Claims: C 4

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• Combining the pattern detector with an LLM fallback does not improve joint detection accuracy over the LLM alone - Combining the pattern detector with an LLM fallback does not improve joint detection accuracy over the LLM alone
• Combining the revised rubric with rationale-first evaluation yields the highest human–machine alignment, with dimension-specific gains - Combining the revised rubric with rationale-first evaluation yields the highest human–machine alignment, with dimension-specific gains
• Combining tracing with imagining (tracing with closed eyes) reduced problem-solving times compared to no tracing and imagining in worked-example mathematics learning - Combining tracing with imagining (tracing with closed eyes) reduced problem-solving times compared to no tracing and imagining in worked-example mathematics learning
• Combining utility value of distinguishing with conditional knowledge fosters interleaving of confusable categories (Abel et al., 2024) - Combining utility value of distinguishing with conditional knowledge fosters interleaving of confusable categories (Abel et al., 2024)
• Combining voiced auditory descriptions with tactile graphics increased braille readers' likelihood of answering assessment items correctly - Combining voiced auditory descriptions with tactile graphics increased braille readers' likelihood of answering assessment items correctly
• Comment revision effort concentrates on Multi-Step-Block and other procedural constructs, with the widest flows ending in Heavy Modification - Comment revision effort concentrates on Multi-Step-Block and other procedural constructs, with the widest flows ending in Heavy Modification
• Commercial SAT preparation courses showed no statistically significant effect on SAT scores in a national propensity-score-matched sample (Domingue & Briggs, 2009) - Commercial SAT preparation courses showed no statistically significant effect on SAT scores in a national propensity-score-matched sample (Domingue & Briggs, 2009)
• Commercial text-to-image models produce accurate images for broad nuclear concepts but fail on specialized engineering prompts - Commercial text-to-image models produce accurate images for broad nuclear concepts but fail on specialized engineering prompts
• Commercially optimized study-oriented modes achieve higher learner-side scores than baseline, and CURIOBOT shifts general-purpose LLM behavior toward those patterns via prompting alone - Commercially optimized study-oriented modes achieve higher learner-side scores than baseline, and CURIOBOT shifts general-purpose LLM behavior toward those patterns via prompting alone
• Commissioned evaluations found 21CSLA offerings influenced participants' knowledge, skills, and practices related to evidence-based practices, continuous improvement, and equity - Commissioned evaluations found 21CSLA offerings influenced participants' knowledge, skills, and practices related to evidence-based practices, continuous improvement, and equity
• Commissions scores do not differ significantly between fitness clusters in either gender - Commissions scores do not differ significantly between fitness clusters in either gender
• Commitment devices such as deadlines show demand but mixed effectiveness for student performance - Commitment devices such as deadlines show demand but mixed effectiveness for student performance
• Committee members hold that driving systems-level change requires actively and directly engaging local communities rather than passively asking for feedback - Committee members hold that driving systems-level change requires actively and directly engaging local communities rather than passively asking for feedback
• Commognitive analysis of lecturing offers micro-level insights into lecturer-student communication that non-commognitive approaches miss - Commognitive analysis of lecturing offers micro-level insights into lecturer-student communication that non-commognitive approaches miss
• Common cognitive genetic variance is highly correlated with common reading genetic variance - Common cognitive genetic variance is highly correlated with common reading genetic variance
• Common features distinguish more efficacious dementia educational programs, including role relevance, active face-to-face participation, theory-underpinned practice learning, experienced facilitation, and support for applying learning in practice - Common features distinguish more efficacious dementia educational programs, including role relevance, active face-to-face participation, theory-underpinned practice learning, experienced facilitation,
• Common health literacy measures largely detect individual differences in cognitive abilities - Common health literacy measures largely detect individual differences in cognitive abilities
• Common language teaching methods such as oral drills, memorization, and fast-paced competitive activities disadvantage older learners - Common language teaching methods such as oral drills, memorization, and fast-paced competitive activities disadvantage older learners
• Common non-curricular policing strategies show no overall effects on measures of school crime or discipline - Common non-curricular policing strategies show no overall effects on measures of school crime or discipline
• Common physical and exclusionary safety measures can cause harm to the very students schools are trying to protect - Common physical and exclusionary safety measures can cause harm to the very students schools are trying to protect
• Common rater and multiple rater effects partly explain why student-reports of teacher personality correlate more strongly with outcomes - Common rater and multiple rater effects partly explain why student-reports of teacher personality correlate more strongly with outcomes
• Common risks of AI integration in nursing education include technological inequities, faculty preparedness gaps, and ethical concerns around privacy and bias - Common risks of AI integration in nursing education include technological inequities, faculty preparedness gaps, and ethical concerns around privacy and bias
• Common strategies across reviewed Tier 2 interventions include structured curriculum, small group instruction, and progress-monitoring assessment tools - Common strategies across reviewed Tier 2 interventions include structured curriculum, small group instruction, and progress-monitoring assessment tools
• Common threat-mitigation strategies preceded and failed to prevent deficit narratives, whose introduction followed the failure of mitigation to restore the emotional regime - Common threat-mitigation strategies preceded and failed to prevent deficit narratives, whose introduction followed the failure of mitigation to restore the emotional regime
• Communal goal incongruity shows a significant negative indirect effect on persistence intentions through belonging, though weaker than expected - Communal goal incongruity shows a significant negative indirect effect on persistence intentions through belonging, though weaker than expected
• Communicating feelings of difficulty during the task allowed young children to mobilize resources and achieve their goals - Communicating feelings of difficulty during the task allowed young children to mobilize resources and achieve their goals
• Communicating feelings of difficulty is significantly associated with six-year-olds' deployment of metacognition and self-regulation, with the exception of planning - Communicating feelings of difficulty is significantly associated with six-year-olds' deployment of metacognition and self-regulation, with the exception of planning
• Communication and coordination costs of transactive activities can annul the benefit of sharing cognitive load in a group - Communication and coordination costs of transactive activities can annul the benefit of sharing cognitive load in a group
• Communication challenges were the most reported barrier to supporting English language learner students, cited by 63 percent of schools - Communication challenges were the most reported barrier to supporting English language learner students, cited by 63 percent of schools
• Communication is the most extensively operationalized domain, with over 80 individual outcomes across all seven frameworks - Communication is the most extensively operationalized domain, with over 80 individual outcomes across all seven frameworks
• Communicative activities associated with the RIDE rules, especially Intelligent collaboration, correlate with discovery learning activities in both groups - Communicative activities associated with the RIDE rules, especially Intelligent collaboration, correlate with discovery learning activities in both groups
• Communicative Approach introduced to China in the 1990s was initially not very communicative - Communicative Approach introduced to China in the 1990s was initially not very communicative
• Communicative perspective-taking mediates the relation between ADHD traits and social outcomes - Communicative perspective-taking mediates the relation between ADHD traits and social outcomes
• Communities and neighborhoods rich in social networks have lower rates of crime, delinquency, and child abuse - Communities and neighborhoods rich in social networks have lower rates of crime, delinquency, and child abuse
• Community adults entering an AI education session held broad, generalized concerns about AI, including distrust of self-regulation and privacy worries - Community adults entering an AI education session held broad, generalized concerns about AI, including distrust of self-regulation and privacy worries
• Community and Questions codes most strongly separated the four groups, especially Group A from the others - Community and Questions codes most strongly separated the four groups, especially Group A from the others
• Community arts organizations expect to expand or shift services, including moving programming outside the school day and supporting fund use - Community arts organizations expect to expand or shift services, including moving programming outside the school day and supporting fund use
• Community arts organizations have altered their services and experienced loss of funding and contracts under Prop 28 AMS - Community arts organizations have altered their services and experienced loss of funding and contracts under Prop 28 AMS
• Community college credential completion rates are low and have slightly declined, with markedly lower rates for black and Hispanic students - Community college credential completion rates are low and have slightly declined, with markedly lower rates for black and Hispanic students
• Community college students experience assessment and placement as a one-day isolated event with minimal advance information, not as part of a continuous process - Community college students experience assessment and placement as a one-day isolated event with minimal advance information, not as part of a continuous process
• Community college students hold concrete quality criteria for edtech, including evidence of claims, accessibility, and peer and faculty connection - Community college students hold concrete quality criteria for edtech, including evidence of claims, accessibility, and peer and faculty connection
• Community college students shut out of a course section via waitlist cutoffs were 22–28 percent more likely to take zero courses that term - Community college students shut out of a course section via waitlist cutoffs were 22–28 percent more likely to take zero courses that term
• Community college students want to feel connected to their college — faculty, staff, peers, and services — from entry through completion - Community college students want to feel connected to their college — faculty, staff, peers, and services — from entry through completion
• Community college students want to play a role in edtech evaluation and procurement decisions - Community college students want to play a role in edtech evaluation and procurement decisions
• Community colleges are well positioned to lead the emerging credentialing market for three stated reasons - Community colleges are well positioned to lead the emerging credentialing market for three stated reasons
• Community colleges' dual mission of degrees and workforce development is a competitive advantage for piloting new credentials - Community colleges' dual mission of degrees and workforce development is a competitive advantage for piloting new credentials
• Community engagement for the needs assessment reached nearly 630 community members who provided over 1,400 points of collected data - Community engagement for the needs assessment reached nearly 630 community members who provided over 1,400 points of collected data
• Community listening sessions identified shared themes of access and affordability, market shifts, workforce development, wages, outreach, inclusion, family supports, and facilities - Community listening sessions identified shared themes of access and affordability, market shifts, workforce development, wages, outreach, inclusion, family supports, and facilities
• Community members reported that participating in a Community Socratic Circle helped them feel comfortable with teachers facilitating classroom racial discourse - Community members reported that participating in a Community Socratic Circle helped them feel comfortable with teachers facilitating classroom racial discourse
• Community partners report that co-planning under the CSL model gives them a voice in what the service project will be and how it is implemented - Community partners report that co-planning under the CSL model gives them a voice in what the service project will be and how it is implemented
• Community projects need conceptual framing to avoid narrowing the learning object
• Community schools are associated with positive student outcomes including reduced absenteeism, improved academics, and more positive school climates - Community schools are associated with positive student outcomes including reduced absenteeism, improved academics, and more positive school climates
• Community schools funding availability and consistency strongly impacts continued implementation progress in Roswell - Community schools funding availability and consistency strongly impacts continued implementation progress in Roswell
• Community survey of power-and-energy researchers and practitioners finds barriers to running AI models are nearly universal, affecting even experienced users - Community survey of power-and-energy researchers and practitioners finds barriers to running AI models are nearly universal, affecting even experienced users
• Community topic framing shifts AI agent discourse: the philosophy submolt shows a 31.3% question rate versus 7.4% in general - Community topic framing shifts AI agent discourse: the philosophy submolt shows a 31.3% question rate versus 7.4% in general
• Community violence detrimentally impacts youth and communities, motivating a well-founded educational response - Community violence detrimentally impacts youth and communities, motivating a well-founded educational response
• Community-area hardship index explained 65% of between-community-area variation; most variation in participation was at the student level - Community-area hardship index explained 65% of between-community-area variation; most variation in participation was at the student level
• Community-based mathematical investigations gave students confidence to use mathematics for social change - Community-based mathematical investigations gave students confidence to use mathematics for social change
• Community-based work programs for transition-age students with disabilities show mixed effects on employment outcomes - Community-based work programs for transition-age students with disabilities show mixed effects on employment outcomes
• Community-based work programs show potentially positive effects on postsecondary education outcomes for students with disabilities - Community-based work programs show potentially positive effects on postsecondary education outcomes for students with disabilities
• Commuting distance, school demographics, and academics play important roles in parents' school choices in Washington, DC - Commuting distance, school demographics, and academics play important roles in parents' school choices in Washington, DC
• Comorbidity with ODD and CD in RD and MD is restricted to individuals who also meet criteria for ADHD - Comorbidity with ODD and CD in RD and MD is restricted to individuals who also meet criteria for ADHD
• Compact collaboration activities did not yield systemic change within the grant period but were perceived to have produced small-scale improvements in instructional quality and human capital practices and increased availability of school effectiveness information - Compact collaboration activities did not yield systemic change within the grant period but were perceived to have produced small-scale improvements in instructional quality and human capital practices
• Comparative dashboard features found less support among online students than recommendations and contact features - Comparative dashboard features found less support among online students than recommendations and contact features
• Comparative data across six investigators lead the reviewer to recommend shifting fourteen individual Binet tests to different age levels, many back to their 1908 positions - Comparative data across six investigators lead the reviewer to recommend shifting fourteen individual Binet tests to different age levels, many back to their 1908 positions
• Comparative studies commonly show TGAs improving tactical skill, skill execution, affective, procedural knowledge and/or physical activity, while TAs improve skill execution and technical skill - Comparative studies commonly show TGAs improving tactical skill, skill execution, affective, procedural knowledge and/or physical activity, while TAs improve skill execution and technical skill
• Comparative studies report that AI detection tools do not reliably distinguish human-written from AI-generated text - Comparative studies report that AI detection tools do not reliably distinguish human-written from AI-generated text
• Compared with non-ePortfolio peers, students in courses requiring ePortfolios were generally more engaged, earned higher grades, and were more likely to complete and persist, per the 26-institution project evidence - Compared with non-ePortfolio peers, students in courses requiring ePortfolios were generally more engaged, earned higher grades, and were more likely to complete and persist, per the 26-institution pr
• Comparing cases side by side improves learning and transfer by a moderate average amount, though in one algebra study it raised procedural knowledge and flexibility but not conceptual knowledge
• Comparing original texts to model paragraphs prompted noticing that was again focused on lexical features - Comparing original texts to model paragraphs prompted noticing that was again focused on lexical features
• Comparing self-generated keywords with expert keywords increases bias, specifically underconfidence - Comparing self-generated keywords with expert keywords increases bias, specifically underconfidence
• Comparing the US standard and metric measurement systems can deepen understanding of the metric system and support intercultural learning in bilingual classes - Comparing the US standard and metric measurement systems can deepen understanding of the metric system and support intercultural learning in bilingual classes
• Comparing their own analyses with LLM outputs empowered students' sense of competence and reduced concerns about LLMs replacing human expertise - Comparing their own analyses with LLM outputs empowered students' sense of competence and reduced concerns about LLMs replacing human expertise
• Comparison and integration of different types of group awareness information is a research gap despite firmly established positive tool effects - Comparison and integration of different types of group awareness information is a research gap despite firmly established positive tool effects
• Comparison models (RoBERTa, SBERT, naïve GPT-4o prompting) failed to reach acceptable agreement on PCK items, with Cohen's κ at or below .55 - Comparison models (RoBERTa, SBERT, naïve GPT-4o prompting) failed to reach acceptable agreement on PCK items, with Cohen's κ at or below .55
• Comparison of seven school systems shows relatively little difference in handwriting quality at the same speed - Comparison of seven school systems shows relatively little difference in handwriting quality at the same speed
• Comparison prompts are strongly concentrated in process diagrams (93%) and rare in photos (20%) - Comparison prompts are strongly concentrated in process diagrams (93%) and rare in photos (20%)
• Comparison with standard scores suggested three groupings of pupils with distinct instructional needs - Comparison with standard scores suggested three groupings of pupils with distinct instructional needs
• Comparison-group students in the Bottom Line study accessed existing advising and nearly all applied to college and for financial aid - Comparison-group students in the Bottom Line study accessed existing advising and nearly all applied to college and for financial aid
• Compass Care participants reported increased student self-advocacy and confidence in asking for help - Compass Care participants reported increased student self-advocacy and confidence in asking for help
• Compass Care participants reported trusting relationships with staff that improved students' comfort, safety, and emotional expression at school - Compass Care participants reported trusting relationships with staff that improved students' comfort, safety, and emotional expression at school
• Compatibility and relative advantage strongly enhance perceived innovation attributes of AI technologies - Compatibility and relative advantage strongly enhance perceived innovation attributes of AI technologies
• Compensatory education services are additional services to make up for progress or skills lost due to a lapse in services, and are conceptually distinct from recovery services - Compensatory education services are additional services to make up for progress or skills lost due to a lapse in services, and are conceptually distinct from recovery services
• Competence and relatedness show distinct content pathways: competence with capability indicators (self-efficacy, progress, resilience) and relatedness with interpersonal-climate indicators (collegial support, trust, social capital) - Competence and relatedness show distinct content pathways: competence with capability indicators (self-efficacy, progress, resilience) and relatedness with interpersonal-climate indicators (collegial
• Competence frustration correlates with passive but not active disengagement, while autonomy frustration correlates with both - Competence frustration correlates with passive but not active disengagement, while autonomy frustration correlates with both
• Competence frustration is indirectly and positively associated with teacher-rated passive disengagement via reduced subjective vitality - Competence frustration is indirectly and positively associated with teacher-rated passive disengagement via reduced subjective vitality
• Competence is the strongest independent psychological predictor of AI literacy performance, followed by autonomy; relatedness has no significant independent effect - Competence is the strongest independent psychological predictor of AI literacy performance, followed by autonomy; relatedness has no significant independent effect
• Competence need satisfaction is the strongest psychological-need predictor of students' self-determined motivation types - Competence need satisfaction is the strongest psychological-need predictor of students' self-determined motivation types
• Competency-focused internships improved the depth, clarity, and practicality of principal preparation internships compared with hour-accumulation models - Competency-focused internships improved the depth, clarity, and practicality of principal preparation internships compared with hour-accumulation models
• Competing priorities for instructional time (environmental context) was the most salient barrier to teachers' implementation of a supplemental language curriculum - Competing priorities for instructional time (environmental context) was the most salient barrier to teachers' implementation of a supplemental language curriculum
• Competition raises idea originality for all participants but does not affect fluency or flexibility - Competition raises idea originality for all participants but does not affect fluency or flexibility
• Competition was a constant source of enjoyment for math circle participants, with evaluation focused on the task rather than the individual - Competition was a constant source of enjoyment for math circle participants, with evaluation focused on the task rather than the individual
• Competitive (norm-referenced) grading pits students against one another and discourages cooperation, according to the author's argument - Competitive (norm-referenced) grading pits students against one another and discourages cooperation, according to the author's argument
• Competitive true-false questions can produce benefits similar to competitive multiple-choice questions for previously asked and related questions - Competitive true-false questions can produce benefits similar to competitive multiple-choice questions for previously asked and related questions
• Competitive, hard-to-guess answer options generally enhance vocabulary retention (Experiments 3a and 3b). - Competitive, hard-to-guess answer options generally enhance vocabulary retention (Experiments 3a and 3b).
• Competitor activation relates to negative priming at different time windows in monolinguals and bilinguals - Competitor activation relates to negative priming at different time windows in monolinguals and bilinguals
• Complete and faded double-content examples did not differentially affect student teachers' professional vision - Complete and faded double-content examples did not differentially affect student teachers' professional vision
• Completing a think sheet yields higher response-confidence accuracy than reading a refutation text or a standard text with a misconception list - Completing a think sheet yields higher response-confidence accuracy than reading a refutation text or a standard text with a misconception list
• Completing meaning-focused tasks through CMC fosters negotiated interactions in all three modes (discussion board, text chat, videoconferencing) - Completing meaning-focused tasks through CMC fosters negotiated interactions in all three modes (discussion board, text chat, videoconferencing)
• Completing more skill levels is associated with higher Checkpoint Quiz post-test accuracy, with positive coefficients for Levels 1, 2, and 4 - Completing more skill levels is associated with higher Checkpoint Quiz post-test accuracy, with positive coefficients for Levels 1, 2, and 4
• Completing SAILS boosted first-year community college students' enrollment in college-level math by nearly 30 percentage points - Completing SAILS boosted first-year community college students' enrollment in college-level math by nearly 30 percentage points
• Completing steps in partially worked-out examples leads students to underestimate their test performance and report higher mental effort than studying fully worked examples - Completing steps in partially worked-out examples leads students to underestimate their test performance and report higher mental effort than studying fully worked examples
• Completing the follow-up homework assignment modestly boosted exam question performance - Completing the follow-up homework assignment modestly boosted exam question performance
• Completing the Science of Learning to Learn training conferred an effect of about one-third of a letter grade (d ~ 0.3) on subsequent quizzes and exams in the original randomized study - Completing the Science of Learning to Learn training conferred an effect of about one-third of a letter grade (d ~ 0.3) on subsequent quizzes and exams in the original randomized study
• Completing the think sheet more accurately was associated with higher comprehension, transfer, and regulation decision adequacy - Completing the think sheet more accurately was associated with higher comprehension, transfer, and regulation decision adequacy
• Completing the topic-specific reflection module on angular momentum yielded a larger effect on strategic approach than completing other modules alone - Completing the topic-specific reflection module on angular momentum yielded a larger effect on strategic approach than completing other modules alone
• Completion of prior problem slides is the most critical predictor of completing a module's final exercise, consistent with the doer effect - Completion of prior problem slides is the most critical predictor of completing a module's final exercise, consistent with the doer effect
• Completion of the angular momentum reflection module is the first significant predictor of conceptual understanding of the related exam problem - Completion of the angular momentum reflection module is the first significant predictor of conceptual understanding of the related exam problem
• Completion, word-building, logical memory and controlled association tests are most valuable for separating dull from bright pupils - Completion, word-building, logical memory and controlled association tests are most valuable for separating dull from bright pupils
• Complex additions are more accurate in visual than auditory format, with the auditory deficit shrinking with age - Complex additions are more accurate in visual than auditory format, with the auditory deficit shrinking with age
• Complex additions are solved faster and more accurately in German than French across all five bilingual proficiency stages - Complex additions are solved faster and more accurately in German than French across all five bilingual proficiency stages
• Complex learning is lengthy, requiring instruction to account for learners' motivational states and expertise development - Complex learning is lengthy, requiring instruction to account for learners' motivational states and expertise development
• Complexity and innovation of designed tasks improves under the SDP constraint (d = 1.50, Δ = +0.84) - Complexity and innovation of designed tasks improves under the SDP constraint (d = 1.50, Δ = +0.84)
• Complexity of children's naturalistic memory reports predicts reading ability over and above IQ - Complexity of children's naturalistic memory reports predicts reading ability over and above IQ
• Compliance with MetaTutor's summarize, stay-on-subgoal, move-to-next-subgoal, and open-diagram prompts shows no significant effect on learning gains - Compliance with MetaTutor's summarize, stay-on-subgoal, move-to-next-subgoal, and open-diagram prompts shows no significant effect on learning gains
• Component frequencies: elaboration, other transactivity and expert authority are frequent; multiple justification, personal positioning and questioning are rare - Component frequencies: elaboration, other transactivity and expert authority are frequent; multiple justification, personal positioning and questioning are rare
• Component measure ratings had low to moderate positive correlations with each other, suggesting the components measure distinct dimensions of principal performance - Component measure ratings had low to moderate positive correlations with each other, suggesting the components measure distinct dimensions of principal performance
• Component-level embeddings make CourseGraph interpretable: learning outcomes contributed most to an example overlap decision - Component-level embeddings make CourseGraph interpretable: learning outcomes contributed most to an example overlap decision
• Composite 8th grade indicators identified 75 to 77 percent of eventual off-track students but raised false-positive rates to about 30 percent - Composite 8th grade indicators identified 75 to 77 percent of eventual off-track students but raised false-positive rates to about 30 percent
• Composite accountability indicators such as A–F letter grades fail to capture the cognitive and noncognitive competencies of deeper learning and college and career readiness - Composite accountability indicators such as A–F letter grades fail to capture the cognitive and noncognitive competencies of deeper learning and college and career readiness
• Composite SES indices predict phonological awareness more strongly than single SES indicators - Composite SES indices predict phonological awareness more strongly than single SES indicators
• Composition effects on ratings point to evaluator bias rather than genuine changes in teacher effectiveness - Composition effects on ratings point to evaluator bias rather than genuine changes in teacher effectiveness
• Compositional effects of school-average achievement and SES on long-term outcomes are partly mediated by ASC and particularly by GPA - Compositional effects of school-average achievement and SES on long-term outcomes are partly mediated by ASC and particularly by GPA
• Comprehensible input alone is insufficient for acquisition of high levels of grammatical proficiency - Comprehensible input alone is insufficient for acquisition of high levels of grammatical proficiency
• Comprehension (ideas recalled) shows very little difference across slow, normal, and rapid silent reading rates - Comprehension (ideas recalled) shows very little difference across slow, normal, and rapid silent reading rates
• Comprehension and application were the most frequent learning objectives in both series, with evaluation least frequent - Comprehension and application were the most frequent learning objectives in both series, with evaluation least frequent
• Comprehension assessment questioning dominated over instruction, with only six question-answer sessions classified as instruction - Comprehension assessment questioning dominated over instruction, with only six question-answer sessions classified as instruction
• Comprehension domain: one study found a substantively important positive effect and one an indeterminate effect - Comprehension domain: one study found a substantively important positive effect and one an indeterminate effect
• Comprehension effects of SpellRead™ differed between the two studies: Torgesen et al. found no significant effects while Rashotte et al. found significant effects on both outcomes - Comprehension effects of SpellRead™ differed between the two studies: Torgesen et al.
• Comprehension instruction in resource rooms consisted mostly of teacher question-and-answer monitoring rather than explicit comprehension-strategy instruction - Comprehension instruction in resource rooms consisted mostly of teacher question-and-answer monitoring rather than explicit comprehension-strategy instruction
• Comprehension judgments and performance predictions correlate highly, supporting the validity of the study's z-standardized bias measure to some extent - Comprehension judgments and performance predictions correlate highly, supporting the validity of the study's z-standardized bias measure to some extent
• Comprehension of audio-only podcast-style clips is not significantly impaired at playback speeds up to 2.5x, though performance numerically declines with speed - Comprehension of audio-only podcast-style clips is not significantly impaired at playback speeds up to 2.5x, though performance numerically declines with speed
• Comprehension ratings diverge across training conditions over repeated passages, with a significant condition-by-trial interaction - Comprehension ratings diverge across training conditions over repeated passages, with a significant condition-by-trial interaction
• Comprehension strategy instruction shows a large overall effect, but reliability is undermined by few standardized measures - Comprehension strategy instruction shows a large overall effect, but reliability is undermined by few standardized measures
• Comprehension strategy use distinguished better ML readers more accurately than English reading fluency did - Comprehension strategy use distinguished better ML readers more accurately than English reading fluency did
• Comprehension strategy use relates to sourcing in most reviewed studies, especially complex multiple-text strategies among university students - Comprehension strategy use relates to sourcing in most reviewed studies, especially complex multiple-text strategies among university students
• Comprehension-building practices for struggling readers in grades 4–9 have strong evidence, based on 34 studies - Comprehension-building practices for struggling readers in grades 4–9 have strong evidence, based on 34 studies
• Comprehension-level tailoring occurred: AI responses following comprehension prompts showed 3.4x to 8.7x higher definitional density than non-triggered responses - Comprehension-level tailoring occurred: AI responses following comprehension prompts showed 3.4x to 8.7x higher definitional density than non-triggered responses
• Comprehension-related problems elicit more cognitive strategies but do not reduce motivational strategy use - Comprehension-related problems elicit more cognitive strategies but do not reduce motivational strategy use
• Comprehension-test expectancy tended to be more effective than delayed-keywords listing and rereading, though interventions did not substantially differ overall - Comprehension-test expectancy tended to be more effective than delayed-keywords listing and rereading, though interventions did not substantially differ overall
• Comprehensive behavioral policies with rewards and sanctions are associated with positive charter-school impacts - Comprehensive behavioral policies with rewards and sanctions are associated with positive charter-school impacts
• Comprehensive community school interventions show positive impacts on student outcomes including attendance, achievement, graduation, and reduced achievement gaps - Comprehensive community school interventions show positive impacts on student outcomes including attendance, achievement, graduation, and reduced achievement gaps
• Comprehensive induction supports keep new teachers in teaching at more than twice the rate of unsupported novices - Comprehensive induction supports keep new teachers in teaching at more than twice the rate of unsupported novices
• Comprehensive information-literacy curricula yield mixed results on misinformation detection - Comprehensive information-literacy curricula yield mixed results on misinformation detection
• Comprehensive institutional GenAI guidelines translate to course-level guidelines at higher rates (48.3–71.4%) than moderately comprehensive ones (30.8–31.2%) - Comprehensive institutional GenAI guidelines translate to course-level guidelines at higher rates (48.3–71.4%) than moderately comprehensive ones (30.8–31.2%)
• Comprehensive lie detection trainings mostly show positive effects - Comprehensive lie detection trainings mostly show positive effects
• Comprehensive programs offering wraparound support increase college completion rates, including when replicated in other contexts - Comprehensive programs offering wraparound support increase college completion rates, including when replicated in other contexts
• Comprehensive teacher induction did not increase teacher retention during the first year of teaching - Comprehensive teacher induction did not increase teacher retention during the first year of teaching
• Comprehensive teacher induction did not lead to measurable improvements in student test scores compared to business-as-usual induction in the second year of a randomized controlled study - Comprehensive teacher induction did not lead to measurable improvements in student test scores compared to business-as-usual induction in the second year of a randomized controlled study
• Comprehensive teacher induction did not measurably improve the qualifications of teachers who were retained compared to business-as-usual induction - Comprehensive teacher induction did not measurably improve the qualifications of teachers who were retained compared to business-as-usual induction
• Comprehensive teacher induction did not measurably increase the percentage of teachers remaining in their district or in the profession compared to business-as-usual induction - Comprehensive teacher induction did not measurably increase the percentage of teachers remaining in their district or in the profession compared to business-as-usual induction
• Comprehensive teacher induction generated no significant improvements in novice teachers' classroom practices in the first year - Comprehensive teacher induction generated no significant improvements in novice teachers' classroom practices in the first year
• Comprehensive teacher induction generated no significant improvements in student achievement in the first year - Comprehensive teacher induction generated no significant improvements in student achievement in the first year
• Comprehensive teacher induction produced no measurable improvements whether delivered as a one-year or two-year program - Comprehensive teacher induction produced no measurable improvements whether delivered as a one-year or two-year program
• Comprehensive teacher induction showed no impacts on outcomes other than student achievement - Comprehensive teacher induction showed no impacts on outcomes other than student achievement
• Comprehensive, integrated advising interventions improve progression, academic achievement, and postsecondary degree attainment for postsecondary students - Comprehensive, integrated advising interventions improve progression, academic achievement, and postsecondary degree attainment for postsecondary students
• Computation in fabric manipulation is characterized as speculative physical 3D modeling - Computation in fabric manipulation is characterized as speculative physical 3D modeling
• Computation in weaving is characterized by the performance of automation, with student-loom patterns moving from irregular to regular over time - Computation in weaving is characterized by the performance of automation, with student-loom patterns moving from irregular to regular over time
• Computational complexity of the graph-based MML procedure scales with the number of latent variables within a conditionally independent subset, and brute-force integration scales exponentially with dimensionality - Computational complexity of the graph-based MML procedure scales with the number of latent variables within a conditionally independent subset, and brute-force integration scales exponentially with di
• Computational thinking professional development was the most-cited support for integrating computational thinking into lessons, cited by 54 percent of teachers - Computational thinking professional development was the most-cited support for integrating computational thinking into lessons, cited by 54 percent of teachers
• Computer anxiety negatively affects students' perceived ease of use of a learning management system - Computer anxiety negatively affects students' perceived ease of use of a learning management system
• Computer availability explains almost half of between-school differences in student computer use, with the strongest relationship in schools with insufficient access - Computer availability explains almost half of between-school differences in student computer use, with the strongest relationship in schools with insufficient access
• Computer programmer employment is projected to decline 10% from 2021 to 2031 due to automation, and apprenticeships placed in automation-vulnerable pathways risk reinforcing disparities - Computer programmer employment is projected to decline 10% from 2021 to 2031 due to automation, and apprenticeships placed in automation-vulnerable pathways risk reinforcing disparities
• Computer science offerings in U.S. secondary schools grew from 25 percent to 40 percent between 2015 and 2016 - Computer science offerings in U.S.
• Computer self-efficacy has a strong significant relationship with computer anxiety - Computer self-efficacy has a strong significant relationship with computer anxiety
• Computer-assisted word reading interventions transfer to reading comprehension with an average effect size of 0.21 - Computer-assisted word reading interventions transfer to reading comprehension with an average effect size of 0.21
• Computer-assisted word reading interventions yield an average effect size of 0.36 on word reading outcomes across program types and languages in primary grades - Computer-assisted word reading interventions yield an average effect size of 0.36 on word reading outcomes across program types and languages in primary grades
• Computer-based distractions (phone calls, texts, emails, notifications) do not significantly impair comprehension of lecture videos at 1x or 2x speed - Computer-based distractions (phone calls, texts, emails, notifications) do not significantly impair comprehension of lecture videos at 1x or 2x speed
• Computer-based scaffolding counteracts the purported weakness of problem-centered instructional models at the concept level, producing strong gains across concept-, principles-, and application-level assessment - Computer-based scaffolding counteracts the purported weakness of problem-centered instructional models at the concept level, producing strong gains across concept-, principles-, and application-level
• Computer-based scaffolding improves cognitive outcomes in problem-based learning in STEM education with an overall effect of g = 0.385 - Computer-based scaffolding improves cognitive outcomes in problem-based learning in STEM education with an overall effect of g = 0.385
• Computer-based scaffolding produces consistently strong within-subject (pre–post) cognitive gains in STEM education across student populations, disciplines, and assessment levels - Computer-based scaffolding produces consistently strong within-subject (pre–post) cognitive gains in STEM education across student populations, disciplines, and assessment levels
• Computer-based scaffolding shows a consistently positive effect on cognitive outcomes in STEM education - Computer-based scaffolding shows a consistently positive effect on cognitive outcomes in STEM education
• Computer-based test advantages can be used to manage the effects of cheating as a construct-irrelevant factor - Computer-based test advantages can be used to manage the effects of cheating as a construct-irrelevant factor
• Computer-based test advantages can be used to manage the effects of disengagement as a construct-irrelevant factor - Computer-based test advantages can be used to manage the effects of disengagement as a construct-irrelevant factor
• Computer-based test advantages can be used to manage the effects of test anxiety as a construct-irrelevant factor - Computer-based test advantages can be used to manage the effects of test anxiety as a construct-irrelevant factor
• Computer-based testing's routine capture of item-level response times has driven increased interest in applications of response time to measuring ability and achievement - Computer-based testing's routine capture of item-level response times has driven increased interest in applications of response time to measuring ability and achievement
• Computer-based tests provide unique advantages that can be used to control construct-irrelevant factors threatening test score validity - Computer-based tests provide unique advantages that can be used to control construct-irrelevant factors threatening test score validity
• Computer-based training reliably improves children's working memory and reasoning, but computerized training has not succeeded in improving 4- to 6-year-olds' inhibitory control - Computer-based training reliably improves children's working memory and reasoning, but computerized training has not succeeded in improving 4- to 6-year-olds' inhibitory control
• Computer-mediated (videoconferencing) collaboration leads learners to use a wider range of knowledge resources than face-to-face collaboration - Computer-mediated (videoconferencing) collaboration leads learners to use a wider range of knowledge resources than face-to-face collaboration
• Computer-supported argument scaffolds improve argumentation within the scaffolded task, but argumentation does not mediate effects on domain-specific knowledge acquisition - Computer-supported argument scaffolds improve argumentation within the scaffolded task, but argumentation does not mediate effects on domain-specific knowledge acquisition
• Computer-supported collaboration can promote important cognitive results among kindergarten students when properly structured - Computer-supported collaboration can promote important cognitive results among kindergarten students when properly structured
• Computer-supported collaborative learning with simulation programs fostered conceptual change for students who were cognitively engaged and prepared to reflect on and reconstruct their conceptions - Computer-supported collaborative learning with simulation programs fostered conceptual change for students who were cognitively engaged and prepared to reflect on and reconstruct their conceptions
• Computer-supported environments can support development of mathematical understanding toward formalization even when domain experts are not present - Computer-supported environments can support development of mathematical understanding toward formalization even when domain experts are not present
• Computerized adaptive testing selects test questions based on test takers' answers to previous questions - Computerized adaptive testing selects test questions based on test takers' answers to previous questions
• Computerized cognitive training produces a small but statistically significant improvement in cognitive performance in healthy older adults - Computerized cognitive training produces a small but statistically significant improvement in cognitive performance in healthy older adults
• Computerized training of inhibition in young children shows limited success, and a randomized trial found narrow, skill-specific transfer of working-memory and reasoning training in 4-year-olds - Computerized training of inhibition in young children shows limited success, and a randomized trial found narrow, skill-specific transfer of working-memory and reasoning training in 4-year-olds
• Computing education has historically excluded marginalized student populations, and large inequities in access persist - Computing education has historically excluded marginalized student populations, and large inequities in access persist
• Computing educators' interest in AI-era assessment adaptation was spread roughly evenly across seven strategies, dividing between redesigning what is assigned and redesigning how work is verified - Computing educators' interest in AI-era assessment adaptation was spread roughly evenly across seven strategies, dividing between redesigning what is assigned and redesigning how work is verified
• Computing mirror-drawing errors by hand takes students more time than making the drawings - Computing mirror-drawing errors by hand takes students more time than making the drawings
• Computing participation and achievement disparities persisted in the district despite development of an inclusive CT pathway. - Computing participation and achievement disparities persisted in the district despite development of an inclusive CT pathway.
• Computing students hold persistent incorrect beliefs, basing trust judgments on cues no longer reliable to guarantee trustworthiness - Computing students hold persistent incorrect beliefs, basing trust judgments on cues no longer reliable to guarantee trustworthiness
• Computing students learn cybersecurity mainly from informal sources outside the classroom, with word of mouth, social media, and financial institutions most common - Computing students learn cybersecurity mainly from informal sources outside the classroom, with word of mouth, social media, and financial institutions most common
• Computing students rate short AI-generated Markdown videos favorably across quality, comprehension, and accuracy dimensions - Computing students rate short AI-generated Markdown videos favorably across quality, comprehension, and accuracy dimensions
• Computing students report limited cybersecurity assistance and substantial personal victimization, with 61% lacking a trusted person and 21% having fallen victim - Computing students report limited cybersecurity assistance and substantial personal victimization, with 61% lacking a trusted person and 21% having fallen victim
• Computing students show high objective cybersecurity knowledge, with over 75% answering five or more of seven Pew questions correctly - Computing students show high objective cybersecurity knowledge, with over 75% answering five or more of seven Pew questions correctly
• Concentrated poverty in New Mexico is associated with lower grade-level proficiency and inequitable access to experienced teachers - Concentrated poverty in New Mexico is associated with lower grade-level proficiency and inequitable access to experienced teachers
• Concept alignment achieves the highest success rate (98.6%) among the seven dimensions, attributed to the RAG-based design - Concept alignment achieves the highest success rate (98.6%) among the seven dimensions, attributed to the RAG-based design
• Concept formation predicts accuracy judging decimal equivalency statements - Concept formation predicts accuracy judging decimal equivalency statements
• Concept mapping during reading, without access to the map during judgment, improves students' relative monitoring accuracy - Concept mapping during reading, without access to the map during judgment, improves students' relative monitoring accuracy
• Concept mapping has a moderate overall positive effect on science achievement for elementary and secondary students (g = 0.776) - Concept mapping has a moderate overall positive effect on science achievement for elementary and secondary students (g = 0.776)
• Concept mapping improves learning over most comparison conditions by a moderate average amount, but not over time-matched retrieval practice
• Concept mapping shows a large effect for low-achieving students (g = 2.019) and moderate effect for high-achieving students (g = 0.610), not significantly different - Concept mapping shows a large effect for low-achieving students (g = 2.019) and moderate effect for high-achieving students (g = 0.610), not significantly different
• Concept preparation reduces L1 switch costs, indicating language control can initiate at the concept level - Concept preparation reduces L1 switch costs, indicating language control can initiate at the concept level
• Concept-map generation requires age-appropriate instructional support: younger learners profit from high-coherence, pre-structured maps - Concept-map generation requires age-appropriate instructional support: younger learners profit from high-coherence, pre-structured maps
• Concept-mapping dyads produce significantly more re-elaborations (corrections and precisions) of partners' ideas, an indicator of collaborative historical reasoning - Concept-mapping dyads produce significantly more re-elaborations (corrections and precisions) of partners' ideas, an indicator of collaborative historical reasoning
• Concept-mapping effect sizes vary by science subject (physics/earth science g = 1.040, biology g = 0.671, chemistry g = 0.590) but not significantly - Concept-mapping effect sizes vary by science subject (physics/earth science g = 1.040, biology g = 0.671, chemistry g = 0.590) but not significantly
• Concept-mapping effects are larger in low- and middle-income countries (g = 1.053) than high-income countries (g = 0.626) - Concept-mapping effects are larger in low- and middle-income countries (g = 1.053) than high-income countries (g = 0.626)
• Conceptions of knowledge construction showed no significant relationships with students' reported regulation strategies - Conceptions of knowledge construction showed no significant relationships with students' reported regulation strategies
• Conceptions of motivation to learn relate positively to self-regulation and external regulation and negatively to lack of regulation - Conceptions of motivation to learn relate positively to self-regulation and external regulation and negatively to lack of regulation
• Conceptions of self-regulated learning had small, non-significant relationships with actual reported self-regulation activities - Conceptions of self-regulated learning had small, non-significant relationships with actual reported self-regulation activities
• Concepts associated with only a single post-test question yield markedly low predictive performance across all modeling approaches - Concepts associated with only a single post-test question yield markedly low predictive performance across all modeling approaches
• Concepts become more interrelated with practice under discriminate instructions, and more isolated with practice under image instructions - Concepts become more interrelated with practice under discriminate instructions, and more isolated with practice under image instructions
• Conceptual and procedural elaborated feedback do not differ significantly in effectiveness - Conceptual and procedural elaborated feedback do not differ significantly in effectiveness
• Conceptual change about condensation after PDEODE teaching was retained at delayed post-test for most alternative conceptions, but not for SAC #4 and #6 - Conceptual change about condensation after PDEODE teaching was retained at delayed post-test for most alternative conceptions, but not for SAC #4 and #6
• Conceptual change by students during PBL problem analysis can be made visible in stimulated recall protocols - Conceptual change by students during PBL problem analysis can be made visible in stimulated recall protocols
• Conceptual change interventions in biology produce large effects on conceptual understanding compared with traditional teaching, with refutational text the most effective single intervention type - Conceptual change interventions in biology produce large effects on conceptual understanding compared with traditional teaching, with refutational text the most effective single intervention type
• Conceptual change strategies in cooperative groups reduced misconceptions in community college chemistry, but poor group leadership undermined discussion - Conceptual change strategies in cooperative groups reduced misconceptions in community college chemistry, but poor group leadership undermined discussion
• Conceptual counting uniquely predicts fluency, computation, and applied problems but not story problems; procedural counting uniquely predicts only applied problems - Conceptual counting uniquely predicts fluency, computation, and applied problems but not story problems; procedural counting uniquely predicts only applied problems
• Conceptual feedback significantly reduces the effect of prior knowledge on achievement - Conceptual feedback significantly reduces the effect of prior knowledge on achievement
• Conceptual Questions about mathematics are a strong negative indicator of assignment 6 scores - Conceptual Questions about mathematics are a strong negative indicator of assignment 6 scores
• Conceptual replication failure can stem from inadequate theory and, once discovered, becomes a component of subsequent theory development - Conceptual replication failure can stem from inadequate theory and, once discovered, becomes a component of subsequent theory development
• Conceptual scoring increases the proportion of typically-developing bilingual children classified within the average range on every vocabulary measure - Conceptual scoring increases the proportion of typically-developing bilingual children classified within the average range on every vocabulary measure
• Conceptual scoring removes the monolingual-simultaneous-bilingual gap in English receptive vocabulary but not in English expressive vocabulary - Conceptual scoring removes the monolingual-simultaneous-bilingual gap in English receptive vocabulary but not in English expressive vocabulary
• Conceptual scoring significantly raises bilingual children's standardized vocabulary scores, an effect not modulated by test language, modality, or acquisition history once SES is controlled - Conceptual scoring significantly raises bilingual children's standardized vocabulary scores, an effect not modulated by test language, modality, or acquisition history once SES is controlled
• Conceptualizations of critical thinking lack precision, reduce CT to cognitive skills, and are constrained by narrow criteriological and normative perspectives - Conceptualizations of critical thinking lack precision, reduce CT to cognitive skills, and are constrained by narrow criteriological and normative perspectives
• Concerns about accuracy, reliability, academic integrity, and potential negative effects on cognitive and social development were consistently highlighted across many included studies. - Concerns about accuracy, reliability, academic integrity, and potential negative effects on cognitive and social development were consistently highlighted across many included studies.
• Concerns about the complexity of changing assessment and the resources needed to change assessment were pervasive among participants. - Concerns about the complexity of changing assessment and the resources needed to change assessment were pervasive among participants.
• Concrete L2 words are learned better than abstract words overall, but this concreteness advantage appears only in 14-year-olds - Concrete L2 words are learned better than abstract words overall, but this concreteness advantage appears only in 14-year-olds
• Concrete models eventually break; teachers devise patches that may obscure underlying concepts, and learner reasoning at breaking points is unknown - Concrete models eventually break; teachers devise patches that may obscure underlying concepts, and learner reasoning at breaking points is unknown
• Concrete progress indicators and visible improvement in writing motivated students' revision engagement - Concrete progress indicators and visible improvement in writing motivated students' revision engagement
• Concrete reward increases children's mean ideational fluency on creativity tasks relative to control conditions - Concrete reward increases children's mean ideational fluency on creativity tasks relative to control conditions
• Concrete visual presentation can convey only concrete, simple meanings; abstract and general meanings are conveyed by language - Concrete visual presentation can convey only concrete, simple meanings; abstract and general meanings are conveyed by language
• Concrete, outcome-oriented eco-feedback visualizations with real-world analogies are rated more favorably than abstract metrics - Concrete, outcome-oriented eco-feedback visualizations with real-world analogies are rated more favorably than abstract metrics
• Concrete-task participants achieved higher performance success than intermediate-task participants in simulation-based inquiry, while intermediate and abstract conditions did not differ significantly - Concrete-task participants achieved higher performance success than intermediate-task participants in simulation-based inquiry, while intermediate and abstract conditions did not differ significantly
• Concrete-task participants conducted a significantly lower percentage of exploratory experiments than intermediate-task participants, whose exploratory percentage matched the abstract condition - Concrete-task participants conducted a significantly lower percentage of exploratory experiments than intermediate-task participants, whose exploratory percentage matched the abstract condition
• Concreteness fading enables learners to build a store of memorable images usable when abstract symbols lose meaning - Concreteness fading enables learners to build a store of memorable images usable when abstract symbols lose meaning
• Concreteness fading guides learners to strip away extraneous concrete properties and distill generic, generalizable properties - Concreteness fading guides learners to strip away extraneous concrete properties and distill generic, generalizable properties
• Concreteness fading helps learners interpret ambiguous or opaque abstract symbols in terms of well-understood concrete objects - Concreteness fading helps learners interpret ambiguous or opaque abstract symbols in terms of well-understood concrete objects
• Concreteness fading may not be as broadly generalizable across mathematics and natural science domains as has been suggested - Concreteness fading may not be as broadly generalizable across mathematics and natural science domains as has been suggested
• Concreteness fading provides embodied perceptual and physical experiences that can ground abstract thinking - Concreteness fading provides embodied perceptual and physical experiences that can ground abstract thinking
• Concreteness fading studies in mathematics show mixed transfer results, with some studies favoring fading and others favoring generic symbols or reversed sequences - Concreteness fading studies in mathematics show mixed transfer results, with some studies favoring fading and others favoring generic symbols or reversed sequences
• Concreteness, imagery, and verbal associative processes play major roles across multiple educational domains - Concreteness, imagery, and verbal associative processes play major roles across multiple educational domains
• Concurrent calibration produced higher and less fluctuating failing rates than the separate-calibration equating transformations, with larger differences for older tests - Concurrent calibration produced higher and less fluctuating failing rates than the separate-calibration equating transformations, with larger differences for older tests
• Concurrent calibration yielded consistently lower and less fluctuating scale score means than separate calibration with chain or simultaneous equating, especially for older tests - Concurrent calibration yielded consistently lower and less fluctuating scale score means than separate calibration with chain or simultaneous equating, especially for older tests
• Concurrent sleep problems at age 11–13 do not increase the risk of poor academic performance after controlling for mental health problems - Concurrent sleep problems at age 11–13 do not increase the risk of poor academic performance after controlling for mental health problems
• Concurrent validity evidence is sparse: only 11 assessments and one screener aligned with other validated measurement tools - Concurrent validity evidence is sparse: only 11 assessments and one screener aligned with other validated measurement tools
• Condensed material is nearly impossible to skim, while paragraphed material and topic-sentence-first paragraphs are easier to skim - Condensed material is nearly impossible to skim, while paragraphed material and topic-sentence-first paragraphs are easier to skim
• Condition order did not affect working-memory performance but affected the magnitude of reaction-time deterioration when tasks were difficult - Condition order did not affect working-memory performance but affected the magnitude of reaction-time deterioration when tasks were difficult
• Condition-specific mediation estimates showed a literacy–performance association in the reactive condition but not the proactive condition, with indirect effects not significant - Condition-specific mediation estimates showed a literacy–performance association in the reactive condition but not the proactive condition, with indirect effects not significant
• Conditional indirect effects of the home learning environment through educational processes are larger for girls than for boys - Conditional indirect effects of the home learning environment through educational processes are larger for girls than for boys
• Conditioning results from multiple disengagement detection methods on response times shows how the conditional approach aids threshold setting and misclassification avoidance - Conditioning results from multiple disengagement detection methods on response times shows how the conditional approach aids threshold setting and misclassification avoidance
• Confidence in the algorithm's forecasts mediates the effect of seeing it perform on choosing it - Confidence in the algorithm's forecasts mediates the effect of seeing it perform on choosing it
• Confidence intervals around alpha do not resolve the problem because they inherit alpha's failure to indicate knowledge-test reliability - Confidence intervals around alpha do not resolve the problem because they inherit alpha's failure to indicate knowledge-test reliability
• Confidence on the WMPT predicts numeracy but not reading or spelling - Confidence on the WMPT predicts numeracy but not reading or spelling
• Confidence ratings are unlikely to be an effective educational tool when knowledge transfer is the goal - Confidence ratings are unlikely to be an effective educational tool when knowledge transfer is the goal
• Confidence ratings do not impede category learning per se: no condition differences in training accuracy or on unambiguous and trained transfer items - Confidence ratings do not impede category learning per se: no condition differences in training accuracy or on unambiguous and trained transfer items
• Confidence ratings improve short-term accuracy for high prospective-confidence older adults but impair it for low prospective-confidence adults - Confidence ratings improve short-term accuracy for high prospective-confidence older adults but impair it for low prospective-confidence adults
• Confidence ratings shift time allocation on a timed task in opposite directions for high- versus low-confidence older adults - Confidence ratings shift time allocation on a timed task in opposite directions for high- versus low-confidence older adults
• Confidence ratings shift toward higher confidence across adolescence and decline in adulthood (Broc) - Confidence ratings shift toward higher confidence across adolescence and decline in adulthood (Broc)
• Confidence-aware selective test-time scoring achieves the best average agreement with expert rubric scoring across six NGSS drawing items - Confidence-aware selective test-time scoring achieves the best average agreement with expert rubric scoring across six NGSS drawing items
• Configural and metric measurement invariance across time hold for nearly all constructs, but scalar invariance is problematic for several - Configural and metric measurement invariance across time hold for nearly all constructs, but scalar invariance is problematic for several
• Confirmatory factor analyses show students' expectancies for success factor separately from their subjective task values, while expectancies and ability self-concepts factor together - Confirmatory factor analyses show students' expectancies for success factor separately from their subjective task values, while expectancies and ability self-concepts factor together
• Confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the static-dynamic dimension of the 2x2 spatial classification framework in children - Confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the static-dynamic dimension of the 2x2 spatial classification framework in children
• Confirmatory factor analysis on FICSMath data confirms the 4C/ID Model's four components fit secondary-tertiary mathematics instructional experiences (CFI = 0.907, RMSEA = 0.050) - Confirmatory factor analysis on FICSMath data confirms the 4C/ID Model's four components fit secondary-tertiary mathematics instructional experiences (CFI = 0.907, RMSEA = 0.050)
• Confirmatory factor analysis supports both distinct 11-factor and four higher-order group structures of the Wheel across educational levels - Confirmatory factor analysis supports both distinct 11-factor and four higher-order group structures of the Wheel across educational levels
• Confirmatory physiological tests found no significant tool×task interactions for pupil Δ or ln RMSSD, with substantial data loss limiting interpretation - Confirmatory physiological tests found no significant tool×task interactions for pupil Δ or ln RMSSD, with substantial data loss limiting interpretation
• Conflated program rationales can place competing and unrealistic expectations on scholarship students - Conflated program rationales can place competing and unrealistic expectations on scholarship students
• Conflict and antagonism with community partners negatively correlate with social justice and diversity attitudes - Conflict and antagonism with community partners negatively correlate with social justice and diversity attitudes
• CONFLICT operator achieves the highest downstream success rate among Berlyne-inspired curiosity operators, while NOVELTY is selected most frequently with a substantially lower success rate - CONFLICT operator achieves the highest downstream success rate among Berlyne-inspired curiosity operators, while NOVELTY is selected most frequently with a substantially lower success rate
• Conflict trajectory classes predict grade 6 achievement: chronic high-stable conflict shows the worst underachievement, rising conflict coincides with underachievement, but declining conflict does not - Conflict trajectory classes predict grade 6 achievement: chronic high-stable conflict shows the worst underachievement, rising conflict coincides with underachievement, but declining conflict does not
• Conflict with a machine-learning decision support system's output induces deeper reflection than confirmation - Conflict with a machine-learning decision support system's output induces deeper reflection than confirmation
• Conflict-based instruction improves science conceptual learning, though staged contradictions helped only learners who reported being confused, and no study isolates disequilibrium as the mechanism
• Conflicting student and teacher rules for GenAI produce adaptive counter-norms and student calls for teachers to refine assignments rather than impose unenforceable restrictions - Conflicting student and teacher rules for GenAI produce adaptive counter-norms and student calls for teachers to refine assignments rather than impose unenforceable restrictions
• Conflictual teacher-student relationships are more strongly linked to teacher stress and burnout than relationship closeness - Conflictual teacher-student relationships are more strongly linked to teacher stress and burnout than relationship closeness
• Confounding may explain the large retention effects reported for the Course Signals early warning system - Confounding may explain the large retention effects reported for the Course Signals early warning system
• Confused guessers had significantly lower pre- and post-test skill scores than most other clusters, but their science learning gains were not significantly different from those of Clusters 1, 2, and 4. - Confused guessers had significantly lower pre- and post-test skill scores than most other clusters, but their science learning gains were not significantly different from those of Clusters 1, 2, and 4
• Confusion about allowable Prop 28 AMS expenses at school and district levels has reduced funding directed to community arts organizations - Confusion about allowable Prop 28 AMS expenses at school and district levels has reduced funding directed to community arts organizations
• Confusion about the GoCPS true-preference ranking rationale was widespread among students, parents, and staff, and misinformation led some students into second-round applications - Confusion about the GoCPS true-preference ranking rationale was widespread among students, parents, and staff, and misinformation led some students into second-round applications
• Confusion during learning is associated with facial action units 4, 7, and 12, with tightened lids tending to trigger a lowered brow - Confusion during learning is associated with facial action units 4, 7, and 12, with tightened lids tending to trigger a lowered brow
• Confusion patterns between vocal emotions are broadly stable across development: children miscategorize anger as fear, adolescents as sadness - Confusion patterns between vocal emotions are broadly stable across development: children miscategorize anger as fear, adolescents as sadness
• Congenitally blind adults outperform sighted controls on verbal memory recall across timepoints - Congenitally blind adults outperform sighted controls on verbal memory recall across timepoints
• Congenitally blind adults produce more items on phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks than sighted controls - Congenitally blind adults produce more items on phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks than sighted controls
• Congenitally blind adults show higher verbal backwards digit span than sighted controls - Congenitally blind adults show higher verbal backwards digit span than sighted controls
• Congenitally blind and sighted adults do not differ significantly on spatial memory or spatial imagery tasks - Congenitally blind and sighted adults do not differ significantly on spatial memory or spatial imagery tasks
• Congenitally blind children perform slightly less accurately on a non-visual behavioral ToM task than sighted children, controlling for age - Congenitally blind children perform slightly less accurately on a non-visual behavioral ToM task than sighted children, controlling for age
• Congress created the Teacher Quality Partnership Grant Program in 2008, which funds teaching residency programs (TRPs) meant to draw highly qualified teachers to high-need schools - Congress created the Teacher Quality Partnership Grant Program in 2008, which funds teaching residency programs (TRPs) meant to draw highly qualified teachers to high-need schools
• Congress speakers advocate distributing lessons in early secondary years and concentrating them in higher lycee classes - Congress speakers advocate distributing lessons in early secondary years and concentrating them in higher lycee classes
• Congressional hearing testimony reports, citing a 1979 ETS study second-hand, that females tend to do better on test items with female or neutral figures than on items with male figures - Congressional hearing testimony reports, citing a 1979 ETS study second-hand, that females tend to do better on test items with female or neutral figures than on items with male figures
• Congruence of communication varies with situational importance and relationship closeness - Congruence of communication varies with situational importance and relationship closeness
• Congruency effects on both numerical and non-numerical inhibition tasks occur in all three age groups, with an age-by-congruency interaction only on the numerical task - Congruency effects on both numerical and non-numerical inhibition tasks occur in all three age groups, with an age-by-congruency interaction only on the numerical task
• Congruent pictures paired with text facilitate reading comprehension better than text alone or pictures alone - Congruent pictures paired with text facilitate reading comprehension better than text alone or pictures alone
• Connect with Kids shows no statistically significant effects on elementary school students' assessments of their own or classmates' behavior - Connect with Kids shows no statistically significant effects on elementary school students' assessments of their own or classmates' behavior
• Connect with Kids shows statistically significant positive effects on middle and high school students' reports of their own and classmates' behavior - Connect with Kids shows statistically significant positive effects on middle and high school students' reports of their own and classmates' behavior
• ConnectED reduces 45-minute lesson preparation time to approximately 15–20 minutes in-system, versus 3–4 hours for manual preparation - ConnectED reduces 45-minute lesson preparation time to approximately 15–20 minutes in-system, versus 3–4 hours for manual preparation
• Connecting CT education to real community opportunities is powerful for teachers and students - Connecting CT education to real community opportunities is powerful for teachers and students
• Connective density in student-written essay segments was negatively correlated with prior knowledge and not with number of prompts - Connective density in student-written essay segments was negatively correlated with prior knowledge and not with number of prompts
• Connectivism is an iteration of architectonic/constructivist thought rather than a new theory of learning - Connectivism is an iteration of architectonic/constructivist thought rather than a new theory of learning
• Connectivist MOOC aggregation-remix-repurpose-feed-forward model neglects personal self-transformation - Connectivist MOOC aggregation-remix-repurpose-feed-forward model neglects personal self-transformation
• Conscientiousness and tolerance for novelty show small negative associations with well-being decline; other uncertainty-tolerance facets do not - Conscientiousness and tolerance for novelty show small negative associations with well-being decline; other uncertainty-tolerance facets do not
• Conscientiousness correlates more strongly with grades than with standardized test scores, across both language and STEM domains - Conscientiousness correlates more strongly with grades than with standardized test scores, across both language and STEM domains
• Conscientiousness exploratorily moderated the effect of ITS condition on subjective difficulty and enjoyment - Conscientiousness exploratorily moderated the effect of ITS condition on subjective difficulty and enjoyment
• Conscientiousness facets and SRL scales show substantial multivariate overlap in college students - Conscientiousness facets and SRL scales show substantial multivariate overlap in college students
• Conscientiousness is a reliable meta-analytic predictor of academic achievement - Conscientiousness is a reliable meta-analytic predictor of academic achievement
• Conscientiousness is linked to better mental health and lower vulnerability to internalizing disorders - Conscientiousness is linked to better mental health and lower vulnerability to internalizing disorders
• Conscientiousness is robustly associated with academic performance across primary, secondary, and tertiary education, with openness the next strongest predictor - Conscientiousness is robustly associated with academic performance across primary, secondary, and tertiary education, with openness the next strongest predictor
• Conscientiousness shows the strongest links to SRL and robustly predicts academic performance even after accounting for cognitive ability - Conscientiousness shows the strongest links to SRL and robustly predicts academic performance even after accounting for cognitive ability
• Conscientization, grounded in Freire's consciousness-raising, is argued to fit adventure therapy's experiential learning methodology as the first empowerment level - Conscientization, grounded in Freire's consciousness-raising, is argued to fit adventure therapy's experiential learning methodology as the first empowerment level
• Conscious awareness of action onset lags brain activity initiation by hundreds of milliseconds - Conscious awareness of action onset lags brain activity initiation by hundreds of milliseconds
• Conscious thinkers produce more creative ideas than immediate responders (Experiment 2) - Conscious thinkers produce more creative ideas than immediate responders (Experiment 2)
• Consciousness is most prominent during change and has little role in fixed reflexes and well-established habits - Consciousness is most prominent during change and has little role in fixed reflexes and well-established habits
• Consensus calibration closely reproduces pooled-benchmark item-parameter means and standard deviations on an operational assessment - Consensus calibration closely reproduces pooled-benchmark item-parameter means and standard deviations on an operational assessment
• Consensus calibration shows mild under-dispersion relative to the pooled benchmark, strongest for sparsely observed items, consistent with residual prior over-counting - Consensus calibration shows mild under-dispersion relative to the pooled benchmark, strongest for sparsely observed items, consistent with residual prior over-counting
• Consensus reaching and task division together predict learning gains across conditions - Consensus reaching and task division together predict learning gains across conditions
• Consistency condition was significant in all GLMM models, with higher consistency judgement accuracy for consistent than inconsistent texts - Consistency condition was significant in all GLMM models, with higher consistency judgement accuracy for consistent than inconsistent texts
• Consistency degrades under multi-strategy evaluation for all personas, driven mainly by tone instability rather than logical contradiction - Consistency degrades under multi-strategy evaluation for all personas, driven mainly by tone instability rather than logical contradiction
• Consistency of association with child outcomes varies across interaction quality dimensions, improving for supporting play but remaining low for instructional support even against aligned outcomes - Consistency of association with child outcomes varies across interaction quality dimensions, improving for supporting play but remaining low for instructional support even against aligned outcomes
• Consistent participation in a cross-grade, cross-school professional learning community supported PKTP implementation and teacher learning - Consistent participation in a cross-grade, cross-school professional learning community supported PKTP implementation and teacher learning
• Consistent visual context between sample and probe boosts all measures of VSTM performance, and the benefit is preserved across the adult age range - Consistent visual context between sample and probe boosts all measures of VSTM performance, and the benefit is preserved across the adult age range
• Consistent with the dual process model, autonomy-outcome correlations are stronger when the valence of need experience and outcome match - Consistent with the dual process model, autonomy-outcome correlations are stronger when the valence of need experience and outcome match
• Consistently high childhood ADHD symptoms correlate with both reduced N2 amplitude and longer SSRT in adolescence - Consistently high childhood ADHD symptoms correlate with both reduced N2 amplitude and longer SSRT in adolescence
• Consistently high complexity raises meta-awareness in Round 1 but not in later rounds - Consistently high complexity raises meta-awareness in Round 1 but not in later rounds
• Consistently high task complexity yields faster immediate problem-solving than gradually increasing complexity, with no post-test difference - Consistently high task complexity yields faster immediate problem-solving than gradually increasing complexity, with no post-test difference
• Consistently reported high daily racism across 12 years is associated with over four times the odds of poor subjective cognitive function - Consistently reported high daily racism across 12 years is associated with over four times the odds of poor subjective cognitive function
• Consolidating edtech tools enabled DPS to pursue vendor partnerships that systematically compare app usage with student data to evaluate tool effectiveness - Consolidating edtech tools enabled DPS to pursue vendor partnerships that systematically compare app usage with student data to evaluate tool effectiveness
• Consortium-wide, 35 percent of participants completed a grant-funded program of study, with high employment rates and wage growth above the national average - Consortium-wide, 35 percent of participants completed a grant-funded program of study, with high employment rates and wage growth above the national average
• Conspicuous talent does not reliably succeed on its own; success requires physical energy and willpower that gifted individuals often lack - Conspicuous talent does not reliably succeed on its own; success requires physical energy and willpower that gifted individuals often lack
• Constantly high complexity lowers reported intrinsic cognitive load and metacognitive strategy use compared with gradually increasing complexity - Constantly high complexity lowers reported intrinsic cognitive load and metacognitive strategy use compared with gradually increasing complexity
• Constantly high task complexity improves delayed posttest performance compared with gradually increasing complexity - Constantly high task complexity improves delayed posttest performance compared with gradually increasing complexity
• Constituting AI as a critical file that returns questions instead of revisions is a design requirement for sustaining productive struggle - Constituting AI as a critical file that returns questions instead of revisions is a design requirement for sustaining productive struggle
• Construct validity of the QCGE-SAS is supported by significant correlations between its subscales and pre-validated related scales - Construct validity of the QCGE-SAS is supported by significant correlations between its subscales and pre-validated related scales
• Constructions typically emerge developmentally from formula, through low-scope pattern, to construction - Constructions typically emerge developmentally from formula, through low-scope pattern, to construction
• Constructive behaviors are defined by generating outputs containing new ideas that go beyond the information given - Constructive behaviors are defined by generating outputs containing new ideas that go beyond the information given
• Constructive conflict positively predicts the development of a shared mental model of the task in teams - Constructive conflict positively predicts the development of a shared mental model of the task in teams
• Constructive engagement is ecologically organized: amplified by explicit learning-oriented framing, higher in coding than writing, and more visible in sustained exchanges - Constructive engagement is ecologically organized: amplified by explicit learning-oriented framing, higher in coding than writing, and more visible in sustained exchanges
• Constructive learning beats active and passive learning
• Constructivism is the major learning theory reflected in Iranian Pre-University ELT textbooks - Constructivism is the major learning theory reflected in Iranian Pre-University ELT textbooks
• Consultation with trusted colleagues offered new interpretations of a student's behavior, lessening a teacher's emotional labor and shifting her from surface acting to deep acting (Linda case) - Consultation with trusted colleagues offered new interpretations of a student's behavior, lessening a teacher's emotional labor and shifting her from surface acting to deep acting (Linda case)
• Contact information for district EL leaders is often incomplete, and few web-form or superintendent emails receive responses - Contact information for district EL leaders is often incomplete, and few web-form or superintendent emails receive responses
• Contact with nature is generally tied to better impulse control and self-discipline in children, though effects are not always statistically significant - Contact with nature is generally tied to better impulse control and self-discipline in children, though effects are not always statistically significant
• CONTACT-2's effectiveness did not depend on the degree of conceptual resemblance between test questions and the central concepts from the texts, nor on the moment of testing - CONTACT-2's effectiveness did not depend on the degree of conceptual resemblance between test questions and the central concepts from the texts, nor on the moment of testing
• Contemporary SRL models largely omit the broader social context and implicitly assume all learners are available to learn - Contemporary SRL models largely omit the broader social context and implicitly assume all learners are available to learn
• Content alignment between a test and its content domain represents key evidence for validating test score inferences - Content alignment between a test and its content domain represents key evidence for validating test score inferences
• Content analysis of project reports identified five factors contributing to PLC formation (common interests, communication systems, mutual learning, collaborative work, UNAL values) and three hindering factors (administrative management, project scheduling, personal non-compliance) - Content analysis of project reports identified five factors contributing to PLC formation (common interests, communication systems, mutual learning, collaborative work, UNAL values) and three hinderin
• Content domain shows little association with effect sizes, except fractions in mathematics - Content domain shows little association with effect sizes, except fractions in mathematics
• Content experts and practitioner reviews supported the content and face validity of the CT–PCK Survey - Content experts and practitioner reviews supported the content and face validity of the CT–PCK Survey
• Content familiarity, not teaching experience, predicted reform-based science teaching practice - Content familiarity, not teaching experience, predicted reform-based science teaching practice
• Content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge dissociate in frontier LLMs; Claude-Opus-4.5 shows a 19.8 percentage point gap (66.3% content vs. 86.1% pedagogical) - Content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge dissociate in frontier LLMs; Claude-Opus-4.5 shows a 19.8 percentage point gap (66.3% content vs.
• Content knowledge does not significantly predict the number of experiments conducted; general cognitive ability shows a quadratic association and self-concept a negative linear association - Content knowledge does not significantly predict the number of experiments conducted; general cognitive ability shows a quadratic association and self-concept a negative linear association
• Content knowledge is not significantly associated with self-perceived knowledge in any technology-integrated GenAI domain - Content knowledge is not significantly associated with self-perceived knowledge in any technology-integrated GenAI domain
• Content knowledge is positively related to the quality of evidence elicitation and evidence sharing, but not to hypotheses sharing - Content knowledge is positively related to the quality of evidence elicitation and evidence sharing, but not to hypotheses sharing
• Content Proximity math scores were consistently higher than traditional MAP Growth math scores, with effects ranging from negligible to small by grade - Content Proximity math scores were consistently higher than traditional MAP Growth math scores, with effects ranging from negligible to small by grade
• Content Proximity pilot tests contained significantly more on-grade items and made better use of adjacent-grade items than traditional MAP Growth tests - Content Proximity pilot tests contained significantly more on-grade items and made better use of adjacent-grade items than traditional MAP Growth tests
• Content validity evidence was reported for only eight assessments and four screeners, and over half of tools were developed in WEIRD societies or in English - Content validity evidence was reported for only eight assessments and four screeners, and over half of tools were developed in WEIRD societies or in English
• Content-based offloading profiles (k=5) reveal qualitatively distinct offloading patterns with significant differences in learning strategies, behavioural markers, and essay authorship - Content-based offloading profiles (k=5) reveal qualitatively distinct offloading patterns with significant differences in learning strategies, behavioural markers, and essay authorship
• Content-focused, job-embedded PD linked to student gains: 31 of 35 reviewed studies featured a specific content focus - Content-focused, job-embedded PD linked to student gains: 31 of 35 reviewed studies featured a specific content focus
• Content-related problems trigger most negotiation routines, and syntactic triggers are absent from text chat where turns are short - Content-related problems trigger most negotiation routines, and syntactic triggers are absent from text chat where turns are short
• Content-specific external representations increase appropriate resource use without increasing shared knowledge after collaboration - Content-specific external representations increase appropriate resource use without increasing shared knowledge after collaboration
• Context characteristics (community type, trimester, teacher-student role) have little impact on openness; teachers contribute more social openness and receive less follow-up - Context characteristics (community type, trimester, teacher-student role) have little impact on openness; teachers contribute more social openness and receive less follow-up
• Contextual conditions beyond district control shape how a college readiness indicator system can be implemented - Contextual conditions beyond district control shape how a college readiness indicator system can be implemented
• Contextual diversity facilitates episodic recall but impairs recognition - Contextual diversity facilitates episodic recall but impairs recognition
• Contextual noise from irrelevant textbooks broadly degrades KC planning, most in Validity and Efficiency - Contextual noise from irrelevant textbooks broadly degrades KC planning, most in Validity and Efficiency
• Contextual Questions dialogue acts are negatively correlated with assignment outcomes across both semesters - Contextual Questions dialogue acts are negatively correlated with assignment outcomes across both semesters
• Contextual resources shape teachers' agentic responses in challenging situations, which in turn shape their interpretations of student behavior and possibilities for responsiveness - Contextual resources shape teachers' agentic responses in challenging situations, which in turn shape their interpretations of student behavior and possibilities for responsiveness
• Contextual themes (extracurricular activities, environmental/school safety) are associated with school belonging - Contextual themes (extracurricular activities, environmental/school safety) are associated with school belonging
• Contextual variables (educational level, language context, study design, duration, intensity) do not significantly moderate the effects of ICT-supported writing interventions - Contextual variables (educational level, language context, study design, duration, intensity) do not significantly moderate the effects of ICT-supported writing interventions
• Contextual-mean effects show little moderation by individual achievement; apparent positive moderation is illusory when the quadratic term is omitted - Contextual-mean effects show little moderation by individual achievement; apparent positive moderation is illusory when the quadratic term is omitted
• Contextualized high school GPA had a stronger relationship with college success than contextualized standardized test scores (Bastedo et al., attributed) - Contextualized high school GPA had a stronger relationship with college success than contextualized standardized test scores (Bastedo et al., attributed)
• Contextualizing teacher self-report personality items with an at-school frame of reference yields little predictive benefit - Contextualizing teacher self-report personality items with an at-school frame of reference yields little predictive benefit
• Contiguity effects are larger under one-on-one testing (d = .89) than under group testing (d = .65), but remain educationally significant in both - Contiguity effects are larger under one-on-one testing (d = .89) than under group testing (d = .65), but remain educationally significant in both
• Contiguity effects show no statistically reliable difference between static and dynamic presentation of visual information - Contiguity effects show no statistically reliable difference between static and dynamic presentation of visual information
• Contiguity principles: near placement and simultaneous presentation of corresponding words and pictures improve transfer - Contiguity principles: near placement and simultaneous presentation of corresponding words and pictures improve transfer
• Contingency is not treated as a necessary condition of scaffolding in bilingual education research, unlike broader educational research - Contingency is not treated as a necessary condition of scaffolding in bilingual education research, unlike broader educational research
• Contingent AI feedback outperformed pseudo-interactive generic feedback: interactive viewers scored 0.16 standard deviations higher than pseudo-interactive viewers on science learning - Contingent AI feedback outperformed pseudo-interactive generic feedback: interactive viewers scored 0.16 standard deviations higher than pseudo-interactive viewers on science learning
• Contingent AI interaction increased children's likelihood of responding over time (OR = 1.026 per question), while pseudo-interactive interaction decreased it (OR = 0.96) - Contingent AI interaction increased children's likelihood of responding over time (OR = 1.026 per question), while pseudo-interactive interaction decreased it (OR = 0.96)
• Contingent scaffolding improves learning more than fixed or absent support.
• Contingent tutoring held delegation at the level of an answer-on-request assistant while delivering more artifacts, one decision at a time - Contingent tutoring held delegation at the level of an answer-on-request assistant while delivering more artifacts, one decision at a time
• Continuing prompts long-term in learning journals confers no additional benefit: self-reported strategy use and self-efficacy decline across the second unit in both the short-term and long-term conditions, while the quantity of cognitive strategy use in the journals stays stable - Continuing prompts long-term in learning journals confers no additional benefit: self-reported strategy use and self-efficacy decline across the second unit in both the short-term and long-term condit
• Continuing-generation students showed higher usage of procedural and directive question types, while first-generation students leaned toward verification and expectational questions - Continuing-generation students showed higher usage of procedural and directive question types, while first-generation students leaned toward verification and expectational questions
• Continuous improvement can fall short when it becomes a compliance-based checklist activity detached from purpose and equity - Continuous improvement can fall short when it becomes a compliance-based checklist activity detached from purpose and equity
• Continuous improvement for equity requires trust and courageous conversations; without trusting relationships, the improvement process will not help - Continuous improvement for equity requires trust and courageous conversations; without trusting relationships, the improvement process will not help
• Continuously thematically structured lectures led to worse free recall than discontinuous lectures, contrary to intuition - Continuously thematically structured lectures led to worse free recall than discontinuous lectures, contrary to intuition
• Contract grading yields more total work from students, especially skilled writers who previously skipped learning tasks - Contract grading yields more total work from students, especially skilled writers who previously skipped learning tasks
• Contrary to claims that AI will automatically engender a more democratic, equal, and sustainable world, the editorial argues these technologies tend to exacerbate existing inequalities, environmental degradation, and labour precarity - Contrary to claims that AI will automatically engender a more democratic, equal, and sustainable world, the editorial argues these technologies tend to exacerbate existing inequalities, environmental
• Contrary to expectation, common ground after collaboration was highest in the low-coercion (Idiosyncratic) NTool groups, not the Stringent groups - Contrary to expectation, common ground after collaboration was highest in the low-coercion (Idiosyncratic) NTool groups, not the Stringent groups
• Contrary to expectation, the worked-example group applied suboptimal criteria more often, and fewer suboptimal applications mediated inventing's transfer - Contrary to expectation, the worked-example group applied suboptimal criteria more often, and fewer suboptimal applications mediated inventing's transfer
• Contrary to expectations, agent-led reflection sessions typically ended with participants sounding more certain of their plans than when they started - Contrary to expectations, agent-led reflection sessions typically ended with participants sounding more certain of their plans than when they started
• Contrary to hypotheses, preschoolers with more behavior problems were perceived by teachers as having significantly better pre-academic abilities than they actually had - Contrary to hypotheses, preschoolers with more behavior problems were perceived by teachers as having significantly better pre-academic abilities than they actually had
• Contrary to hypothesis, first graders' whole number arithmetic knowledge predicted eighth graders' fraction magnitude knowledge - Contrary to hypothesis, first graders' whole number arithmetic knowledge predicted eighth graders' fraction magnitude knowledge
• Contrary to prior situational-measure findings, female students in the ESM study reported lower positive and higher negative situational feelings, including significantly higher situational anxiety with a small effect (β = .158**) the authors question for practical relevance - Contrary to prior situational-measure findings, female students in the ESM study reported lower positive and higher negative situational feelings, including significantly higher situational anxiety wi
• Contrary to program guidelines, English acquisition was given priority over Spanish acquisition in practice - Contrary to program guidelines, English acquisition was given priority over Spanish acquisition in practice
• Contrary to the science comprehension thesis, political polarization of data interpretation did not abate among the most numerate subjects but increased - Contrary to the science comprehension thesis, political polarization of data interpretation did not abate among the most numerate subjects but increased
• Contrast and assimilation are competing compositional processes that can operate simultaneously - Contrast and assimilation are competing compositional processes that can operate simultaneously
• Contrasting cases without explicit guidance on their use showed no significant effect on conceptual understanding or solution-attempt quality - Contrasting cases without explicit guidance on their use showed no significant effect on conceptual understanding or solution-attempt quality
• Contrasting erroneous examples were more often effective than correct examples and problem-solving, sometimes equally or more effective than erroneous examples - Contrasting erroneous examples were more often effective than correct examples and problem-solving, sometimes equally or more effective than erroneous examples
• Contrasting examples, correct examples, erroneous examples, and practice problems produced no differences in learning gains or transfer of unbiased-reasoning skills - Contrasting examples, correct examples, erroneous examples, and practice problems produced no differences in learning gains or transfer of unbiased-reasoning skills
• Contrasting orthographically similar L2 words during multiple-choice learning improves their subsequent recall in the productive direction - Contrasting orthographically similar L2 words during multiple-choice learning improves their subsequent recall in the productive direction
• Contrasting orthographically similar words makes incorrect recall answers more target-like (more specific representations) - Contrasting orthographically similar words makes incorrect recall answers more target-like (more specific representations)
• Contrasting problems show a graph can help on one problem and harm on another: verbal data reveal both more active graph use and more shallow, confident confirmation when graphs were present - Contrasting problems show a graph can help on one problem and harm on another: verbal data reveal both more active graph use and more shallow, confident confirmation when graphs were present
• Contrasting shows no benefit on translation-recognition posttests in the productive direction - Contrasting shows no benefit on translation-recognition posttests in the productive direction
• Contrasting stored skeletons: Hamlet emphasizes epistemic hesitation and contamination, To Live emphasizes endurance and historical contingency - Contrasting stored skeletons: Hamlet emphasizes epistemic hesitation and contamination, To Live emphasizes endurance and historical contingency