays were admitted at lower rates than comparable non-users, with an estimated penalty of about 1.5 percentage points per AI-written essay - Applicants who submitted AI-written essays were admitted at lower rates than comparable non-users, with an estimated penalty of about 1.5 percentage points per AI-written essay
• Application instructions successfully shifted students' reading goals toward application processing, but not memorization goals - Application instructions successfully shifted students' reading goals toward application processing, but not memorization goals
• Application of the Stanford Revision to 1000 non-selected children found the intelligence quotient a valid expression of intelligence, practically no sex differences, and social status not a disturbing influence on mental-age estimates. - Application of the Stanford Revision to 1000 non-selected children found the intelligence quotient a valid expression of intelligence, practically no sex differences, and social status not a disturbin