Claims: T 7

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• The numerical ratio effect in BOLD activity appears in superior parietal cortex in adults but in inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and thalamus in children, with no group-level parietal ratio effect in children - The numerical ratio effect in BOLD activity appears in superior parietal cortex in adults but in inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and thalamus in children, with no group-level parietal ratio
• The NWEA COVID-19 visualization provides state-level insights into 2020–2021 MAP Growth performance to inform academic recovery - The NWEA COVID-19 visualization provides state-level insights into 2020–2021 MAP Growth performance to inform academic recovery
• The OBC model benefits from clearly defined roles and shared responsibilities across district, school, and provider teams. - The OBC model benefits from clearly defined roles and shared responsibilities across district, school, and provider teams.
• The OBC model enabled districts to better establish instructional coherence, support increased student engagement, and assess associated outcomes. - The OBC model enabled districts to better establish instructional coherence, support increased student engagement, and assess associated outcomes.
• The objections stage is the most difficult stage of CRITO because it demands fallibilism about one's own argument - The objections stage is the most difficult stage of CRITO because it demands fallibilism about one's own argument
• The objective-based AI literacy assessment demonstrates psychometric stability with high reliability (KR-20 = 0.862) and approximate unidimensionality - The objective-based AI literacy assessment demonstrates psychometric stability with high reliability (KR-20 = 0.862) and approximate unidimensionality
• The occurrence of six (meta)cognitive writing activities varies significantly across episodes of task execution - The occurrence of six (meta)cognitive writing activities varies significantly across episodes of task execution
• The OCR-based text input uses far fewer tokens than image-based multimodal input for the same slide, making it more cost-effective - The OCR-based text input uses far fewer tokens than image-based multimodal input for the same slide, making it more cost-effective
• The Olist and WindowDash simulation inputs are matched in scale and analytical scope, with overlapping distributions but differing duration-rating associations - The Olist and WindowDash simulation inputs are matched in scale and analytical scope, with overlapping distributions but differing duration-rating associations
• The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program produced the largest effect sizes for bullying perpetration, with effectiveness varying between Norway and USA evaluations - The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program produced the largest effect sizes for bullying perpetration, with effectiveness varying between Norway and USA evaluations
• The omnibus ANOVA on total QM score did not reach conventional significance, though a Friedman test suggested an overall difference with no significant pairwise Wilcoxon comparisons - The omnibus ANOVA on total QM score did not reach conventional significance, though a Friedman test suggested an overall difference with no significant pairwise Wilcoxon comparisons
• The on-track indicator is strongly related to students' likelihood of graduating - The on-track indicator is strongly related to students' likelihood of graduating
• The on-track–graduation relationship remains strong after accounting for student background characteristics - The on-track–graduation relationship remains strong after accounting for student background characteristics
• The one-half advantage in fraction comparison emerges by Grade 4 for TA children and Grade 5 for LA children, but only at Grade 7 for children with MLD, who never exceed ~75% accuracy on one-half items - The one-half advantage in fraction comparison emerges by Grade 4 for TA children and Grade 5 for LA children, but only at Grade 7 for children with MLD, who never exceed ~75% accuracy on one-half item
• The online space intended to motivate production and critique was not well utilized in Year 1 - The online space intended to motivate production and critique was not well utilized in Year 1
• The online vocabulary intervention did not significantly improve reading comprehension - The online vocabulary intervention did not significantly improve reading comprehension
• The only significant cross-method correlation within one SRL component is motivation assessed by questionnaire and closed-ended microanalytic questions - The only significant cross-method correlation within one SRL component is motivation assessed by questionnaire and closed-ended microanalytic questions
• The ontogenesis of conceptual change in scientific thinking serves as a central case for examining situated cultural learning - The ontogenesis of conceptual change in scientific thinking serves as a central case for examining situated cultural learning
• The ontology and specificity of the representational scheme used are crucial factors, defining what can be expressed and how much room for interpretation remains - The ontology and specificity of the representational scheme used are crucial factors, defining what can be expressed and how much room for interpretation remains
• The OpenAI gpt-4o reference model outperformed all quantised models on human-rated coherence, fluency, relevance and cultural appropriateness, serving as an upper benchmark - The OpenAI gpt-4o reference model outperformed all quantised models on human-rated coherence, fluency, relevance and cultural appropriateness, serving as an upper benchmark
• The opt-out and curiosity–accuracy findings replicate in a larger UK sample (Experiment 3A) - The opt-out and curiosity–accuracy findings replicate in a larger UK sample (Experiment 3A)
• The optimal homework frequency in science is three or four times per week, with daily science homework showing no significant benefit over the baseline - The optimal homework frequency in science is three or four times per week, with daily science homework showing no significant benefit over the baseline
• The optimal interstudy interval increases as the retention interval increases - The optimal interstudy interval increases as the retention interval increases
• The option to withhold answers improves output-bound accuracy, whereas the option to seek help does not consistently do so - The option to withhold answers improves output-bound accuracy, whereas the option to seek help does not consistently do so
• The oral–silent reading difference increases with reading experience, plausibly because a less extensive orthographic lexicon forces dyslexic readers to rely on phonological processing during silent reading - The oral–silent reading difference increases with reading experience, plausibly because a less extensive orthographic lexicon forces dyslexic readers to rely on phonological processing during silent r
• The order of video and virtual experiments (video-virtual vs. virtual-video) does not affect conceptual understanding in remote inquiry learning - The order of video and virtual experiments (video-virtual vs.
• The Organization Test exercises were scaled on 1634 children in grades three to eight, yielding difficulty values from .03 to 6.4 units - The Organization Test exercises were scaled on 1634 children in grades three to eight, yielding difficulty values from .03 to 6.4 units
• The Orientation Statistic Read From Learner Records Is a Difficulty Sort
• The original global citizenship scale is employable in a developing-country university context after adjustments to social responsibility and global competence - The original global citizenship scale is employable in a developing-country university context after adjustments to social responsibility and global competence
• The OSP approach helps users overcome barriers in creating, using and scaling up meaningful ICT use in education - The OSP approach helps users overcome barriers in creating, using and scaling up meaningful ICT use in education
• The outcomes study estimated associations between specific coaching activity types and student outcomes using multiple administrative data sources - The outcomes study estimated associations between specific coaching activity types and student outcomes using multiple administrative data sources
• The outcomes study used a comparative design contrasting 2015 Broward LINCS completers with 2014 SCM students who did not participate in LINCS, and could not assess longer-term outcomes because of time limitations - The outcomes study used a comparative design contrasting 2015 Broward LINCS completers with 2014 SCM students who did not participate in LINCS, and could not assess longer-term outcomes because of tim
• The outside perspective of video-assisted debriefing helped participants observe teammates and see how individual actions related to team performance, though most participants focused mainly on themselves - The outside perspective of video-assisted debriefing helped participants observe teammates and see how individual actions related to team performance, though most participants focused mainly on themse
• The overall CT–PCK Survey functioned similarly across teacher characteristic groups, though some items showed raw differential item functioning above 0.64 logits - The overall CT–PCK Survey functioned similarly across teacher characteristic groups, though some items showed raw differential item functioning above 0.64 logits
• The overall effect of PBL in the tutor-background meta-analysis is modest (g = 0.27) with large, statistically significant heterogeneity - The overall effect of PBL in the tutor-background meta-analysis is modest (g = 0.27) with large, statistically significant heterogeneity
• The overall estimated average graduation time for PCC teacher education students was at least 2.6 years - The overall estimated average graduation time for PCC teacher education students was at least 2.6 years
• The overall gender difference across the six graphical languages is statistically significant after controlling for non-verbal ability - The overall gender difference across the six graphical languages is statistically significant after controlling for non-verbal ability
• The overall importance of prior domain-specific mathematical knowledge for subsequent mathematics achievement increases across grades - The overall importance of prior domain-specific mathematical knowledge for subsequent mathematics achievement increases across grades
• The overall intervention contrast comparing all UV conditions to control was not significant, and no individual UV condition significantly outperformed control in the dummy-coded model - The overall intervention contrast comparing all UV conditions to control was not significant, and no individual UV condition significantly outperformed control in the dummy-coded model
• The overall Kindergarten Readiness Assessment score predicts grade 3 achievement about as well as combinations of its subscores - The overall Kindergarten Readiness Assessment score predicts grade 3 achievement about as well as combinations of its subscores
• The overall magnitude of domain-general effects on subsequent mathematics achievement remains constant across grades 2 to 8 - The overall magnitude of domain-general effects on subsequent mathematics achievement remains constant across grades 2 to 8
• The overall policy effect on lowest-ability students included higher algebra credit but increased math failure and declining GPA, with no math achievement gains - The overall policy effect on lowest-ability students included higher algebra credit but increased math failure and declining GPA, with no math achievement gains
• The overall WEC well-being index has a weak positive association with academic outcomes, with effect sizes no larger than 0.1 SD - The overall WEC well-being index has a weak positive association with academic outcomes, with effect sizes no larger than 0.1 SD
• The overcoming-barriers intervention does not reduce perceived time-and-effort cost of retrieval practice at either time point - The overcoming-barriers intervention does not reduce perceived time-and-effort cost of retrieval practice at either time point
• The overcoming-barriers intervention increases intention to use general retrieval practice methods immediately post-intervention but has no effect on reported use three weeks later - The overcoming-barriers intervention increases intention to use general retrieval practice methods immediately post-intervention but has no effect on reported use three weeks later
• The overcoming-barriers intervention raises self-efficacy for using retrieval practice immediately after the intervention but not at three-week follow-up - The overcoming-barriers intervention raises self-efficacy for using retrieval practice immediately after the intervention but not at three-week follow-up
• The overlap in confidence ranges between submitted answers and strategy use is larger for help seeking than for withholding answers - The overlap in confidence ranges between submitted answers and strategy use is larger for help seeking than for withholding answers
• The overt-retrieval advantage does not significantly differ by definition complexity (number of idea units), contrary to a retrieval-dynamics prediction - The overt-retrieval advantage does not significantly differ by definition complexity (number of idea units), contrary to a retrieval-dynamics prediction
• The P.E. (median deviation) serves as an equal-step unit of difficulty, defined as the distance cutting off 25% of measures next the median - The P.E.
• The package claims minimal technical English limits workplace training through comprehension, confidence and written-form difficulties - The package claims minimal technical English limits workplace training through comprehension, confidence and written-form difficulties
• The packet's authors assert that pre-, on-site, and post-visit activities build on students' newly gained knowledge when performed in series - The packet's authors assert that pre-, on-site, and post-visit activities build on students' newly gained knowledge when performed in series
• The pairwise-distillation procedure transfers to foundational-literacy scoring, with Gemma-3-4B-PT validation losses of 0.128 (student-facing) and 0.175 (teacher-facing) - The pairwise-distillation procedure transfers to foundational-literacy scoring, with Gemma-3-4B-PT validation losses of 0.128 (student-facing) and 0.175 (teacher-facing)
• The pandemic disruption promoted teacher adaptation and may have prompted lasting new practices, per the authors - The pandemic disruption promoted teacher adaptation and may have prompted lasting new practices, per the authors
• The paper argues authenticity in AI-mediated assessment is achieved through design rather than detection - The paper argues authenticity in AI-mediated assessment is achieved through design rather than detection
• The paper argues experiential training of early childhood workers is likely to produce reflective, creative caregivers and children who learn better - The paper argues experiential training of early childhood workers is likely to produce reflective, creative caregivers and children who learn better
• The paper examines high-performing teachers' willingness to transfer and the transfer offer's effect on receiving schools' internal dynamics - The paper examines high-performing teachers' willingness to transfer and the transfer offer's effect on receiving schools' internal dynamics
• The paper reports that culturally responsive pedagogies are associated with more student engagement, agency, and responsibility for seeking information - The paper reports that culturally responsive pedagogies are associated with more student engagement, agency, and responsibility for seeking information
• The paper reports that delayed entry into adulthood has increased role ambiguity and individualized identity development in emerging adulthood - The paper reports that delayed entry into adulthood has increased role ambiguity and individualized identity development in emerging adulthood
• The paper reports that metacognition—students thinking about how they understand their own learning—supports more efficient and effective learning and improved outcomes - The paper reports that metacognition—students thinking about how they understand their own learning—supports more efficient and effective learning and improved outcomes
• The paper tests two previously unevaluated VAM model variations: teacher-year level average peer characteristics and demographic variation in the lagged-achievement relationship - The paper tests two previously unevaluated VAM model variations: teacher-year level average peer characteristics and demographic variation in the lagged-achievement relationship
• The parental aspiration-expectation gap negatively predicts student expectations, academic self-concept, GPA, and age-26 outcomes - The parental aspiration-expectation gap negatively predicts student expectations, academic self-concept, GPA, and age-26 outcomes
• The parental involvement–achievement relationship is stronger for global achievement indicators (e.g., GPA) than for subject-specific indicators (e.g., math grade) - The parental involvement–achievement relationship is stronger for global achievement indicators (e.g., GPA) than for subject-specific indicators (e.g., math grade)
• The parental summer education gap is largely college-educated parents spending more time facilitating children's summer activities - The parental summer education gap is largely college-educated parents spending more time facilitating children's summer activities
• The partial credit and teacher team methods for co-teaching are impractical - The partial credit and teacher team methods for co-teaching are impractical
• The participatory simulation group achieved significantly larger application gains than the problem-based group - The participatory simulation group achieved significantly larger application gains than the problem-based group
• The participatory simulation group showed significantly larger overall (combined knowledge and application) gains than the problem-based group after four weeks - The participatory simulation group showed significantly larger overall (combined knowledge and application) gains than the problem-based group after four weeks
• The partnership targets improved teacher instruction in eliciting student thinking, using representations, and focusing on math reasoning - The partnership targets improved teacher instruction in eliciting student thinking, using representations, and focusing on math reasoning
• The partnership's long-term goal is that students can solve fraction computation and ratio and rate problems - The partnership's long-term goal is that students can solve fraction computation and ratio and rate problems
• The pathway from full-day pre-k to better second-grade outcomes was especially strong among Black students, lowest-income students, and students living in mostly-Black neighborhoods - The pathway from full-day pre-k to better second-grade outcomes was especially strong among Black students, lowest-income students, and students living in mostly-Black neighborhoods
• The Pathway to Academic Success Project has potentially positive effects on literacy achievement for English learners in grades 6-12 - The Pathway to Academic Success Project has potentially positive effects on literacy achievement for English learners in grades 6-12
• The Pathway to Academic Success Project has potentially positive effects on writing conventions for English learners in grades 6-12 - The Pathway to Academic Success Project has potentially positive effects on writing conventions for English learners in grades 6-12
• The Pathway to Academic Success Project has potentially positive effects on writing quality for English learners in grades 7-12 - The Pathway to Academic Success Project has potentially positive effects on writing quality for English learners in grades 7-12
• The pattern of predictive relationships for self-determination differed significantly depending on which measure of self-determination was used - The pattern of predictive relationships for self-determination differed significantly depending on which measure of self-determination was used
• The pattern of reciprocal effects does not differ across the ProFAN experimental conditions (jigsaw, cooperation, business-as-usual) - The pattern of reciprocal effects does not differ across the ProFAN experimental conditions (jigsaw, cooperation, business-as-usual)
• The PBL assumption that student-generated learning issues guide self-directed learning had never been empirically tested before this study - The PBL assumption that student-generated learning issues guide self-directed learning had never been empirically tested before this study
• The PD program had a large and significant impact on classroom print environments in rural Rwanda - The PD program had a large and significant impact on classroom print environments in rural Rwanda
• The peer assessment effect size is comparable in magnitude to a substantial fraction of measured achievement gaps in the course - The peer assessment effect size is comparable in magnitude to a substantial fraction of measured achievement gaps in the course
• The PEF's total FY 2024 cost was $76 million, up from $54 million in FY 2023, reflecting larger educator payments and new facility administrative costs - The PEF's total FY 2024 cost was $76 million, up from $54 million in FY 2023, reflecting larger educator payments and new facility administrative costs
• The PEF's total FY 2024 economic value of benefits was $93 million, up from $67 million in FY 2023, with benefits to families the largest share - The PEF's total FY 2024 economic value of benefits was $93 million, up from $67 million in FY 2023, with benefits to families the largest share
• The perceived value of GenAI and XR varied across design stages: GenAI suited early exploratory prototyping, XR once a 3D artifact existed for spatial evaluation - The perceived value of GenAI and XR varied across design stages: GenAI suited early exploratory prototyping, XR once a 3D artifact existed for spatial evaluation
• The percentage of Massachusetts K–3 students identified as significantly below benchmark decreased from 36 percent at BOY to 29 percent at EOY in 2022/23 - The percentage of Massachusetts K–3 students identified as significantly below benchmark decreased from 36 percent at BOY to 29 percent at EOY in 2022/23
• The percentage of secondary students reporting high school connectedness on the CHKS increased from 32 percent to 36 percent - The percentage of secondary students reporting high school connectedness on the CHKS increased from 32 percent to 36 percent
• The percentage of students in the targeted Harlem Fitness Zone was significantly greater after two and three years of participation than at baseline - The percentage of students in the targeted Harlem Fitness Zone was significantly greater after two and three years of participation than at baseline
• The percentage of students who stay at risk across time periods increases across grade levels K–3 - The percentage of students who stay at risk across time periods increases across grade levels K–3
• The perception that language minority students bring language disadvantages and knowledge deficiencies from home has too often led to lowered academic expectations for them. - The perception that language minority students bring language disadvantages and knowledge deficiencies from home has too often led to lowered academic expectations for them.
• The Perform First Hypothesis proposes direct sensorimotor action early in expertise and observing, imagining, or abstract representations later - The Perform First Hypothesis proposes direct sensorimotor action early in expertise and observing, imagining, or abstract representations later
• The performance gap between erroneous and non-erroneous student images persists after images are digitally redrawn to remove noise - The performance gap between erroneous and non-erroneous student images persists after images are digitally redrawn to remove noise
• The personal equation of the experimenters never amounted to more than one-third of the average mean variation, too small to be considered significant - The personal equation of the experimenters never amounted to more than one-third of the average mean variation, too small to be considered significant
• The personalization effect improves learning, moderated by prior knowledge, content type, pacing, culture, and language - The personalization effect improves learning, moderated by prior knowledge, content type, pacing, culture, and language
• The phonological loop plays a significant role in vocabulary acquisition and second language learning - The phonological loop plays a significant role in vocabulary acquisition and second language learning
• The phonologically-weighted intervention increased children's mean reliance on O-P regularities from pre- to post-intervention, with no significant mean change in imageability reliance - The phonologically-weighted intervention increased children's mean reliance on O-P regularities from pre- to post-intervention, with no significant mean change in imageability reliance
• The Photon Fusion VR learning system achieves stable real-time communication with minimal device load - The Photon Fusion VR learning system achieves stable real-time communication with minimal device load
• The phrase and idea of teaching in small steps originated with Brophy's analysis of correlations showing teachers whose students had high proportions of correct responses - The phrase and idea of teaching in small steps originated with Brophy's analysis of correlations showing teachers whose students had high proportions of correct responses
• The physical stability of material artifacts such as stacked tickertape strips and worksheets stabilizes students' attention, action, and knowledge use - The physical stability of material artifacts such as stacked tickertape strips and worksheets stabilizes students' attention, action, and knowledge use
• The pipeline feasibly produces coherent, synchronized educational videos from textbook queries, integrating retrieval, image generation, animation, and speech - The pipeline feasibly produces coherent, synchronized educational videos from textbook queries, integrating retrieval, image generation, animation, and speech
• The pipeline generated grounded questions about complex multimodal diagrams, citing visual evidence - The pipeline generated grounded questions about complex multimodal diagrams, citing visual evidence
• The pipeline generates print-ready binary STL files for all five chart types in under 60 ms on a 150×150 mm plate - The pipeline generates print-ready binary STL files for all five chart types in under 60 ms on a 150×150 mm plate
• The pipeline reduces per-chart software labor from about two hours of manual Fusion 360 modeling to under 60 ms - The pipeline reduces per-chart software labor from about two hours of manual Fusion 360 modeling to under 60 ms
• The pipeline's contingency table option applied identically across all three domains reproduced previous descriptive findings - The pipeline's contingency table option applied identically across all three domains reproduced previous descriptive findings
• The PISG and PSGI classroom script sequences showed no statistically significant difference in high- and low-level grounding and testing processes, alongside a trend favoring PISG - The PISG and PSGI classroom script sequences showed no statistically significant difference in high- and low-level grounding and testing processes, alongside a trend favoring PISG
• The PISG and PSGI script sequences showed no statistically significant differences on high- and low-level inquiry processes, with small effect sizes despite descriptive trends favoring PISG on high-level processes - The PISG and PSGI script sequences showed no statistically significant differences on high- and low-level inquiry processes, with small effect sizes despite descriptive trends favoring PISG on high-le
• The Pittsburgh VAMs incorporate course-specific assessments, attendance, and course completion alongside state assessments - The Pittsburgh VAMs incorporate course-specific assessments, attendance, and course completion alongside state assessments
• The planning-prompt effect on MOOC completion is largest for students enrolled in traditional schools - The planning-prompt effect on MOOC completion is largest for students enrolled in traditional schools
• The platform's out-of-scope audit protocol is designed to neutralize student distrust of AI error by rewarding verified hallucination reports - The platform's out-of-scope audit protocol is designed to neutralize student distrust of AI error by rewarding verified hallucination reports
• The playlist intervention showed no significant difference in post-implementation science attitudes on the Emerging STEM Learning Activation Survey - The playlist intervention showed no significant difference in post-implementation science attitudes on the Emerging STEM Learning Activation Survey
• The PNT–LOU association remains positive after adjustment for guidance clarity, demographic covariates, institution exclusion, and ordinal estimation - The PNT–LOU association remains positive after adjustment for guidance clarity, demographic covariates, institution exclusion, and ordinal estimation
• The policy substantially increased English I credit earning for low-ability students, with marginal increases in English failure and slightly lower grades - The policy substantially increased English I credit earning for low-ability students, with marginal increases in English failure and slightly lower grades
• The politeness effect: learners learn better with polite instructions or feedback than with direct language forms - The politeness effect: learners learn better with polite instructions or feedback than with direct language forms
• The pooled burnout–dropout intentions effect appears robust to outliers and minimally influenced by publication bias - The pooled burnout–dropout intentions effect appears robust to outliers and minimally influenced by publication bias
• The pooled effect of self-regulated learning does not differ significantly by course type, though mathematics shows the largest descriptive effect - The pooled effect of self-regulated learning does not differ significantly by course type, though mathematics shows the largest descriptive effect
• The pooled effect of self-regulated learning does not differ significantly by school level - The pooled effect of self-regulated learning does not differ significantly by school level
• The pooled effect of self-regulated learning does not differ significantly by strategy type (cognitive, metacognitive, resource management, motivational) - The pooled effect of self-regulated learning does not differ significantly by strategy type (cognitive, metacognitive, resource management, motivational)
• The pooled effect of writing instruction for US ELL students is robust to sensitivity analyses but funnel plot asymmetry suggests possible missing positive effect sizes - The pooled effect of writing instruction for US ELL students is robust to sensitivity analyses but funnel plot asymmetry suggests possible missing positive effect sizes
• The pooled gamification effect is robust across dependence assumptions, quality thresholds, and model specifications, with no evidence of publication bias - The pooled gamification effect is robust across dependence assumptions, quality thresholds, and model specifications, with no evidence of publication bias
• The pooled self-efficacy–partnership correlation appears robust to the file-drawer problem - The pooled self-efficacy–partnership correlation appears robust to the file-drawer problem
• The portfolio adds context to holistic review that readers say helps level the playing field for applicants from under-resourced high schools - The portfolio adds context to holistic review that readers say helps level the playing field for applicants from under-resourced high schools
• The portfolio-principles class produced more high-level explanations and deeper explanations than the other two Knowledge Forum classes - The portfolio-principles class produced more high-level explanations and deeper explanations than the other two Knowledge Forum classes
• The portfolio-principles class scored higher on weighted depth of inquiry than both other Knowledge Forum classes - The portfolio-principles class scored higher on weighted depth of inquiry than both other Knowledge Forum classes
• The position of faded worked solution steps did not influence learning outcomes in Experiment 1 - The position of faded worked solution steps did not influence learning outcomes in Experiment 1
• The positive effect of integrated illustrations depends on incorporating annotations (captions and labels) into the illustrations rather than on placing illustrations close to corresponding paragraphs - The positive effect of integrated illustrations depends on incorporating annotations (captions and labels) into the illustrations rather than on placing illustrations close to corresponding paragraphs
• The positive effect of integrated illustrations on transfer is stronger for students who lack experience in the text's domain (meteorology) than for high-experience students - The positive effect of integrated illustrations on transfer is stronger for students who lack experience in the text's domain (meteorology) than for high-experience students
• The positive ERWC impact on EPT scores is robust to sensitivity analyses varying matching methods and analytic sample composition - The positive ERWC impact on EPT scores is robust to sensitivity analyses varying matching methods and analytic sample composition
• The positive GenAI writing effect is robust across dependence-aware, sensitivity, and risk-of-bias specifications, but the wide prediction interval spans near-zero to large effects - The positive GenAI writing effect is robust across dependence-aware, sensitivity, and risk-of-bias specifications, but the wide prediction interval spans near-zero to large effects
• The positive relationship between kindergarten entrance age and achievement primarily reflects skill accumulation prior to kindergarten rather than heightened in-school learning ability - The positive relationship between kindergarten entrance age and achievement primarily reflects skill accumulation prior to kindergarten rather than heightened in-school learning ability
• The possibility that anxiety interferes with language learning has long interested scholars, teachers, and learners - The possibility that anxiety interferes with language learning has long interested scholars, teachers, and learners
• The post-ChatGPT learning-time decline follows an age gradient: largest in high school (31.3% cumulative), small in middle school (9.0%), and undetectable in Grade 5 - The post-ChatGPT learning-time decline follows an age gradient: largest in high school (31.3% cumulative), small in middle school (9.0%), and undetectable in Grade 5
• The post-ChatGPT response-time divergence on AI-susceptible items vanishes entirely under proctored assessment - The post-ChatGPT response-time divergence on AI-susceptible items vanishes entirely under proctored assessment
• The post-interaction reflection instrument showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .863) - The post-interaction reflection instrument showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .863)
• The post-study survey instrument showed high internal consistency (alpha = 0.90) - The post-study survey instrument showed high internal consistency (alpha = 0.90)
• The post-test advantage of generative AI-supported instruction persists after controlling for pre-test performance (ANCOVA) - The post-test advantage of generative AI-supported instruction persists after controlling for pre-test performance (ANCOVA)
• The postpolicy retention effect on dropout was smaller than the prepolicy retention relationship, but its systemwide impact was larger - The postpolicy retention effect on dropout was smaller than the prepolicy retention relationship, but its systemwide impact was larger
• The postsecondary enrollment NSI's first-year impact on college enrollment did not persist into schools' second year - The postsecondary enrollment NSI's first-year impact on college enrollment did not persist into schools' second year
• The potentially negative oral language effect of phonological awareness plus letter knowledge training is likely an artifact of the comparison condition, not the intervention - The potentially negative oral language effect of phonological awareness plus letter knowledge training is likely an artifact of the comparison condition, not the intervention
• The Power4Kids evaluation covered four widely used reading programs for elementary students with reading problems: Corrective Reading, Failure Free Reading, Spell Read P.A.T., and Wilson Reading - The Power4Kids evaluation covered four widely used reading programs for elementary students with reading problems: Corrective Reading, Failure Free Reading, Spell Read P.A.T., and Wilson Reading
• The Power4Kids first-year report presents impacts on reading achievement at the end of the intervention year, with nearly 800 children in the study - The Power4Kids first-year report presents impacts on reading achievement at the end of the intervention year, with nearly 800 children in the study
• The PPE memory model was the best-fitting model for the Andes physics dataset, with the recency feature also beneficial - The PPE memory model was the best-fitting model for the Andes physics dataset, with the recency feature also beneficial
• The PPO-driven policy substantially outperformed a random policy baseline, with cumulative reward of 95.12 ± 1.23 versus 12.3 ± 4.7 - The PPO-driven policy substantially outperformed a random policy baseline, with cumulative reward of 95.12 ± 1.23 versus 12.3 ± 4.7
• The practiced group exceeded the control group on three of five tests (complex dotting, number code, letter code translation) by 5, 9, and 15 percent respectively, but did no better on digit-symbol substitution and slightly worse on digit-letter substitution. - The practiced group exceeded the control group on three of five tests (complex dotting, number code, letter code translation) by 5, 9, and 15 percent respectively, but did no better on digit-symbol su
• The pre-post meta-analysis of EAI effects did not reach statistical significance (g∆ = 0.552, p = .070) - The pre-post meta-analysis of EAI effects did not reach statistical significance (g∆ = 0.552, p = .070)
• The prediction power of specific processing speed for mathematics decreases with reduced arithmetic fluency: complex multiplication did not predict mathematics although it predicted Chinese and English - The prediction power of specific processing speed for mathematics decreases with reduced arithmetic fluency: complex multiplication did not predict mathematics although it predicted Chinese and Englis
• The predictive effects of writing self-efficacy and motivation regulation strategies on writing achievement vary across achievement goal profiles and writing genre - The predictive effects of writing self-efficacy and motivation regulation strategies on writing achievement vary across achievement goal profiles and writing genre
• The predictive value of cognitive load ratings for problem performance was mixed: mental effort predicted performance in Experiment 1, perceived difficulty in Experiment 2, but never both at once - The predictive value of cognitive load ratings for problem performance was mixed: mental effort predicted performance in Experiment 1, perceived difficulty in Experiment 2, but never both at once
• The predictive value of grade 3 screening benchmarks for MCAS ELA proficiency varies widely: 15 to 69 percent of students classified as on track did not reach MCAS proficiency, and students flagged at risk rarely met proficiency - The predictive value of grade 3 screening benchmarks for MCAS ELA proficiency varies widely: 15 to 69 percent of students classified as on track did not reach MCAS proficiency, and students flagged at
• The predominant student evaluation of LLMs (42%) is positive but conditional on the student's own verification work - The predominant student evaluation of LLMs (42%) is positive but conditional on the student's own verification work
• The prerequisite-violating knowledge-state pattern is primarily attributable to Q-matrix misspecification, and the original hierarchy shows superior predictive efficiency - The prerequisite-violating knowledge-state pattern is primarily attributable to Q-matrix misspecification, and the original hierarchy shows superior predictive efficiency
• The presence of motivational problems reduces reported strategies at the co- and shared-level but not at the self-level - The presence of motivational problems reduces reported strategies at the co- and shared-level but not at the self-level
• The present results replicate Donati et al.'s (2019) finding that interference and lack of confidence, but not worry, relate to arithmetic test performance, extending it to unique variance and domain-general intelligence - The present results replicate Donati et al.'s (2019) finding that interference and lack of confidence, but not worry, relate to arithmetic test performance, extending it to unique variance and domain-
• The preservice teacher's philosophical evolution was so subtle that he did not recognize alternative philosophical views of mathematics or perceive his student teaching would have differed without the program - The preservice teacher's philosophical evolution was so subtle that he did not recognize alternative philosophical views of mathematics or perceive his student teaching would have differed without the
• The prespecified task–demand mapping produces the strongest within-teacher alignment of all six possible one-to-one assignments, supporting task-specific rather than arbitrary demand alignment - The prespecified task–demand mapping produces the strongest within-teacher alignment of all six possible one-to-one assignments, supporting task-specific rather than arbitrary demand alignment
• The Pressey Mental Survey Primer Scale for grades 1-3 requires neither reading nor writing and correlates .58 with teachers' estimates - The Pressey Mental Survey Primer Scale for grades 1-3 requires neither reading nor writing and correlates .58 with teachers' estimates
• The pretend play–social competence relation does not differ significantly across types of social competence measures or between intervention and non-intervention studies - The pretend play–social competence relation does not differ significantly across types of social competence measures or between intervention and non-intervention studies
• The pretesting effect on text memory grows with retention interval, being largest at one week - The pretesting effect on text memory grows with retention interval, being largest at one week
• The prevalent direction of the Grade 3 anxiety-performance link runs from math anxiety to performance, not the reverse - The prevalent direction of the Grade 3 anxiety-performance link runs from math anxiety to performance, not the reverse
• The primary driver of declining enrollment is a sustained drop in birth rates, with slowed immigration and expanded school choice as additional drivers - The primary driver of declining enrollment is a sustained drop in birth rates, with slowed immigration and expanded school choice as additional drivers
• The principal professional development program did not improve student achievement in English language arts or math - The principal professional development program did not improve student achievement in English language arts or math
• The prior knowledge of the intended audience determines a text's information density, rate of new information, and accompanying background - The prior knowledge of the intended audience determines a text's information density, rate of new information, and accompanying background
• The Pro-Bully Paradox: victimization relates to weaker anti-bullying attitudes, an effect largely specific to physical victimization - The Pro-Bully Paradox: victimization relates to weaker anti-bullying attitudes, an effect largely specific to physical victimization
• The probability of learning an unknown word from a single natural-context exposure is roughly .05 to .11, supporting an extrapolated 750 to 5,500 words learned per year from reading - The probability of learning an unknown word from a single natural-context exposure is roughly .05 to .11, supporting an extrapolated 750 to 5,500 words learned per year from reading
• The probability of school failure increases as a function of the timing and length of children's exposure to relational adversity - The probability of school failure increases as a function of the timing and length of children's exposure to relational adversity
• The probable error of a score on the language error tests is 2.24 - The probable error of a score on the language error tests is 2.24
• The problem-based group achieved significantly larger content-knowledge gains, while the simulation group made no knowledge gains - The problem-based group achieved significantly larger content-knowledge gains, while the simulation group made no knowledge gains
• The processing speed deficit in adults with ASD appears on each of the three standardized subtests: Trail Making A, Symbol Coding, and Category Fluency - The processing speed deficit in adults with ASD appears on each of the three standardized subtests: Trail Making A, Symbol Coding, and Category Fluency
• The professional learning community is an environment in which teacher metacognition can be nurtured - The professional learning community is an environment in which teacher metacognition can be nurtured
• The Proficiency × Material interaction on reading comprehension was significant, indicating heterogeneous material effects across proficiency strata - The Proficiency × Material interaction on reading comprehension was significant, indicating heterogeneous material effects across proficiency strata
• The prognostic power of domain-identical pretests degrades with longer pre-posttest time lags, most strongly at the student level - The prognostic power of domain-identical pretests degrades with longer pre-posttest time lags, most strongly at the student level
• The program showed no significant overall math difference, though items on visual-spatial vocabulary and nonstandard measurement improved for the treatment condition - The program showed no significant overall math difference, though items on visual-spatial vocabulary and nonstandard measurement improved for the treatment condition
• The program's achievement effects were estimated statewide using nine years of longitudinal math and reading scores from 524 Missouri school districts - The program's achievement effects were estimated statewide using nine years of longitudinal math and reading scores from 524 Missouri school districts
• The program's impact was estimated with a difference-in-differences-in-differences approach on student-level data from a large urban California district - The program's impact was estimated with a difference-in-differences-in-differences approach on student-level data from a large urban California district
• The programming-process replay was the most prompt-intensive view to develop, requiring 31 prompts to work reliably and handle edge cases - The programming-process replay was the most prompt-intensive view to develop, requiring 31 prompts to work reliably and handle edge cases
• The PROMISE evaluation estimated program impacts on service receipt, education, employment, and related outcomes at 18 months after enrollment - The PROMISE evaluation estimated program impacts on service receipt, education, employment, and related outcomes at 18 months after enrollment
• The PROMISE evaluation measured impacts on service receipt, education, employment, expectations, health insurance, income, self-determination, and public assistance at 18 months after enrollment - The PROMISE evaluation measured impacts on service receipt, education, employment, expectations, health insurance, income, self-determination, and public assistance at 18 months after enrollment
• The PROMISE interim evaluation measured impacts on primary outcomes at 18 months after enrollment - The PROMISE interim evaluation measured impacts on primary outcomes at 18 months after enrollment
• The PROMISE interim report estimated impacts across seven outcome domains for youth and families - The PROMISE interim report estimated impacts across seven outcome domains for youth and families
• The prompting intervention did not reduce general propagation of user errors into AI advice - The prompting intervention did not reduce general propagation of user errors into AI advice
• The Prop 28 AMS requirement to spend 80% of funds on staffing has negatively impacted community arts organizations, including two preparing to close - The Prop 28 AMS requirement to spend 80% of funds on staffing has negatively impacted community arts organizations, including two preparing to close
• The propdec adaptive student feature is highly colinear with a student intercept, capturing student individual differences without student parameters - The propdec adaptive student feature is highly colinear with a student intercept, capturing student individual differences without student parameters
• The propensity-for-retention measure discriminates retained from not-retained students, with first-grade log-odds of retention more than three times greater for actually retained students - The propensity-for-retention measure discriminates retained from not-retained students, with first-grade log-odds of retention more than three times greater for actually retained students
• The proportion of CPS graduates enrolling immediately in college rose gradually to 63 percent by 2018, with persistent disparities by race/ethnicity and gender - The proportion of CPS graduates enrolling immediately in college rose gradually to 63 percent by 2018, with persistent disparities by race/ethnicity and gender
• The proportion of eligible 4-year-olds enrolled in TK declined from 64% in 2021–22 to 59% in 2023–24 because eligibility grew faster than enrollment - The proportion of eligible 4-year-olds enrolled in TK declined from 64% in 2021–22 to 59% in 2023–24 because eligibility grew faster than enrollment
• The proportion of ever-EL students designated as LTEL7 decreases progressively after 6th grade, from about 30% in 7th grade to about 17% in 12th grade - The proportion of ever-EL students designated as LTEL7 decreases progressively after 6th grade, from about 30% in 7th grade to about 17% in 12th grade
• The proportion of participating students classified as high-risk fell from 59% in week 4 to 39% by week 6 of the semester - The proportion of participating students classified as high-risk fell from 59% in week 4 to 39% by week 6 of the semester
• The proportion of perseverators declines steeply across the preschool period, from 38% at age 3;9 to 8% at age 5;3 - The proportion of perseverators declines steeply across the preschool period, from 38% at age 3;9 to 8% at age 5;3
• The proportionality restrictions that the testlet model imposes on the bifactor model were implausible in the applied dataset, as specific-to-general loading quotients varied far from constant within testlets - The proportionality restrictions that the testlet model imposes on the bifactor model were implausible in the applied dataset, as specific-to-general loading quotients varied far from constant within
• The proposed cognitive mechanisms explain both positive and negative effects of PS-I - The proposed cognitive mechanisms explain both positive and negative effects of PS-I
• The proposed framework outperforms fine-tuned BERT, Instructor-LM, GPT-4, and RAPT on TeacherEval-2023 across consistency, credibility, calibration, and fairness metrics - The proposed framework outperforms fine-tuned BERT, Instructor-LM, GPT-4, and RAPT on TeacherEval-2023 across consistency, credibility, calibration, and fairness metrics
• The proposed method's advantage grows or holds as the skill space expands and under higher noise rates in synthetic experiments - The proposed method's advantage grows or holds as the skill space expands and under higher noise rates in synthetic experiments
• The proposed seasonal growth model combines polynomial terms for year-to-year growth with piecewise terms for within-year gains and losses - The proposed seasonal growth model combines polynomial terms for year-to-year growth with piecewise terms for within-year gains and losses
• The proposed snapshot-based method consistently outperforms baselines on synthetic next-skill prediction across all metrics except accuracy - The proposed snapshot-based method consistently outperforms baselines on synthetic next-skill prediction across all metrics except accuracy
• The proposed Transformer-based framework achieved first place in the EDM Cup 2023 with an AUC of 78.969% on the private evaluation dataset - The proposed Transformer-based framework achieved first place in the EDM Cup 2023 with an AUC of 78.969% on the private evaluation dataset
• The prospect of reward for successful inhibition significantly improves inhibitory control (SMD = 0.429) compared with no-reward conditions - The prospect of reward for successful inhibition significantly improves inhibitory control (SMD = 0.429) compared with no-reward conditions
• The prototype maintains total end-to-end latency of 3-5 seconds between query completion and RAG-generated response delivery - The prototype maintains total end-to-end latency of 3-5 seconds between query completion and RAG-generated response delivery
• The prototyping exercise promoted exchange of ideas for HLC development and enhanced a shared image of the HLC among team members - The prototyping exercise promoted exchange of ideas for HLC development and enhanced a shared image of the HLC among team members
• The provision of negative feedback alone did not significantly predict ESL question development in this study - The provision of negative feedback alone did not significantly predict ESL question development in this study
• The PS method shows systematic overestimation of the differentiation component that exceeds the 10% bias threshold in small and medium level-1 samples - The PS method shows systematic overestimation of the differentiation component that exceeds the 10% bias threshold in small and medium level-1 samples
• The PS-GenAI-PF group outperformed the PF group on rebuttal data and warrant and on addressing the opposing view - The PS-GenAI-PF group outperformed the PF group on rebuttal data and warrant and on addressing the opposing view
• The PS-I intervention significantly increased the percentage of students passing the linear algebra final exam in all four cohorts (Cohen's d = 0.21–0.42) - The PS-I intervention significantly increased the percentage of students passing the linear algebra final exam in all four cohorts (Cohen's d = 0.21–0.42)
• The PSI did not improve teachers' perceptions of principals' performance - The PSI did not improve teachers' perceptions of principals' performance
• The publication asserts that chronic absenteeism in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten is important for districts and school leaders to address - The publication asserts that chronic absenteeism in pre-kindergarten and kindergarten is important for districts and school leaders to address
• The published erratum corrects only the spelling of Umer Farooq's name in the original ijCSCL volume 2 editorial. - The published erratum corrects only the spelling of Umer Farooq's name in the original ijCSCL volume 2 editorial.
• The published norms allow normative interpretation of both status and fall-to-spring growth, e.g., an Algebra 1 student at the 55th fall percentile has an expected gain of 8 RIT with growth SD of 9, and an 11-RIT gain places the student at the 62nd growth percentile. - The published norms allow normative interpretation of both status and fall-to-spring growth, e.g., an Algebra 1 student at the 55th fall percentile has an expected gain of 8 RIT with growth SD of 9, a
• The putative visual word form area increases activation with presentation rate similarly in both groups, with no group difference or group-by-rate interaction - The putative visual word form area increases activation with presentation rate similarly in both groups, with no group difference or group-by-rate interaction
• The quadratic-drag AI video yields a fitted drag coefficient (CD ≈ 3.18) within the literature range reported for skydivers - The quadratic-drag AI video yields a fitted drag coefficient (CD ≈ 3.18) within the literature range reported for skydivers
• The quality of elaborative-interrogation answers had little effect on retention; even failed or inadequate why-answers facilitated learning relative to reading - The quality of elaborative-interrogation answers had little effect on retention; even failed or inadequate why-answers facilitated learning relative to reading
• The quality of feedback students give peers predicts gains in their own work, but no recorded study isolates a causal benefit of the assessor role
• The quality of inter-group interactions shifted from brief, superficial exchanges to long, detailed, collaborative discussions as community norms were negotiated - The quality of inter-group interactions shifted from brief, superficial exchanges to long, detailed, collaborative discussions as community norms were negotiated
• The quality of mutual models appears to depend more on the quality of interactions than on individual representational abilities - The quality of mutual models appears to depend more on the quality of interactions than on individual representational abilities
• The quality of sixth-graders' keywords is not diagnostic of intra-individual variation in test performance (Experiment 1). - The quality of sixth-graders' keywords is not diagnostic of intra-individual variation in test performance (Experiment 1).
• The quality of the coach-athlete relationship as defined by the 4Cs is instrumental to performance success and wellbeing - The quality of the coach-athlete relationship as defined by the 4Cs is instrumental to performance success and wellbeing
• The questionnaire method failed to reach the views of the laggard students themselves, with only about one in six replying - The questionnaire method failed to reach the views of the laggard students themselves, with only about one in six replying
• The racial disparity in long-term exposure to the most disadvantaged neighborhoods is more pronounced than the disparity at any single age - The racial disparity in long-term exposure to the most disadvantaged neighborhoods is more pronounced than the disparity at any single age
• The RAG-enhanced assistant achieves context recall above 0.93 and answer relevance of 0.87 on an expert-built 52-question evaluation set - The RAG-enhanced assistant achieves context recall above 0.93 and answer relevance of 0.87 on an expert-built 52-question evaluation set
• The RAN risk group showed intact phonological awareness and all members were readers, supporting the independence of RAN from PA - The RAN risk group showed intact phonological awareness and all members were readers, supporting the independence of RAN from PA
• The range and value of diversity indices are constrained by the number of racial/ethnic groups included, complicating comparisons across studies - The range and value of diversity indices are constrained by the number of racial/ethnic groups included, complicating comparisons across studies
• The range of communities of practice and opportunities for informal learning available to an employee increases with seniority in a large organisation - The range of communities of practice and opportunities for informal learning available to an employee increases with seniority in a large organisation
• The rank ordering of math and reading skills is highly stable over time, while four SEL domains are more strongly influenced by contextual factors - The rank ordering of math and reading skills is highly stable over time, while four SEL domains are more strongly influenced by contextual factors
• The rapid maturation of GenAI platforms has created significant challenges for higher education, particularly in relation to assessment. - The rapid maturation of GenAI platforms has created significant challenges for higher education, particularly in relation to assessment.
• The rate of change in mothers' growth mindset predicted both children's later growth mindset level and children's own rate of change - The rate of change in mothers' growth mindset predicted both children's later growth mindset level and children's own rate of change
• The rate of reading growth for students with visual impairments is suggested to be greater than the national norm - The rate of reading growth for students with visual impairments is suggested to be greater than the national norm
• The rate r of a proportional relationship appears in five distinct mathematical manifestations - The rate r of a proportional relationship appears in five distinct mathematical manifestations
• The ratio–interactive-skills association may be partly or entirely attributable to small-study publication bias - The ratio–interactive-skills association may be partly or entirely attributable to small-study publication bias
• The RCR index is distinct from reading comprehension level: good comprehenders do not necessarily show high RCR - The RCR index is distinct from reading comprehension level: good comprehenders do not necessarily show high RCR
• The RCS Core Team's root cause analysis identified fear and political influence, lack of comprehensive and inclusive curriculum, and lack of awareness as central causes of the discourse challenge - The RCS Core Team's root cause analysis identified fear and political influence, lack of comprehensive and inclusive curriculum, and lack of awareness as central causes of the discourse challenge
• The reading achievement gap between cohort 1 and cohort 2 schools persisted into the second year, with the year 3 estimate no longer statistically significant - The reading achievement gap between cohort 1 and cohort 2 schools persisted into the second year, with the year 3 estimate no longer statistically significant
• The reading deficit profile of children with comorbid RDMD is additive relative to isolated RD and MD - The reading deficit profile of children with comorbid RDMD is additive relative to isolated RD and MD
• The reading sex difference favoring girls grew over the decade and was driven by very poor performance of boys at the low end - The reading sex difference favoring girls grew over the decade and was driven by very poor performance of boys at the low end
• The reality of summer learning loss is more complex than the long-standing gap-widening account - The reality of summer learning loss is more complex than the long-standing gap-widening account
• The recall benefit of prior problem-based discussion applies to both explanatory and descriptive propositions, with no interaction between treatment and proposition type - The recall benefit of prior problem-based discussion applies to both explanatory and descriptive propositions, with no interaction between treatment and proposition type
• The reciprocal effects are robust to alternative models attributing them to latent confounding or residual error (RI-LTVC, STARTS) - The reciprocal effects are robust to alternative models attributing them to latent confounding or residual error (RI-LTVC, STARTS)
• The reciprocal EF–ER model fits only marginally better than a forward-only model, so model preference rests on theory as much as fit - The reciprocal EF–ER model fits only marginally better than a forward-only model, so model preference rests on theory as much as fit
• The reciprocal relations model fits better than unidirectional alternatives, supporting reciprocal causation between emotions and achievement - The reciprocal relations model fits better than unidirectional alternatives, supporting reciprocal causation between emotions and achievement
• The recommendation to provide intentional, engaging social-emotional instruction carries strong evidence from five studies meeting WWC standards without reservations - The recommendation to provide intentional, engaging social-emotional instruction carries strong evidence from five studies meeting WWC standards without reservations
• The reconciliation phase filters non-instructional slides by zero-budgeting administrative and transition slides - The reconciliation phase filters non-instructional slides by zero-budgeting administrative and transition slides
• The reconstruction phase produced two interdependent objects: a social object leading to a role-play script and a technology object leading to a Minecraft building - The reconstruction phase produced two interdependent objects: a social object leading to a role-play script and a technology object leading to a Minecraft building
• The redesigned unit promoted engagement across all five elements of the Engagement Framework, including professional relevance rated 4.86 on SETL - The redesigned unit promoted engagement across all five elements of the Engagement Framework, including professional relevance rated 4.86 on SETL
• The reduction in perceived difficulty does not mediate the benefits of rubrics on self-assessment accuracy - The reduction in perceived difficulty does not mediate the benefits of rubrics on self-assessment accuracy
• The regression model significantly predicts metacognitive sensitivity but explains a small proportion of variance (R² = 0.079) - The regression model significantly predicts metacognitive sensitivity but explains a small proportion of variance (R² = 0.079)
• The regulated 'think first, ChatGPT later' group outperformed both other groups in independent originality on the unassisted task despite no assisted-task advantage - The regulated 'think first, ChatGPT later' group outperformed both other groups in independent originality on the unassisted task despite no assisted-task advantage
• The regulated-AI group sustained originality across tasks while both other groups declined from the easier to the more complex task - The regulated-AI group sustained originality across tasks while both other groups declined from the easier to the more complex task
• The relation between early whole number magnitude knowledge and later fraction magnitude knowledge is not attributable to number line tasks being used at both measurement times - The relation between early whole number magnitude knowledge and later fraction magnitude knowledge is not attributable to number line tasks being used at both measurement times
• The relation between eye contact and teacher interpersonal behavior differed between teachers: Joanne's agency effect was opposite and Lily's communion effect was non-significant - The relation between eye contact and teacher interpersonal behavior differed between teachers: Joanne's agency effect was opposite and Lily's communion effect was non-significant
• The relation between fraction magnitude understanding and mathematics achievement is a general cognitive characteristic, not attributable to specifics of the U.S. educational system, though instruction quality may strengthen or weaken it - The relation between fraction magnitude understanding and mathematics achievement is a general cognitive characteristic, not attributable to specifics of the U.S.
• The relation between frequency of inquiry activities and science achievement is curvilinear, with the highest gains where inquiry combines with direct teacher-based instruction - The relation between frequency of inquiry activities and science achievement is curvilinear, with the highest gains where inquiry combines with direct teacher-based instruction
• The relation between kindergarten spatial orientation and arithmetic is partially mediated by number line estimation - The relation between kindergarten spatial orientation and arithmetic is partially mediated by number line estimation
• The relation between medical expertise and diagnostic accuracy was case-dependent: positive for Case 4, negative for Case 1 (novices outperformed experts), and absent for Cases 2, 3, and 5 - The relation between medical expertise and diagnostic accuracy was case-dependent: positive for Case 4, negative for Case 1 (novices outperformed experts), and absent for Cases 2, 3, and 5
• The relation between metacognition and critical thinking is bidirectional: metacognition improves thinking skills and vice versa - The relation between metacognition and critical thinking is bidirectional: metacognition improves thinking skills and vice versa
• The relation between oral communicative competence and sociometric status is expected to be interactional and transactional rather than unidirectional - The relation between oral communicative competence and sociometric status is expected to be interactional and transactional rather than unidirectional
• The relation between teacher knowledge and equivalence understanding is not moderated by country - The relation between teacher knowledge and equivalence understanding is not moderated by country
• The relation between visual perception and computational fluency holds for simple subtraction across all grades but only for higher grades in complex arithmetic - The relation between visual perception and computational fluency holds for simple subtraction across all grades but only for higher grades in complex arithmetic
• The relation between word reading and reading comprehension is largely invariant across age groups 8 to 10 and 11 to 16 - The relation between word reading and reading comprehension is largely invariant across age groups 8 to 10 and 11 to 16
• The relation of autonomous motivation to grades is curvilinear, with grades accelerating at higher autonomous motivation - The relation of autonomous motivation to grades is curvilinear, with grades accelerating at higher autonomous motivation
• The relations among motivational, strategy use, and performance constructs were similar across mathematics, English, and social studies - The relations among motivational, strategy use, and performance constructs were similar across mathematics, English, and social studies
• The relationship between effort and meaning follows an inverted U-shape: moderate friction enhances meaning and motivation while excessive friction overwhelms - The relationship between effort and meaning follows an inverted U-shape: moderate friction enhances meaning and motivation while excessive friction overwhelms
• The relationship between inhibition and monitoring is not bidirectional: kindergarten monitoring did not predict later inhibition - The relationship between inhibition and monitoring is not bidirectional: kindergarten monitoring did not predict later inhibition
• The relationship between invested mental effort and self-assessed understanding is weak and inconsistent, with most correlations non-significant and mixed directions - The relationship between invested mental effort and self-assessed understanding is weak and inconsistent, with most correlations non-significant and mixed directions
• The relationship between Kahoot performance and quiz scores differed by competitiveness only on the first quiz, and was not replicated later in the semester - The relationship between Kahoot performance and quiz scores differed by competitiveness only on the first quiz, and was not replicated later in the semester
• The relationship between learners' prior knowledge and the optimal instructional sequence may not be straightforward - The relationship between learners' prior knowledge and the optimal instructional sequence may not be straightforward
• The relationship between prior knowledge and knowledge gains shows context-dependent patterns in the CoMSA simulation - The relationship between prior knowledge and knowledge gains shows context-dependent patterns in the CoMSA simulation
• The relationship between professional identity and innovative behavior is stronger among teachers with lower reported frequencies of GenAI tool use - The relationship between professional identity and innovative behavior is stronger among teachers with lower reported frequencies of GenAI tool use
• The relationship between residential mobility and fifth-grade executive function is moderated by baseline neighborhood poverty: moving out of low-poverty neighborhoods is detrimental while moving out of high-poverty neighborhoods shows a marginally significant benefit - The relationship between residential mobility and fifth-grade executive function is moderated by baseline neighborhood poverty: moving out of low-poverty neighborhoods is detrimental while moving out
• The relationship between residential mobility and fifth-grade teacher-reported dysregulation is moderated by both origin and destination neighborhood poverty, with moves out of low-poverty or into high-poverty neighborhoods detrimental and moves out of high-poverty or into low-poverty neighborhoods beneficial - The relationship between residential mobility and fifth-grade teacher-reported dysregulation is moderated by both origin and destination neighborhood poverty, with moves out of low-poverty or into hig
• The relationship between scaffolding level and students' subsequent provide-context turns is not monotonic - The relationship between scaffolding level and students' subsequent provide-context turns is not monotonic
• The relationship between socioeconomic resources and children's cognitive development strengthens from infancy to a peak around age 4–4½, then weakens slightly by kindergarten entry. - The relationship between socioeconomic resources and children's cognitive development strengthens from infancy to a peak around age 4–4½, then weakens slightly by kindergarten entry.
• The relationship between teacher self-efficacy and self-reported cognitive activation does not vary across investigated school characteristics - The relationship between teacher self-efficacy and self-reported cognitive activation does not vary across investigated school characteristics
• The relationship between the WEC index and academic achievement is stable across student year levels and census years, with no meaningful interaction effects - The relationship between the WEC index and academic achievement is stable across student year levels and census years, with no meaningful interaction effects
• The relationships among perceived parental involvement in homework, student homework behaviors, and academic achievement differ among elementary, junior high, and high school students. - The relationships among perceived parental involvement in homework, student homework behaviors, and academic achievement differ among elementary, junior high, and high school students.
• The relative difficulty of the two tasks reverses from fifth to seventh grade, with seventh graders scoring distinctly lower on the exercise test - The relative difficulty of the two tasks reverses from fifth to seventh grade, with seventh graders scoring distinctly lower on the exercise test
• The relative importance of academic self-concepts depends on explicit social and cultural supports for their valuation - The relative importance of academic self-concepts depends on explicit social and cultural supports for their valuation
• The relative strength of MA's pathways varies by mathematical task type: WM dominates for numeracy, both WM and number processing operate for arithmetic - The relative strength of MA's pathways varies by mathematical task type: WM dominates for numeracy, both WM and number processing operate for arithmetic
• The relevance and level of students' knowledge moderates activation effectiveness: mobilizing irrelevant information impaired comprehension, while open-ended mobilization benefited students with lower topic knowledge more - The relevance and level of students' knowledge moderates activation effectiveness: mobilizing irrelevant information impaired comprehension, while open-ended mobilization benefited students with lower
• The reliability of a teacher evaluation system determines the proportion of teachers who can be identified as exceptional - The reliability of a teacher evaluation system determines the proportion of teachers who can be identified as exceptional
• The replay item in JEU SERAI indicated Realistic type affiliation regardless of the anticipated RIASEC type of the mini game replayed - The replay item in JEU SERAI indicated Realistic type affiliation regardless of the anticipated RIASEC type of the mini game replayed
• The replication successfully reproduced the original study's execution of contingent instruction, with tutors applying the contingency rule in 68.9% of interventions versus 70% in 1978 - The replication successfully reproduced the original study's execution of contingent instruction, with tutors applying the contingency rule in 68.9% of interventions versus 70% in 1978
• The report attributes stagnant learning results to program implementation rather than to the ed-tech tools themselves - The report attributes stagnant learning results to program implementation rather than to the ed-tech tools themselves
• The report attributes to Clancey (1984) that GUIDON field-test students had difficulty understanding and remembering MYCIN's production rules because reasoning strategies and system knowledge were not represented - The report attributes to Clancey (1984) that GUIDON field-test students had difficulty understanding and remembering MYCIN's production rules because reasoning strategies and system knowledge were not
• The report attributes to expert-novice comparisons that experts relate symptoms to inoperative system functions while novices focus on physically proximal components - The report attributes to expert-novice comparisons that experts relate symptoms to inoperative system functions while novices focus on physically proximal components
• The report attributes to Glaser et al. (1985) that skilled and less skilled avionics technicians generated plans equally often but differed in plan quality, with experts deploying domain-particularized strong methods - The report attributes to Glaser et al.
• The report attributes to Kieras and Bovair (1984) that device-model instruction improved procedure learning, retention, execution speed, and procedure simplification relative to rote learning - The report attributes to Kieras and Bovair (1984) that device-model instruction improved procedure learning, retention, execution speed, and procedure simplification relative to rote learning
• The report calls for reframing edtech certification applications to help developers identify equity gaps in the research they use - The report calls for reframing edtech certification applications to help developers identify equity gaps in the research they use
• The report cites research evidence that students exposed to authentic intellectual challenges are more engaged than students given conventional schoolwork - The report cites research evidence that students exposed to authentic intellectual challenges are more engaged than students given conventional schoolwork
• The report claims six core SoLD findings should reshape teacher preparation, including that the brain is malleable, variability is the norm, and relationships catalyze learning - The report claims six core SoLD findings should reshape teacher preparation, including that the brain is malleable, variability is the norm, and relationships catalyze learning
• The report classifies interviewed principals into a buy-in typology whose table records framework conferences, evaluation attitudes, description of teacher buy-in, changes in practice, and severity for 39 principals - The report classifies interviewed principals into a buy-in typology whose table records framework conferences, evaluation attitudes, description of teacher buy-in, changes in practice, and severity fo
• The report compares the effectiveness of teachers entering and exiting DCPS since IMPACT against core teachers who remained from 2008–2009 through 2012–2013 - The report compares the effectiveness of teachers entering and exiting DCPS since IMPACT against core teachers who remained from 2008–2009 through 2012–2013
• The report concludes more validity evidence is needed before using FFL scores to identify effective and ineffective school leaders - The report concludes more validity evidence is needed before using FFL scores to identify effective and ineffective school leaders
• The report concludes there is reason for concern about whether the online charter school sector is likely to be effective in promoting student achievement - The report concludes there is reason for concern about whether the online charter school sector is likely to be effective in promoting student achievement
• The report documents a value-added method combining nontechnical description of main features with data sources and technical statistical detail - The report documents a value-added method combining nontechnical description of main features with data sources and technical statistical detail
• The report examines how in-school and out-of-school predictors relate individually to each type of near-term academic problem - The report examines how in-school and out-of-school predictors relate individually to each type of near-term academic problem
• The report examines how school shutdowns impacted student achievement at the start of the 2020-21 school year - The report examines how school shutdowns impacted student achievement at the start of the 2020-21 school year
• The report examines whether retention rates of effective DCPS teachers changed after IMPACT began, including dismissal rates and school-level retention over time - The report examines whether retention rates of effective DCPS teachers changed after IMPACT began, including dismissal rates and school-level retention over time
• The report explicitly discusses limitations of the Oklahoma value-added model - The report explicitly discusses limitations of the Oklahoma value-added model
• The report identifies five key themes across rural micro-credentialing initiatives, with partnerships the most prevalent - The report identifies five key themes across rural micro-credentialing initiatives, with partnerships the most prevalent
• The report measures how novice teachers' effectiveness changes with experience relative to veteran teachers' change in effectiveness - The report measures how novice teachers' effectiveness changes with experience relative to veteran teachers' change in effectiveness
• The report positions family engagement as an often-underutilized strategy for supporting student academic growth during COVID recovery - The report positions family engagement as an often-underutilized strategy for supporting student academic growth during COVID recovery
• The report provides an overview of federal support for state apprenticeship systems and variation across states in key characteristics - The report provides an overview of federal support for state apprenticeship systems and variation across states in key characteristics
• The report recommends four policy strategies: competitive equitable compensation, targeted supply in shortage fields, improved retention, and a national teacher labor market - The report recommends four policy strategies: competitive equitable compensation, targeted supply in shortage fields, improved retention, and a national teacher labor market
• The report synthesizes 21 empirical studies on value-added model key issues and findings - The report synthesizes 21 empirical studies on value-added model key issues and findings
• The report's dropout and graduate percentages are calculated differently from CPS's and are therefore somewhat smaller than CPS numbers - The report's dropout and graduate percentages are calculated differently from CPS's and are therefore somewhat smaller than CPS numbers
• The report's loss estimates are conservative because they exclude health, psychological, family, community, and broader societal costs that cannot be monetized - The report's loss estimates are conservative because they exclude health, psychological, family, community, and broader societal costs that cannot be monetized
• The reported difficulty values are based on scholastically advanced adults, and whether the proportions would hold for less mature subjects remains an open question. - The reported difficulty values are based on scholastically advanced adults, and whether the proportions would hold for less mature subjects remains an open question.
• The requirement structure decreased the percentage of graduates completing both chemistry and physics, because mandated earth or environmental science pushed the combination into a fourth year - The requirement structure decreased the percentage of graduates completing both chemistry and physics, because mandated earth or environmental science pushed the combination into a fourth year
• The research program includes related work on summer learning loss and the relationship between school-year gains and summer loss - The research program includes related work on summer learning loss and the relationship between school-year gains and summer loss
• The Residual Fusion Transformer shows the lowest worst-group MAE and smallest gender gap among baselines, while the Sensor GRU shows the smallest age gap alongside the weakest overall performance - The Residual Fusion Transformer shows the lowest worst-group MAE and smallest gender gap among baselines, while the Sensor GRU shows the smallest age gap alongside the weakest overall performance
• The response-level confidence score correlates positively and significantly with scoring accuracy - The response-level confidence score correlates positively and significantly with scoring accuracy
• The restudy advantage in Experiment 1 was not explained by longer exposure during the memory rating: restudy participants spent the least time on the rating. - The restudy advantage in Experiment 1 was not explained by longer exposure during the memory rating: restudy participants spent the least time on the rating.
• The results suggest a new interpretation of intrinsic and extrinsic load as related to the time needed to process information - The results suggest a new interpretation of intrinsic and extrinsic load as related to the time needed to process information
• The retention benefit of spaced recall quizzes holds regardless of instructor teaching experience - The retention benefit of spaced recall quizzes holds regardless of instructor teaching experience
• The retention benefit of spaced recall quizzes holds regardless of the hour of the day the class meets - The retention benefit of spaced recall quizzes holds regardless of the hour of the day the class meets
• The retention comparison covers two cohorts of novice TRP teachers across six districts served by 12 TRPs, with a representative non-TRP comparison sample - The retention comparison covers two cohorts of novice TRP teachers across six districts served by 12 TRPs, with a representative non-TRP comparison sample
• The retention effect of Balanced Leadership® was not statistically significant in the contributing study - The retention effect of Balanced Leadership® was not statistically significant in the contributing study
• The retention gap persisted at 48 hours with no differential forgetting between groups (39% vs 52%) - The retention gap persisted at 48 hours with no differential forgetting between groups (39% vs 52%)
• The retention-interval main effect shows forgetting occurred over one week in both experiments - The retention-interval main effect shows forgetting occurred over one week in both experiments
• The retrieval (TTST) advantage appeared at both short (5 min) and long (24 h) retention delays, with no reliable evidence that it differed between them - The retrieval (TTST) advantage appeared at both short (5 min) and long (24 h) retention delays, with no reliable evidence that it differed between them
• The retrieval benefit occurs at the level of individual items, not through general practice at retrieval - The retrieval benefit occurs at the level of individual items, not through general practice at retrieval
• The return to college selectivity remains large for black, Hispanic, and students from less-educated families - The return to college selectivity remains large for black, Hispanic, and students from less-educated families
• The reverse math-to-motivation genetic pathway is not moderated by SES, supporting a directional motivation-to-achievement relation - The reverse math-to-motivation genetic pathway is not moderated by SES, supporting a directional motivation-to-achievement relation
• The review argues that ignoring the social side of school carries costs including reified achievement gaps, diminished belonging and dropout, and unsafe school climates - The review argues that ignoring the social side of school carries costs including reified achievement gaps, diminished belonging and dropout, and unsafe school climates
• The review argues that the dominance of adaptive learning within AI integration undermines educational goals and limits student agency and creativity - The review argues that the dominance of adaptive learning within AI integration undermines educational goals and limits student agency and creativity
• The review concludes music training has a beneficial effect on core executive function performance, primarily in inhibitory control and to a lesser extent in working memory and cognitive flexibility - The review concludes music training has a beneficial effect on core executive function performance, primarily in inhibitory control and to a lesser extent in working memory and cognitive flexibility
• The review counts positive, negative and null associations rather than pooling effect sizes, because heterogeneity of measures and methods makes meta-analysis unsuitable - The review counts positive, negative and null associations rather than pooling effect sizes, because heterogeneity of measures and methods makes meta-analysis unsuitable
• The review describes effects of authentically designed settings on motivational outcomes and learners' perceived authenticity alongside cognitive outcomes - The review describes effects of authentically designed settings on motivational outcomes and learners' perceived authenticity alongside cognitive outcomes
• The review endorses educational guidance by early intelligence testing and selection by tests at high school and college entrance - The review endorses educational guidance by early intelligence testing and selection by tests at high school and college entrance
• The review finds a complex, mixed landscape of ITS effectiveness and a need for greater scientific rigor in experimental design and data analysis - The review finds a complex, mixed landscape of ITS effectiveness and a need for greater scientific rigor in experimental design and data analysis
• The review found evidence supporting generalization and maintenance of self-management intervention effects for students with emotional and behavioral disorders - The review found evidence supporting generalization and maintenance of self-management intervention effects for students with emotional and behavioral disorders
• The review identifies data privacy, algorithmic fairness, academic integrity, and unequal access as interconnected ethical concerns in AI-supported mathematics education - The review identifies data privacy, algorithmic fairness, academic integrity, and unequal access as interconnected ethical concerns in AI-supported mathematics education
• The review identifies gaps in existing evaluative approaches for physical learning environments - The review identifies gaps in existing evaluative approaches for physical learning environments
• The review identifies human capital development as the leading rationale, operating at micro, meso, and macro levels - The review identifies human capital development as the leading rationale, operating at micro, meso, and macro levels
• The review identifies six means and four goals of language scaffolding in bilingual secondary education - The review identifies six means and four goals of language scaffolding in bilingual secondary education
• The review identifies three pathways of AI-empowered STEM education: technological leap to generative AI, integration into instructional systems, and value shift toward competency cultivation - The review identifies three pathways of AI-empowered STEM education: technological leap to generative AI, integration into instructional systems, and value shift toward competency cultivation
• The review proposes an evidence-based conceptual framework to guide design and practice of future LA-based feedback practices - The review proposes an evidence-based conceptual framework to guide design and practice of future LA-based feedback practices
• The review proposes that embodied language learning engages learners holistically while promoting language skills and adding emotional and motivational benefits - The review proposes that embodied language learning engages learners holistically while promoting language skills and adding emotional and motivational benefits
• The review reports AI curriculum-design tools identify learning gaps and equity-analysis tools examine differential policy impacts on student populations - The review reports AI curriculum-design tools identify learning gaps and equity-analysis tools examine differential policy impacts on student populations
• The review reports AI-driven personalization improves student engagement and learning outcomes, and virtual teaching assistants support diverse learning needs - The review reports AI-driven personalization improves student engagement and learning outcomes, and virtual teaching assistants support diverse learning needs
• The review reports mixed findings on AI's motivational effects: some studies show enhancement, others nonsignificant or negative effects - The review reports mixed findings on AI's motivational effects: some studies show enhancement, others nonsignificant or negative effects
• The review reports no evidence that the mere visual presence of a human-like body produces distinct effects, though likeable appearance improves motivation and transfer - The review reports no evidence that the mere visual presence of a human-like body produces distinct effects, though likeable appearance improves motivation and transfer
• The review reports reciprocal teaching of reading, an approach exemplifying cognitive apprenticeship, was remarkably effective in raising reading comprehension scores, especially for poor readers - The review reports reciprocal teaching of reading, an approach exemplifying cognitive apprenticeship, was remarkably effective in raising reading comprehension scores, especially for poor readers
• The review reports some evidence that over-dependence on AI contributes to cognitive offloading and decreased independent reasoning, while guided AI use can be helpful - The review reports some evidence that over-dependence on AI contributes to cognitive offloading and decreased independent reasoning, while guided AI use can be helpful
• The review reports that a brief values-affirmation writing assignment raised Black students' semester grades, narrowing the Black-White achievement gap - The review reports that a brief values-affirmation writing assignment raised Black students' semester grades, narrowing the Black-White achievement gap
• The review reports that AI detection tools disproportionately flag multilingual writers, which the authors frame as digital structural violence - The review reports that AI detection tools disproportionately flag multilingual writers, which the authors frame as digital structural violence
• The review reports that AI positively contributes to 128 of the 169 SDG targets - The review reports that AI positively contributes to 128 of the 169 SDG targets
• The review reports that AutoTutor improves learning by nearly one letter grade compared with reading a textbook for an equivalent time or with a pretest - The review reports that AutoTutor improves learning by nearly one letter grade compared with reading a textbook for an equivalent time or with a pretest
• The review reports that cognitive apprenticeship instructional methods were significantly more effective than traditional methods for college-level writing skills - The review reports that cognitive apprenticeship instructional methods were significantly more effective than traditional methods for college-level writing skills
• The review reports that college tutors who espoused a malleable view of intelligence to their tutees improved their own academic performance, with benefits for tutees as well - The review reports that college tutors who espoused a malleable view of intelligence to their tutees improved their own academic performance, with benefits for tutees as well
• The review reports that connecting possible selves to concrete strategies is an essential precursor to positive behavior, beyond merely holding possible selves - The review reports that connecting possible selves to concrete strategies is an essential precursor to positive behavior, beyond merely holding possible selves
• The review reports that embedded analytics, timely feedback, and structured reflection strengthen conceptual consolidation and learning gains - The review reports that embedded analytics, timely feedback, and structured reflection strengthen conceptual consolidation and learning gains
• The review reports that equally qualified Chicago graduates' college persistence differed systematically depending on the institutional graduation rates of the colleges they attended - The review reports that equally qualified Chicago graduates' college persistence differed systematically depending on the institutional graduation rates of the colleges they attended
• The review reports that highly competent PALs increased learners' application of acquired knowledge while low-competent PALs increased self-efficacy - The review reports that highly competent PALs increased learners' application of acquired knowledge while low-competent PALs increased self-efficacy
• The review reports that insufficient prep time, curriculum-alignment difficulty, and low teacher confidence with new technologies are barriers to implementing simulations in K-12 - The review reports that insufficient prep time, curriculum-alignment difficulty, and low teacher confidence with new technologies are barriers to implementing simulations in K-12
• The review reports that jigsaw classrooms produced gains in self-esteem, interpersonal attraction, empathy, and minority academic achievement without cost to majority students - The review reports that jigsaw classrooms produced gains in self-esteem, interpersonal attraction, empathy, and minority academic achievement without cost to majority students
• The review reports that minimal-group categorization produces in-group favoritism in resource allocation, cooperation, prosocial behavior, and evaluation - The review reports that minimal-group categorization produces in-group favoritism in resource allocation, cooperation, prosocial behavior, and evaluation
• The review reports that participants in simulation-game conditions had significantly higher skill-based knowledge outcomes than those in non-game conditions - The review reports that participants in simulation-game conditions had significantly higher skill-based knowledge outcomes than those in non-game conditions
• The review reports that real-world experiential simulations offer affordances beyond virtual-only formats, including heightened presence through embodiment, place, and face-to-face social immersion - The review reports that real-world experiential simulations offer affordances beyond virtual-only formats, including heightened presence through embodiment, place, and face-to-face social immersion
• The review reports that role-playing exercises significantly enhanced students' 21st-century skills including communication, collaboration, and critical thinking - The review reports that role-playing exercises significantly enhanced students' 21st-century skills including communication, collaboration, and critical thinking
• The review reports that simulation games support near transfer of knowledge but evidence for long-term or far transfer is less robust - The review reports that simulation games support near transfer of knowledge but evidence for long-term or far transfer is less robust
• The review reports that students learning with serious games often perform better on content knowledge assessments than those in traditional settings - The review reports that students learning with serious games often perform better on content knowledge assessments than those in traditional settings
• The review reports that students receiving situated instruction outperformed a lecture-based control group on a causality posttest - The review reports that students receiving situated instruction outperformed a lecture-based control group on a causality posttest
• The review reports that the isolated-elements mixed instructional method benefits novices but the benefit disappears for experienced learners, and that the imagination effect reverses with expertise - The review reports that the isolated-elements mixed instructional method benefits novices but the benefit disappears for experienced learners, and that the imagination effect reverses with expertise
• The review reports that the modality effect reverses with expertise: audio-visual presentations helped inexperienced learners, but after further training a diagram-only condition showed a substantial advantage - The review reports that the modality effect reverses with expertise: audio-visual presentations helped inexperienced learners, but after further training a diagram-only condition showed a substantial
• The review reports that training a single deep learning model may have a carbon footprint comparable to several automobiles over their lifespan - The review reports that training a single deep learning model may have a carbon footprint comparable to several automobiles over their lifespan
• The review reports that worked examples benefit inexperienced learners but become redundant with increased experience, when problem solving proves superior - The review reports that worked examples benefit inexperienced learners but become redundant with increased experience, when problem solving proves superior
• The review reports, citing Karamustafaoğlu and Pektaş (2023), that inquiry-based STEM activities significantly enhance students' problem-solving skills and STEM awareness - The review reports, citing Karamustafaoğlu and Pektaş (2023), that inquiry-based STEM activities significantly enhance students' problem-solving skills and STEM awareness
• The review reports, citing Meyer et al., that stacking micro-credentials increases employment by four percent and quarterly wages by seven percent - The review reports, citing Meyer et al., that stacking micro-credentials increases employment by four percent and quarterly wages by seven percent
• The review synthesized 110 studies on the effectiveness of remote learning practices in K-12 settings - The review synthesized 110 studies on the effectiveness of remote learning practices in K-12 settings
• The review tutorial yields higher post-training task relevance than the control, but no condition effect on self-efficacy - The review tutorial yields higher post-training task relevance than the control, but no condition effect on self-efficacy
• The review's corpus excluded studies that used refutation texts as stimuli but manipulated other variables so the primary purpose was not elucidating refutation-text effects, mechanisms, or moderators - The review's corpus excluded studies that used refutation texts as stimuli but manipulated other variables so the primary purpose was not elucidating refutation-text effects, mechanisms, or moderators
• The review's evidence base comprises 54 interventions in 51 quantitative effect studies published between 2010 and 2020, drawn from 2093 screened publications - The review's evidence base comprises 54 interventions in 51 quantitative effect studies published between 2010 and 2020, drawn from 2093 screened publications
• The review's evidence base comprises 90 studies reporting 870 associations of interaction quality with child developmental and educational outcomes, covering 108,693 children - The review's evidence base comprises 90 studies reporting 870 associations of interaction quality with child developmental and educational outcomes, covering 108,693 children
• The reviewed corpus mostly targets introductory learners in short-term studies, with supervision level structurally tied to deployment context - The reviewed corpus mostly targets introductory learners in short-term studies, with supervision level structurally tied to deployment context
• The reviewed evidence base is predominantly cross-sectional, with small self-report-heavy teacher samples - The reviewed evidence base is predominantly cross-sectional, with small self-report-heavy teacher samples
• The reviewed intelligence-testing book omits technical questions such as the validity of the Intelligence Quotient and presents testing results optimistically - The reviewed intelligence-testing book omits technical questions such as the validity of the Intelligence Quotient and presents testing results optimistically
• The reviewed tests-and-scales book describes a third stage in which standardized tests are used for diagnosis of individual pupils and for testing the efficiency of teaching methods - The reviewed tests-and-scales book describes a third stage in which standardized tests are used for diagnosis of individual pupils and for testing the efficiency of teaching methods
• The reviewed tracing studies consistently confirm learning benefits of tracing across retention, comprehension, and transfer measures, though cognitive-load hypotheses were not confirmed in all studies - The reviewed tracing studies consistently confirm learning benefits of tracing across retention, comprehension, and transfer measures, though cognitive-load hypotheses were not confirmed in all studie
• The reviewer argues that general teaching-technique manuals of his era make little or no use of the psychological facts available from measurement-based studies of school subjects - The reviewer argues that general teaching-technique manuals of his era make little or no use of the psychological facts available from measurement-based studies of school subjects
• The reviewer argues that the dynamic character of appetites and desires must be considered in any thoroughgoing character-development plan - The reviewer argues that the dynamic character of appetites and desires must be considered in any thoroughgoing character-development plan
• The reviewer concludes the advantage of a wide attention span should be made available to young readers through special training in the early grades - The reviewer concludes the advantage of a wide attention span should be made available to young readers through special training in the early grades
• The reviewer finds the tests-and-scales book's intelligence-measurement chapter useful but its least satisfactory part, criticizing the Stanford-Binet treatment and the omission of the National Tests - The reviewer finds the tests-and-scales book's intelligence-measurement chapter useful but its least satisfactory part, criticizing the Stanford-Binet treatment and the omission of the National Tests
• The reviewer judges Goddard's book an optimistic, clear popular account that exaggerates intelligence's influence and omits technical questions such as IQ validity - The reviewer judges Goddard's book an optimistic, clear popular account that exaggerates intelligence's influence and omits technical questions such as IQ validity
• The reviewer judges that students will find it difficult to distinguish experimentally based learning principles from the author's opinions in Edwards' textbook - The reviewer judges that students will find it difficult to distinguish experimentally based learning principles from the author's opinions in Edwards' textbook
• The reviewer reports that Baldwin's repeated examinations show the IQ is fairly constant though subject to fluctuations, and that repeated examinations exhibit a definite practice effect - The reviewer reports that Baldwin's repeated examinations show the IQ is fairly constant though subject to fluctuations, and that repeated examinations exhibit a definite practice effect
• The revised coherence version measurably increased textual coherence on two quantitative indices - The revised coherence version measurably increased textual coherence on two quantitative indices
• The revised CONTACT-2 strategy led fifth- and sixth-graders to construct better conceptions and achieve higher learning performance scores than original CONTACT or no-activation control conditions - The revised CONTACT-2 strategy led fifth- and sixth-graders to construct better conceptions and achieve higher learning performance scores than original CONTACT or no-activation control conditions
• The revised questionnaire shows satisfactory internal consistencies for each cognitive load type across Studies 1 and 2 - The revised questionnaire shows satisfactory internal consistencies for each cognitive load type across Studies 1 and 2
• The revised Round II grading workflow reduced AI over-awarding and total-score MAD, most clearly for OE1 (7.1% to 4.8%) and QM (9.4% to 3.8%) - The revised Round II grading workflow reduced AI over-awarding and total-score MAD, most clearly for OE1 (7.1% to 4.8%) and QM (9.4% to 3.8%)
• The reward effect on inhibitory control is significant across all six IC task types, but task type significantly moderates the effect, with the largest effect in Stroop tasks - The reward effect on inhibitory control is significant across all six IC task types, but task type significantly moderates the effect, with the largest effect in Stroop tasks
• The RHSI condition ordering is robust across a 20-cell window-size and demand-floor grid, with EO strictly worst in all cells, though ST–MAS ordering reverses at demand floors ≥0.45 - The RHSI condition ordering is robust across a 20-cell window-size and demand-floor grid, with EO strictly worst in all cells, though ST–MAS ordering reverses at demand floors ≥0.45
• The RI-CCLPM-C indicates a positive self-concept effect on achievement even when data are generated without any direct effects between self-concept and achievement - The RI-CCLPM-C indicates a positive self-concept effect on achievement even when data are generated without any direct effects between self-concept and achievement
• The rise in diploma earning came from declining dropout rates, which fell from 35 to 11 percent, not from declines in other outcomes - The rise in diploma earning came from declining dropout rates, which fell from 35 to 11 percent, not from declines in other outcomes
• The risk-averse Minimize Worst Case Loss task-selection strategy produces far higher overpractice than other strategies in simulated mastery learning - The risk-averse Minimize Worst Case Loss task-selection strategy produces far higher overpractice than other strategies in simulated mastery learning
• The RLMM recovers ability parameters on peg-solitaire boards with up to more than 23 million states, where tabular MDP-MM estimation is impractical - The RLMM recovers ability parameters on peg-solitaire boards with up to more than 23 million states, where tabular MDP-MM estimation is impractical
• The robotics task prompted longer group-level regulation of emotion–motivation than the conceptual physics task - The robotics task prompted longer group-level regulation of emotion–motivation than the conceptual physics task
• The role of affect in STEM teacher learning remains seriously underexplored despite growing research on teacher emotion - The role of affect in STEM teacher learning remains seriously underexplored despite growing research on teacher emotion
• The role of respeto socialization and authoritarian parenting in achievement differs between Mexican and Dominican American families - The role of respeto socialization and authoritarian parenting in achievement differs between Mexican and Dominican American families
• The roles of intelligence and metacognitive quality as predictors of math performance turn around between ages 13 and 15 - The roles of intelligence and metacognitive quality as predictors of math performance turn around between ages 13 and 15
• The Rosanoff High Standard Frequency Test, but not writing-speed measures, diverges sharply between high-discrepancy and control students - The Rosanoff High Standard Frequency Test, but not writing-speed measures, diverges sharply between high-discrepancy and control students
• The Rothstein falsification test can reject value-added models even when estimated teacher effects are unbiased - The Rothstein falsification test can reject value-added models even when estimated teacher effects are unbiased
• The Rothstein falsification test generates large and implausible future teacher effects even when students are randomly assigned to classrooms - The Rothstein falsification test generates large and implausible future teacher effects even when students are randomly assigned to classrooms
• The Rothstein falsification test is not definitive in showing bias in VAM teacher effect estimates - The Rothstein falsification test is not definitive in showing bias in VAM teacher effect estimates
• The Rothstein test can reject VAMs even when students are randomly assigned conditional on the covariates in the model - The Rothstein test can reject VAMs even when students are randomly assigned conditional on the covariates in the model
• The routine rule for selecting the graph threshold makes naive comparisons of β0 between two datasets invalid - The routine rule for selecting the graph threshold makes naive comparisons of β0 between two datasets invalid
• The RT propensity–learning relationship is strongest early in the class session and attenuates later - The RT propensity–learning relationship is strongest early in the class session and attenuates later
• The rural–nonrural achievement divergence is driven by larger summer losses for rural students - The rural–nonrural achievement divergence is driven by larger summer losses for rural students
• The S-Reg tool prompting groups' awareness of motivational, emotional, and cognitive conditions increased co-regulation, especially early in collaboration - The S-Reg tool prompting groups' awareness of motivational, emotional, and cognitive conditions increased co-regulation, especially early in collaboration