Claims: P 2

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• Peers outperformed ChatGPT in identifying problems within essays - Peers outperformed ChatGPT in identifying problems within essays
• Peers slightly under-mark their comrades' papers while self-assessors over-mark their own - Peers slightly under-mark their comrades' papers while self-assessors over-mark their own
• PeerWise student ratings of multiple-choice questions correlate well with instructor ratings (0.5 and 0.58) - PeerWise student ratings of multiple-choice questions correlate well with instructor ratings (0.5 and 0.58)
• Pen input supported deictic referencing: 85% of V1 queries contained at least one visible pen mark, and ease of referencing improved significantly over the baseline - Pen input supported deictic referencing: 85% of V1 queries contained at least one visible pen mark, and ease of referencing improved significantly over the baseline
• Pennsylvania charter school students show similar reading growth but weaker math growth (about 30 fewer days of learning) than matched TPS peers - Pennsylvania charter school students show similar reading growth but weaker math growth (about 30 fewer days of learning) than matched TPS peers
• People acquire different knowledge from different media, the closest indirect evidence for symbolic encoding specificity - People acquire different knowledge from different media, the closest indirect evidence for symbolic encoding specificity
• People and connections were the most-used learning transition supports among HSE participant-advisors - People and connections were the most-used learning transition supports among HSE participant-advisors
• People are well-calibrated about their own independent completion times - People are well-calibrated about their own independent completion times
• People automatically represent the goals of a co-actor, impairing individual task performance - People automatically represent the goals of a co-actor, impairing individual task performance
• People can selectively remove no-longer-relevant information from WM, but removal of an arbitrary subset of items is inefficient - People can selectively remove no-longer-relevant information from WM, but removal of an arbitrary subset of items is inefficient
• People expect AI assistance to save far more time than assistance from another highly intelligent human participant - People expect AI assistance to save far more time than assistance from another highly intelligent human participant
• People expecting a reward for a task perform worse than those expecting nothing, especially on tasks requiring cognitive sophistication and open-ended thinking - People expecting a reward for a task perform worse than those expecting nothing, especially on tasks requiring cognitive sophistication and open-ended thinking
• People lose confidence more quickly in algorithms than in humans after seeing the same kind of mistakes - People lose confidence more quickly in algorithms than in humans after seeing the same kind of mistakes
• People offered a reward generally choose the easiest possible task, whereas children without rewards pick tasks just beyond their current ability - People offered a reward generally choose the easiest possible task, whereas children without rewards pick tasks just beyond their current ability
• People overestimate how much mental effort AI assistance alleviates (offloading illusion), driven by overestimating the effort of independent completion while AI-assisted effort is accurately estimated - People overestimate how much mental effort AI assistance alleviates (offloading illusion), driven by overestimating the effort of independent completion while AI-assisted effort is accurately estimate
• People significantly underestimate AI-assisted completion times on simple cognitive tasks, even though AI assistance saves little or no actual time (the speedup illusion) - People significantly underestimate AI-assisted completion times on simple cognitive tasks, even though AI assistance saves little or no actual time (the speedup illusion)
• People underuse opt-out options, and explicit presentation substantially increases their use - People underuse opt-out options, and explicit presentation substantially increases their use
• People use AI on simple tasks at a rate significantly higher than they predict for themselves (self-estimate miscalibration), especially on easy task variants - People use AI on simple tasks at a rate significantly higher than they predict for themselves (self-estimate miscalibration), especially on easy task variants
• People value emotional and esteem support more from close humans than from AI systems, with no significant difference for informational support - People value emotional and esteem support more from close humans than from AI systems, with no significant difference for informational support
• People with MLD show a large pooled deficit in mathematics performance versus typically performing peers (g = 1.52) - People with MLD show a large pooled deficit in mathematics performance versus typically performing peers (g = 1.52)
• People with MLD show lower number sense than typically developing peers (g = 0.88), with the largest deficits on mapping tasks - People with MLD show lower number sense than typically developing peers (g = 0.88), with the largest deficits on mapping tasks
• People with MLD show medium pooled deficits in working memory (g = 0.68) and rapid automatized naming (g = 0.70) - People with MLD show medium pooled deficits in working memory (g = 0.68) and rapid automatized naming (g = 0.70)
• Pepper has been deployed in three predominant pedagogical roles: tutor/teaching assistant, learning partner or tutored agent, and social mediator in inclusive settings - Pepper has been deployed in three predominant pedagogical roles: tutor/teaching assistant, learning partner or tutored agent, and social mediator in inclusive settings
• Pepper's classroom operation required frequent teacher supervision in over half of the studies, mainly due to voice recognition and technical failures - Pepper's classroom operation required frequent teacher supervision in over half of the studies, mainly due to voice recognition and technical failures
• Per cent solved is a variable, not a constant unit of difficulty, and is not comparable across groups - Per cent solved is a variable, not a constant unit of difficulty, and is not comparable across groups
• Per minute of instructional time, incidental learning from context yielded roughly twelve times more words learned than an intensive direct-instruction program, though direct instruction wins for any small word set - Per minute of instructional time, incidental learning from context yielded roughly twelve times more words learned than an intensive direct-instruction program, though direct instruction wins for any
• Per-exposure learning gains decrease as the number of exposures increases: a small but significant negative linear trend in the normalized incidental learning effect - Per-exposure learning gains decrease as the number of exposures increases: a small but significant negative linear trend in the normalized incidental learning effect
• Per-participant implementation costs fall substantially in leaner implementation models without a warm-up year or local coach - Per-participant implementation costs fall substantially in leaner implementation models without a warm-up year or local coach
• Per-period ability distributions implied by the linked calibrations agree closely with the pooled benchmark, checking the linking independently of the items - Per-period ability distributions implied by the linked calibrations agree closely with the pooled benchmark, checking the linking independently of the items
• Per-pitch BKT attains the highest accuracy, lowest BCE and lowest Brier score of the four model families, but lower AUC than IRT - Per-pitch BKT attains the highest accuracy, lowest BCE and lowest Brier score of the four model families, but lower AUC than IRT
• Per-pupil costs for TLTS averaged $242 per year - Per-pupil costs for TLTS averaged $242 per year
• Per-pupil spending on English Learners in California was only about $1,000 more than for non–English Learner peers in recent years - Per-pupil spending on English Learners in California was only about $1,000 more than for non–English Learner peers in recent years
• Per-question pre/post analysis showed significant improvement on almost all questions, with Q1 (DBMS use) and Q4 (basic normalization) as exceptions due to high pre-test scores - Per-question pre/post analysis showed significant improvement on almost all questions, with Q1 (DBMS use) and Q4 (basic normalization) as exceptions due to high pre-test scores
• Per-student special education costs fall with enrollment up to an ideal size, then rise as diseconomies of scale set in - Per-student special education costs fall with enrollment up to an ideal size, then rise as diseconomies of scale set in
• Per-topic performance varied: NP-completeness scored highest ROUGE-1 F1 (0.1285), sorting algorithms highest pedagogical quality (0.8250), and recurrence relations lowest pedagogical quality (0.6629) - Per-topic performance varied: NP-completeness scored highest ROUGE-1 F1 (0.1285), sorting algorithms highest pedagogical quality (0.8250), and recurrence relations lowest pedagogical quality (0.6629)
• Per-topic rank agreement between assistant volume and survey difficulty is strong for 14 of 28 topics, with 5 outliers splitting into late-semester meta-level and concept-introduction topics - Per-topic rank agreement between assistant volume and survey difficulty is strong for 14 of 28 topics, with 5 outliers splitting into late-semester meta-level and concept-introduction topics
• Perceived AAC benefit score is positively correlated with the seven-item AAC implementation experience score - Perceived AAC benefit score is positively correlated with the seven-item AAC implementation experience score
• Perceived academic dishonesty is not directly related to ChatGPT use frequency or intention to use - Perceived academic dishonesty is not directly related to ChatGPT use frequency or intention to use
• Perceived adaptability significantly and positively predicted self-efficacy and all three engagement dimensions - Perceived adaptability significantly and positively predicted self-efficacy and all three engagement dimensions
• Perceived AI empowerment and perceived AI threat are weakly and non-significantly correlated, suggesting relatively independent appraisals - Perceived AI empowerment and perceived AI threat are weakly and non-significantly correlated, suggesting relatively independent appraisals
• Perceived AI empowerment is positively associated with university students' trust in AI and their dependence on GenAI - Perceived AI empowerment is positively associated with university students' trust in AI and their dependence on GenAI
• Perceived AI literacy does not moderate the indirect warmth and competence pathways from GenAI use to trust - Perceived AI literacy does not moderate the indirect warmth and competence pathways from GenAI use to trust
• Perceived AI literacy does not significantly moderate the direct association between AI dependence and self-reported creativity - Perceived AI literacy does not significantly moderate the direct association between AI dependence and self-reported creativity
• Perceived AI literacy moderates the direct path: the negative GenAI use–trust association is significant at low literacy and non-significant at high literacy - Perceived AI literacy moderates the direct path: the negative GenAI use–trust association is significant at low literacy and non-significant at high literacy
• Perceived AI literacy moderates the first-stage paths from AI dependence to escape, social, and entertainment motivation, but not to instrumental motivation - Perceived AI literacy moderates the first-stage paths from AI dependence to escape, social, and entertainment motivation, but not to instrumental motivation
• Perceived AI threat is negatively associated with university students' trust in AI and their dependence on GenAI - Perceived AI threat is negatively associated with university students' trust in AI and their dependence on GenAI
• Perceived AI-adaptive learning environments are negatively associated with college students' self-regulated learning in a three-wave longitudinal survey - Perceived AI-adaptive learning environments are negatively associated with college students' self-regulated learning in a three-wave longitudinal survey
• Perceived AIGC affordance enhances AIGC self-efficacy and directly predicts self-regulated learning in IEI undergraduates - Perceived AIGC affordance enhances AIGC self-efficacy and directly predicts self-regulated learning in IEI undergraduates
• Perceived and objectively demonstrated AI literacy show only limited alignment in the same samples (pooled r = .055, interval including zero) - Perceived and objectively demonstrated AI literacy show only limited alignment in the same samples (pooled r = .055, interval including zero)
• Perceived autonomy positively predicts both autonomy support for AI use and autonomous motivation for AI use - Perceived autonomy positively predicts both autonomy support for AI use and autonomous motivation for AI use
• Perceived biased treatment linked to brilliance-oriented FABs explains a substantial portion of the gender gap in entry into brilliance-oriented fields - Perceived biased treatment linked to brilliance-oriented FABs explains a substantial portion of the gender gap in entry into brilliance-oriented fields
• Perceived clarity of AI rules is significantly dependent on discipline, with the most restrictive subjects also the least clear - Perceived clarity of AI rules is significantly dependent on discipline, with the most restrictive subjects also the least clear
• Perceived collaboration among peers positively predicts academic engagement, but competitive climates can undercut collaboration - Perceived collaboration among peers positively predicts academic engagement, but competitive climates can undercut collaboration
• Perceived communal goal affordances in STEM roles positively predict later persistence intentions among Indigenous STEM students, controlling for baseline - Perceived communal goal affordances in STEM roles positively predict later persistence intentions among Indigenous STEM students, controlling for baseline
• Perceived competence for social regulation negatively predicts external motivation and conduct problems, and perceived competence for tolerance positively predicts autonomous motivation - Perceived competence for social regulation negatively predicts external motivation and conduct problems, and perceived competence for tolerance positively predicts autonomous motivation
• Perceived competence predicts autonomous motivation for AI use but not autonomy support for AI use - Perceived competence predicts autonomous motivation for AI use but not autonomy support for AI use
• Perceived competence predicts isomorphic test performance and perceived autonomy predicts transfer performance - Perceived competence predicts isomorphic test performance and perceived autonomy predicts transfer performance
• Perceived Competence, Intrinsic Motivation, and Psychological Safety each significantly positively predict Deep Revision Engagement - Perceived Competence, Intrinsic Motivation, and Psychological Safety each significantly positively predict Deep Revision Engagement
• Perceived control and choice benefit motivation and simple-fact learning, but most students do not manage their learning effectively when given choice - Perceived control and choice benefit motivation and simple-fact learning, but most students do not manage their learning effectively when given choice
• Perceived differences in teachers' autonomy support form three student-level factors, including relative lack of autonomy support - Perceived differences in teachers' autonomy support form three student-level factors, including relative lack of autonomy support
• Perceived difficulty and task interest in Task 1 indirectly inform expectancy beliefs for Task 2 - Perceived difficulty and task interest in Task 1 indirectly inform expectancy beliefs for Task 2
• Perceived difficulty of designing a laboratory manual remained unchanged after the AI-supported project - Perceived difficulty of designing a laboratory manual remained unchanged after the AI-supported project
• Perceived difficulty was negatively correlated with recognition but not significantly with transfer or drawing test performance - Perceived difficulty was negatively correlated with recognition but not significantly with transfer or drawing test performance
• Perceived discrepancy between actual teaching performance and goals motivates teachers to change their teaching - Perceived discrepancy between actual teaching performance and goals motivates teachers to change their teaching
• Perceived discrimination is negatively related to later public regard, and low public regard buffers discrimination's impact on adjustment - Perceived discrimination is negatively related to later public regard, and low public regard buffers discrimination's impact on adjustment
• Perceived ease-of-use based on simplicity and familiarity with common chart types heavily influenced teachers' visualization preferences - Perceived ease-of-use based on simplicity and familiarity with common chart types heavily influenced teachers' visualization preferences
• Perceived effects of GenAI on independent thinking and creativity are polarized among Chinese HSS students, with substantial minorities reporting declines - Perceived effects of GenAI on independent thinking and creativity are polarized among Chinese HSS students, with substantial minorities reporting declines
• Perceived effort directly predicts use of retrieval practice, with perceived learning playing no role (Relation 1) - Perceived effort directly predicts use of retrieval practice, with perceived learning playing no role (Relation 1)
• Perceived effort is higher and perceived learning lower for interleaving than blocking, and experience-mediated increases in perceived learning raise interleaving choices - Perceived effort is higher and perceived learning lower for interleaving than blocking, and experience-mediated increases in perceived learning raise interleaving choices
• Perceived effort is higher for interleaved than blocked practice and decreases over time for interleaved practice only - Perceived effort is higher for interleaved than blocked practice and decreases over time for interleaved practice only
• Perceived effort ratings are metacognitive judgments based on heuristic cue processing and prone to bias - Perceived effort ratings are metacognitive judgments based on heuristic cue processing and prone to bias
• Perceived employability negatively predicts career decision-making anxiety among Chinese college students - Perceived employability negatively predicts career decision-making anxiety among Chinese college students
• Perceived employability partially mediates the relationship between AI employment threat perception and career decision-making anxiety - Perceived employability partially mediates the relationship between AI employment threat perception and career decision-making anxiety
• Perceived enjoyment of GenAI tools is positively associated with in-service teachers' attitudes, perceived ease of use and behavioural intention in a Dominican Republic survey - Perceived enjoyment of GenAI tools is positively associated with in-service teachers' attitudes, perceived ease of use and behavioural intention in a Dominican Republic survey
• Perceived faculty-student relationships show a small but statistically significant positive correlation with postsecondary students' academic outcomes (r = .18) - Perceived faculty-student relationships show a small but statistically significant positive correlation with postsecondary students' academic outcomes (r = .18)
• Perceived fairness partially mediates the effect of decision-making agent on decision acceptance, accounting for 67.52% of the total effect - Perceived fairness partially mediates the effect of decision-making agent on decision acceptance, accounting for 67.52% of the total effect
• Perceived financial difficulty in early childhood is the socioeconomic indicator most strongly associated with a research diagnosis of ADHD at age 7 - Perceived financial difficulty in early childhood is the socioeconomic indicator most strongly associated with a research diagnosis of ADHD at age 7
• Perceived GAI advocacy–practice inconsistency is positively associated with both hindrance and challenge appraisal in students' actual experiences - Perceived GAI advocacy–practice inconsistency is positively associated with both hindrance and challenge appraisal in students' actual experiences
• Perceived gains in creativity, independent thinking and motivation rise sharply among students with more than three years of GenAI experience, though the comparison is cross-sectional - Perceived gains in creativity, independent thinking and motivation rise sharply among students with more than three years of GenAI experience, though the comparison is cross-sectional
• Perceived GenAI gains differ by discipline: arts and economics/management students report stronger cognitive and motivational gains than education and law students - Perceived GenAI gains differ by discipline: arts and economics/management students report stronger cognitive and motivational gains than education and law students
• Perceived GenAI role is systematically associated with metacognitive dimensions activated: replacement-tool users show no evaluation or elaboration, collaborator users show predominantly higher-order activity - Perceived GenAI role is systematically associated with metacognitive dimensions activated: replacement-tool users show no evaluation or elaboration, collaborator users show predominantly higher-order
• Perceived group status mediates the ethnic differences in academic anxiety for African-American, Chinese, and Dominican children but not Russians - Perceived group status mediates the ethnic differences in academic anxiety for African-American, Chinese, and Dominican children but not Russians
• Perceived immersive, interactive, and distributed affordances are each positively associated with a distinct lacquer-painting imagery characteristic in cross-sectional survey data - Perceived immersive, interactive, and distributed affordances are each positively associated with a distinct lacquer-painting imagery characteristic in cross-sectional survey data
• Perceived impact of LAD use on study behaviour varied, with most participants reporting no impact - Perceived impact of LAD use on study behaviour varied, with most participants reporting no impact
• Perceived improvement after prompt-engineering training was concentrated among students with little or no prior prompting experience - Perceived improvement after prompt-engineering training was concentrated among students with little or no prior prompting experience
• Perceived independence did not mediate a significant indirect effect of layered AI feedback on learning performance - Perceived independence did not mediate a significant indirect effect of layered AI feedback on learning performance
• Perceived individual and class-directed autonomy support positively predict students' intrinsic motivation, effort, and persistence - Perceived individual and class-directed autonomy support positively predict students' intrinsic motivation, effort, and persistence
• Perceived institutional AI regulation differs significantly across STEM subjects, with mathematics and natural sciences perceived as prohibitive and computer science as permissive - Perceived institutional AI regulation differs significantly across STEM subjects, with mathematics and natural sciences perceived as prohibitive and computer science as permissive
• Perceived instructional quality is more strongly related to student achievement than perceived student-teacher relations, within and across domains. - Perceived instructional quality is more strongly related to student achievement than perceived student-teacher relations, within and across domains.
• Perceived instructor fluency, not instruction type, predicted students' feeling of learning (0.51 SD, P < 0.001) - Perceived instructor fluency, not instruction type, predicted students' feeling of learning (0.51 SD, P < 0.001)
• Perceived instructor policy is associated with GenAI task use, confidence, reliance, and perceived benefits, with small effect sizes - Perceived instructor policy is associated with GenAI task use, confidence, reliance, and perceived benefits, with small effect sizes
• Perceived instrumentality enhances student motivation only for students with a positive attitude toward their personal future; for students with a negative future outlook, high utility has the opposite effect - Perceived instrumentality enhances student motivation only for students with a positive attitude toward their personal future; for students with a negative future outlook, high utility has the opposit
• Perceived learning benefits are higher when GenAI augments students' capabilities and lower when it hurts critical thinking or causes stress - Perceived learning benefits are higher when GenAI augments students' capabilities and lower when it hurts critical thinking or causes stress
• Perceived learning control enhanced transfer via knowledge retention only for students in the non-generative conditions (provided examples, instruction only), not for example generators - Perceived learning control enhanced transfer via knowledge retention only for students in the non-generative conditions (provided examples, instruction only), not for example generators
• Perceived learning is higher for blocked than interleaved practice at onset but increases over time for interleaved practice only - Perceived learning is higher for blocked than interleaved practice at onset but increases over time for interleaved practice only
• Perceived learning outcomes differ across grades only in the skill application dimension, with first-year students scoring significantly higher than second-year students - Perceived learning outcomes differ across grades only in the skill application dimension, with first-year students scoring significantly higher than second-year students
• Perceived mental effort has a negative indirect association with learning outcomes, mediated by monitoring judgments (β = -0.05) - Perceived mental effort has a negative indirect association with learning outcomes, mediated by monitoring judgments (β = -0.05)
• Perceived mental effort is negatively associated with monitoring judgments (β = -0.19) in a meta-analytic structural equation model - Perceived mental effort is negatively associated with monitoring judgments (β = -0.19) in a meta-analytic structural equation model
• Perceived mental effort serves as a cue for monitoring judgments, which mediate the effort–outcome relation (David et al., 2024 meta-analysis) - Perceived mental effort serves as a cue for monitoring judgments, which mediate the effort–outcome relation (David et al., 2024 meta-analysis)
• Perceived neighborhood safety is not significantly associated with standardized test scores or GPA once confounding variables are controlled - Perceived neighborhood safety is not significantly associated with standardized test scores or GPA once confounding variables are controlled
• Perceived neighborhood safety is positively associated with school attachment among 15-year-olds after controlling for individual, family, school, and external neighborhood factors - Perceived neighborhood safety is positively associated with school attachment among 15-year-olds after controlling for individual, family, school, and external neighborhood factors
• Perceived neighborhood safety is protective for school attachment among low-income youth in high-disorder neighborhoods, and mediates the affluence-school attachment link only among non-low-income youth - Perceived neighborhood safety is protective for school attachment among low-income youth in high-disorder neighborhoods, and mediates the affluence-school attachment link only among non-low-income you
• Perceived overall utility of generative AI differs significantly across the five platforms used, favoring platforms with structured task breakdowns - Perceived overall utility of generative AI differs significantly across the five platforms used, favoring platforms with structured task breakdowns
• Perceived partner competence does not predict how often learners change the direction of their assumptions - Perceived partner competence does not predict how often learners change the direction of their assumptions
• Perceived policy clarity amplifies both the protective association of reflective use and the risk association of unreflective use with impostor syndrome - Perceived policy clarity amplifies both the protective association of reflective use and the risk association of unreflective use with impostor syndrome
• Perceived power distance correlates with expert and authority roles, collaboration with facilitator and delegator roles, and competition correlates with all five teacher roles - Perceived power distance correlates with expert and authority roles, collaboration with facilitator and delegator roles, and competition correlates with all five teacher roles
• Perceived presence and co-presence in a collaborative setting were higher in XRCL than in computer-based collaborations - Perceived presence and co-presence in a collaborative setting were higher in XRCL than in computer-based collaborations
• Perceived racial discrimination at Time 1 is negatively linked to public regard at Time 2 among African American adolescents - Perceived racial discrimination at Time 1 is negatively linked to public regard at Time 2 among African American adolescents
• Perceived responsibility of the target character for his/her condition predicts acceptance of peers with mental health problems - Perceived responsibility of the target character for his/her condition predicts acceptance of peers with mental health problems
• Perceived risk mediates the relationship between perceived academic dishonesty and ChatGPT usage (indirect-only mediation) - Perceived risk mediates the relationship between perceived academic dishonesty and ChatGPT usage (indirect-only mediation)
• Perceived risk negatively predicts use behavior and operates as a stage-sensitive deterrent, activated at submission and evaluation rather than initial exploration - Perceived risk negatively predicts use behavior and operates as a stage-sensitive deterrent, activated at submission and evaluation rather than initial exploration
• Perceived risk of using ChatGPT is negatively associated with both use frequency and intention to use among undergraduates - Perceived risk of using ChatGPT is negatively associated with both use frequency and intention to use among undergraduates
• Perceived safety changes under reduced suspension use varied by school racial composition: a small decline in predominantly Latino schools and a similar-sized but non-significant improvement in predominantly Black schools - Perceived safety changes under reduced suspension use varied by school racial composition: a small decline in predominantly Latino schools and a similar-sized but non-significant improvement in predom
• Perceived school belonging predicts on-time high school completion more strongly for students with chronic medical conditions than for healthy peers - Perceived school belonging predicts on-time high school completion more strongly for students with chronic medical conditions than for healthy peers
• Perceived school support positively predicts AI learning self-efficacy and AI perceived usefulness among Chinese undergraduates - Perceived school support positively predicts AI learning self-efficacy and AI perceived usefulness among Chinese undergraduates
• Perceived school support, AI learning self-efficacy, and AI perceived usefulness each show negative paths to AI learning anxiety - Perceived school support, AI learning self-efficacy, and AI perceived usefulness each show negative paths to AI learning anxiety
• Perceived social support positively predicts both AI literacy and technological self-efficacy among university faculty - Perceived social support positively predicts both AI literacy and technological self-efficacy among university faculty
• Perceived social-emotional competence is best modeled as a bifactor structure with one global factor and five specific factors among Australian adolescents - Perceived social-emotional competence is best modeled as a bifactor structure with one global factor and five specific factors among Australian adolescents
• Perceived stress mediates the effect of negative life events on self-control decreases when measured at temporally separated occasions (Study 3) - Perceived stress mediates the effect of negative life events on self-control decreases when measured at temporally separated occasions (Study 3)
• Perceived student misbehavior is consistently identified as a key source of teacher stress and is positively associated with emotional exhaustion - Perceived student misbehavior is consistently identified as a key source of teacher stress and is positively associated with emotional exhaustion
• Perceived task cohesion strength relates to team performance in collaborative learning teams - Perceived task cohesion strength relates to team performance in collaborative learning teams
• Perceived task difficulty correlates negatively with self-assessed understanding and with interest at essentially all measurement points, while interest and self-assessed understanding correlate positively throughout - Perceived task difficulty correlates negatively with self-assessed understanding and with interest at essentially all measurement points, while interest and self-assessed understanding correlate posit
• Perceived task difficulty ratings show a strong relation to Rasch-estimated relative task difficulty, supporting construct validity of the single-item scale - Perceived task difficulty ratings show a strong relation to Rasch-estimated relative task difficulty, supporting construct validity of the single-item scale
• Perceived task difficulty relates to cognitive strategy use with both a linear and a negative quadratic (inverted U) component, and the quadratic relationship is fully mediated by cognitive load - Perceived task difficulty relates to cognitive strategy use with both a linear and a negative quadratic (inverted U) component, and the quadratic relationship is fully mediated by cognitive load
• Perceived task difficulty relates to metacognitive strategy use only linearly, with no significant quadratic component - Perceived task difficulty relates to metacognitive strategy use only linearly, with no significant quadratic component
• Perceived task difficulty with the tools was rated much easier than imagined difficulty without them, with gaps of at least 2.5 SEQ points on every task - Perceived task difficulty with the tools was rated much easier than imagined difficulty without them, with gaps of at least 2.5 SEQ points on every task
• Perceived task load and germane load did not differ between the contingent tutor and either baseline - Perceived task load and germane load did not differ between the contingent tutor and either baseline
• Perceived teacher enthusiasm positively predicts student enjoyment at the within-class (individual student) level - Perceived teacher enthusiasm positively predicts student enjoyment at the within-class (individual student) level
• Perceived teacher justice is negatively associated with the growth of students' intentions to drop out over the school year - Perceived teacher justice is negatively associated with the growth of students' intentions to drop out over the school year
• Perceived teacher scaffolding is associated with more surface- and deep-level strategy use during the performance phase of SRL - Perceived teacher scaffolding is associated with more surface- and deep-level strategy use during the performance phase of SRL
• Perceived teacher support differed substantially across the six Scrum-implementing teachers, providing the fidelity check that split the experimental group into top-teachers and growth-teachers. - Perceived teacher support differed substantially across the six Scrum-implementing teachers, providing the fidelity check that split the experimental group into top-teachers and growth-teachers.
• Perceived teacher support in the hypothesis and experimentation phases correlated positively with post-test achievement in both groups; argumentation-support and enjoyment correlations emerged only across the pooled sample - Perceived teacher support in the hypothesis and experimentation phases correlated positively with post-test achievement in both groups; argumentation-support and enjoyment correlations emerged only ac
• Perceived teacher value messages at the student level are unrelated to motivational beliefs after autoregressive controls - Perceived teacher value messages at the student level are unrelated to motivational beliefs after autoregressive controls
• Perceived teacher value messages indirectly predict achievement via utility value and aspirations via expectancy and utility value - Perceived teacher value messages indirectly predict achievement via utility value and aspirations via expectancy and utility value
• Perceived teacher-referenced GenAI normative tension is positively associated with self-reported learning-oriented GenAI use among Chinese university students - Perceived teacher-referenced GenAI normative tension is positively associated with self-reported learning-oriented GenAI use among Chinese university students
• Perceived thought validity mediates the effect of the confidence induction on performance - Perceived thought validity mediates the effect of the confidence induction on performance
• Perceived tool quality was perfectly rank-associated with panel-rated presentation score among the four GenARch teams (exploratory) - Perceived tool quality was perfectly rank-associated with panel-rated presentation score among the four GenARch teams (exploratory)
• Perceived trust mediates the relationship between social influence and generative AI dependence - Perceived trust mediates the relationship between social influence and generative AI dependence
• Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of GenAI tools significantly predict teachers' attitudes and behavioural intention - Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of GenAI tools significantly predict teachers' attitudes and behavioural intention
• Perceived usefulness has the strongest standardized positive association with trust in AI (β = 0.402), with institutional policy clarity positively but more weakly associated (β = 0.223) in the pooled OLS trust model - Perceived usefulness has the strongest standardized positive association with trust in AI (β = 0.402), with institutional policy clarity positively but more weakly associated (β = 0.223) in the pooled
• Perceived usefulness negatively moderates the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic stress - Perceived usefulness negatively moderates the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic stress
• Perceived usefulness of AI and intent to continue using it differ significantly across challenge domains, with academic tasks rated most useful - Perceived usefulness of AI and intent to continue using it differ significantly across challenge domains, with academic tasks rated most useful
• Perceived usefulness of ChatGPT, an invalid cue, is associated with overestimation of performance - Perceived usefulness of ChatGPT, an invalid cue, is associated with overestimation of performance
• Perceived usefulness of response-level LLM feedback is most strongly associated with actionability and perceived accuracy - Perceived usefulness of response-level LLM feedback is most strongly associated with actionability and perceived accuracy
• Perceived usefulness of the AI assistant significantly and partially mediated the relationship between AI-assisted programming and collaborative outcomes and performance - Perceived usefulness of the AI assistant significantly and partially mediated the relationship between AI-assisted programming and collaborative outcomes and performance
• Perceived value of creativity informs judgments and expectancies primarily indirectly through task-specific variables, especially task interest - Perceived value of creativity informs judgments and expectancies primarily indirectly through task-specific variables, especially task interest
• Perceived warmth and competence of an AI tutor positively predict learners' willingness to use it in the future - Perceived warmth and competence of an AI tutor positively predict learners' willingness to use it in the future
• Perceived warmth and perceived competence partially mediate the negative association between GenAI use and interpersonal trust - Perceived warmth and perceived competence partially mediate the negative association between GenAI use and interpersonal trust
• Perceived-desired discrepancies decreased for co-designers but often increased or decreased less for the rest of the class - Perceived-desired discrepancies decreased for co-designers but often increased or decreased less for the rest of the class
• Percent meeting standards is an imprecise metric whose cut-score concentration produced the Era 2 misconception that Chicago taught basic skills better than high-level skills - Percent meeting standards is an imprecise metric whose cut-score concentration produced the Era 2 misconception that Chicago taught basic skills better than high-level skills
• Percentage of pupils making each error runs surprisingly close across the three test forms - Percentage of pupils making each error runs surprisingly close across the three test forms
• Percentage of time distracting visual attention away from the reward predicts success on delay-of-gratification tasks in two- and three-year-olds - Percentage of time distracting visual attention away from the reward predicts success on delay-of-gratification tasks in two- and three-year-olds
• Percentages of students at or above NAEP Proficient were unchanged in mathematics and lower in reading since 2017 at grades 4 and 8 - Percentages of students at or above NAEP Proficient were unchanged in mathematics and lower in reading since 2017 at grades 4 and 8
• Percentile heuristics transferred from health behavior systematically overpredict weekly K-12 engagement and underperform XGBoost by 20-30% - Percentile heuristics transferred from health behavior systematically overpredict weekly K-12 engagement and underperform XGBoost by 20-30%
• Percentile-difference scales are crude and embody a fundamental fallacy because percentile units are not equal intervals - Percentile-difference scales are crude and embody a fundamental fallacy because percentile units are not equal intervals
• Perception alignment improves mainly in the early weeks and does not consistently decrease through the project - Perception alignment improves mainly in the early weeks and does not consistently decrease through the project
• Perception measures of social distance, treatment amenability, perceived recidivism, and sentencing severity are mostly significantly intercorrelated - Perception measures of social distance, treatment amenability, perceived recidivism, and sentencing severity are mostly significantly intercorrelated
• Perceptions of engagement strategies were analyzed for differences by age, gender, and online learning experience - Perceptions of engagement strategies were analyzed for differences by age, gender, and online learning experience
• Perceptions of feedback characteristics vary between researcher and teacher coders, with agreement shaped by professional background - Perceptions of feedback characteristics vary between researcher and teacher coders, with agreement shaped by professional background
• Perceptions of the sustainability of collaboration efforts beyond the grant period were mixed across grantee sites, and some respondents doubted cooperation alone is a viable mechanism for improving school effectiveness - Perceptions of the sustainability of collaboration efforts beyond the grant period were mixed across grantee sites, and some respondents doubted cooperation alone is a viable mechanism for improving s
• Perceptual and memory metacognitive efficiencies are positively correlated across individuals, though weakened after outlier removal - Perceptual and memory metacognitive efficiencies are positively correlated across individuals, though weakened after outlier removal
• Perceptual attention and working memory are distinct entities that causally affect each other - Perceptual attention and working memory are distinct entities that causally affect each other
• Perceptual attention is probably necessary but not sufficient for encoding stimuli into working memory - Perceptual attention is probably necessary but not sufficient for encoding stimuli into working memory
• Perceptual metacognitive efficiency declines with age in healthy adults aged 18–84, even when task performance is controlled - Perceptual metacognitive efficiency declines with age in healthy adults aged 18–84, even when task performance is controlled
• Perfect AI execution cannot remove four limits: accuracy does not settle end-setting, safety does not confer legitimacy, detection does not secure integrity, and outputs do not replace participation - Perfect AI execution cannot remove four limits: accuracy does not settle end-setting, safety does not confer legitimacy, detection does not secure integrity, and outputs do not replace participation
• Perfect reproducers tended to show longer learning times and shorter recall times than imperfect reproducers - Perfect reproducers tended to show longer learning times and shorter recall times than imperfect reproducers
• Perfectionism determined by others and perfectionism for others correlate negatively with subjective well-being, while self-perfectionism does not correlate significantly - Perfectionism determined by others and perfectionism for others correlate negatively with subjective well-being, while self-perfectionism does not correlate significantly
• Perfectionistic concerns are consistently related to maladaptive outcomes in academically gifted students while perfectionistic strivings show mixed outcomes - Perfectionistic concerns are consistently related to maladaptive outcomes in academically gifted students while perfectionistic strivings show mixed outcomes
• Perfectionistic concerns show a significant small negative relationship with academic achievement (r+ = −.08) - Perfectionistic concerns show a significant small negative relationship with academic achievement (r+ = −.08)
• Perfectionistic strivings show a significant small-to-medium positive relationship with academic achievement (r+ = .24) - Perfectionistic strivings show a significant small-to-medium positive relationship with academic achievement (r+ = .24)
• Performance aims are ambiguously aligned, tied nearly equally to autonomous and controlled reasons - Performance aims are ambiguously aligned, tied nearly equally to autonomous and controlled reasons
• Performance assessments are associated with positive instructional changes, student skill development, engagement, and complex conceptual understanding - Performance assessments are associated with positive instructional changes, student skill development, engagement, and complex conceptual understanding
• Performance assessments can be reliably scored when designed appropriately and used with other measures - Performance assessments can be reliably scored when designed appropriately and used with other measures
• Performance benefits of UVIs may be limited to the perceived-useful content unless usefulness generalizes or interest develops - Performance benefits of UVIs may be limited to the perceived-useful content unless usefulness generalizes or interest develops
• Performance cues were found most diagnostic for students' reading comprehension performance - Performance cues were found most diagnostic for students' reading comprehension performance
• Performance differences based on transcription complexity index the extent to which children internalized lexical representations - Performance differences based on transcription complexity index the extent to which children internalized lexical representations
• Performance during the AI-supported task consistently predicted performance on the subsequent AI-removal task across all writing dimensions - Performance during the AI-supported task consistently predicted performance on the subsequent AI-removal task across all writing dimensions
• Performance during the virtual pipetting lesson predicts real-life transfer test performance - Performance during the virtual pipetting lesson predicts real-life transfer test performance
• Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence positively predict behavioral intention to use ChatGPT among Lesotho higher education students - Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence positively predict behavioral intention to use ChatGPT among Lesotho higher education students
• Performance expectancy, social influence, novelty value, and creative competence positively predict art and design students' behavioral intention to use T2I GenAI tools - Performance expectancy, social influence, novelty value, and creative competence positively predict art and design students' behavioral intention to use T2I GenAI tools
• Performance goals positively predict self-reported relational conflict regulation in an imagined sociocognitive conflict - Performance goals positively predict self-reported relational conflict regulation in an imagined sociocognitive conflict
• Performance goals predict assertion of one's own competence after a real sociocognitive conflict - Performance goals predict assertion of one's own competence after a real sociocognitive conflict
• Performance goals regulate conflict with more-competent others toward competitive (approach) or protective (avoidance) interpersonal behavior - Performance goals regulate conflict with more-competent others toward competitive (approach) or protective (avoidance) interpersonal behavior
• Performance goals show heterogeneous, near-zero average associations with academic dishonesty - Performance goals show heterogeneous, near-zero average associations with academic dishonesty
• Performance improvements from generative AI assistance diminished once the assistance was removed - Performance improvements from generative AI assistance diminished once the assistance was removed
• Performance incentives increase time invested in the assisted reasoning task - Performance incentives increase time invested in the assisted reasoning task
• Performance increases monotonically with the number of practice exams following a slightly concave learning curve without considerable kinks - Performance increases monotonically with the number of practice exams following a slightly concave learning curve without considerable kinks
• Performance is best at moderate difficulty granularity and a limited recent window for domain transitions - Performance is best at moderate difficulty granularity and a limited recent window for domain transitions
• Performance on difficult mental multiplication improves during a continuous work period of about two hours - Performance on difficult mental multiplication improves during a continuous work period of about two hours
• Performance on existing benchmarks transfers unevenly to artistic educational imagery - Performance on existing benchmarks transfers unevenly to artistic educational imagery
• Performance on final tests of learning is improved when multiple study sessions are spaced apart in time rather than massed in immediate succession - Performance on final tests of learning is improved when multiple study sessions are spaced apart in time rather than massed in immediate succession
• Performance on inhibitory control measures improves with age, with some tasks reaching performance plateaus beginning around 4 years of age - Performance on inhibitory control measures improves with age, with some tasks reaching performance plateaus beginning around 4 years of age
• Performance on practiced reasoning items and on transfer items continued to improve after 3-week and 9-month delays - Performance on practiced reasoning items and on transfer items continued to improve after 3-week and 9-month delays
• Performance on the newly learned symbols shows canonical ratio effects, consistent with mapping novel symbols onto Approximate Magnitude System representations - Performance on the newly learned symbols shows canonical ratio effects, consistent with mapping novel symbols onto Approximate Magnitude System representations
• Performance task platform modality (technology-enhanced, technology-enabled, or paper-and-pencil) showed no detected relationship with grade 6-8 students' self-reported cognitive engagement in mathematics - Performance task platform modality (technology-enhanced, technology-enabled, or paper-and-pencil) showed no detected relationship with grade 6-8 students' self-reported cognitive engagement in mathema
• Performance tasks did little to differentiate teachers, with most receiving high scores and over a third receiving default scores due to missing data - Performance tasks did little to differentiate teachers, with most receiving high scores and over a third receiving default scores due to missing data
• Performance trajectories diverge over time: the simultaneous condition improves after instruction while sequential conditions hold or decline - Performance trajectories diverge over time: the simultaneous condition improves after instruction while sequential conditions hold or decline
• Performance was unrelated to dwell time on the graph but increased with dwell time on the problem statement - Performance was unrelated to dwell time on the graph but increased with dwell time on the problem statement
• Performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals were not meaningfully related to same-day academic success - Performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals were not meaningfully related to same-day academic success
• Performance-approach goal instructions increase mental effort but decrease posttest performance in game-based learning - Performance-approach goal instructions increase mental effort but decrease posttest performance in game-based learning
• Performance-approach goals are directly related to the use of surface cognitive and resource management strategies in effective self-regulators - Performance-approach goals are directly related to the use of surface cognitive and resource management strategies in effective self-regulators
• Performance-approach goals are positively related to anxiety (r = .15) but not significantly related to depression (r = .05) - Performance-approach goals are positively related to anxiety (r = .15) but not significantly related to depression (r = .05)
• Performance-approach goals positively predict competitive regulation and performance-avoidance goals positively predict protective regulation overall (Studies 1 and 3) - Performance-approach goals positively predict competitive regulation and performance-avoidance goals positively predict protective regulation overall (Studies 1 and 3)
• Performance-approach goals predict competitive conflict regulation with a more-competent disagreeing partner, but not an equally competent one (Study 1) - Performance-approach goals predict competitive conflict regulation with a more-competent disagreeing partner, but not an equally competent one (Study 1)
• Performance-avoidance goals are positively related to both anxiety (r = .25) and depression (r = .16) - Performance-avoidance goals are positively related to both anxiety (r = .25) and depression (r = .16)
• Performance-avoidance goals negatively predict both self-concept and self-efficacy across all three grade levels - Performance-avoidance goals negatively predict both self-concept and self-efficacy across all three grade levels
• Performance-avoidance goals predict protective conflict regulation with a more-competent disagreeing partner, but not an equally competent one (Study 1) - Performance-avoidance goals predict protective conflict regulation with a more-competent disagreeing partner, but not an equally competent one (Study 1)
• Performance-resolution correlation is significant in 2AFC but much smaller and mostly non-significant in free-response testing - Performance-resolution correlation is significant in 2AFC but much smaller and mostly non-significant in free-response testing
• Performance-tested ERA and teacher-observed emotion regulation are only modestly correlated (r = 0.22), suggesting they measure distinct constructs - Performance-tested ERA and teacher-observed emotion regulation are only modestly correlated (r = 0.22), suggesting they measure distinct constructs
• Performing social activities negatively predicts group performance in CSCL inquiry tasks - Performing social activities negatively predicts group performance in CSCL inquiry tasks
• Permitting feedback skipping increases the number of retrieval attempts completed within a fixed learning time - Permitting feedback skipping increases the number of retrieval attempts completed within a fixed learning time
• Permutation tests show early-starting immersion and non-immersion learners are indistinguishable from the earliest learners, while later starters learn significantly more slowly - Permutation tests show early-starting immersion and non-immersion learners are indistinguishable from the earliest learners, while later starters learn significantly more slowly
• Perry Preschool participants given opportunities to plan and make decisions were significantly less involved in drug use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, and school failure at age 19 - Perry Preschool participants given opportunities to plan and make decisions were significantly less involved in drug use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, and school failure at age 19
• Perry Street moved from Tier III (lowest performing) to Tier I (highest performing) on DC's Performance Management Framework over five years of turnaround - Perry Street moved from Tier III (lowest performing) to Tier I (highest performing) on DC's Performance Management Framework over five years of turnaround
• Perseverators do not differ from non-perseverators in inhibition or working-memory performance at any age - Perseverators do not differ from non-perseverators in inhibition or working-memory performance at any age
• Persistence and performance costs concentrate among participants who used the AI to obtain direct solutions, while hint-users resemble controls - Persistence and performance costs concentrate among participants who used the AI to obtain direct solutions, while hint-users resemble controls
• Persistence behaviors in the face of challenge differed significantly by age and gender - Persistence behaviors in the face of challenge differed significantly by age and gender
• Persistence of inscriptions in the VMT environment supported students explaining postings and establishing collaborative activity - Persistence of inscriptions in the VMT environment supported students explaining postings and establishing collaborative activity
• Persistence of multiple-choice errors is driven by faulty reasoning that integrates the error into knowledge rather than by mere familiarity of lures - Persistence of multiple-choice errors is driven by faulty reasoning that integrates the error into knowledge rather than by mere familiarity of lures
• Persistence varies both within and between students, warranting multilevel modeling, and level-1 predictors explained 18% of variance - Persistence varies both within and between students, warranting multilevel modeling, and level-1 predictors explained 18% of variance
• Persistent challenges include feedback inaccuracy, learner overreliance, and limited transparency - Persistent challenges include feedback inaccuracy, learner overreliance, and limited transparency
• Persistent research gaps in AI-integrated business education concern curriculum coherence, educator readiness, and assessment validity - Persistent research gaps in AI-integrated business education concern curriculum coherence, educator readiness, and assessment validity
• Persistent sleep problems (DIMS at both ages 7–9 and 11–13) increase the risk of poor academic performance even after adjusting for mental health, gender, pubertal status and SES - Persistent sleep problems (DIMS at both ages 7–9 and 11–13) increase the risk of poor academic performance even after adjusting for mental health, gender, pubertal status and SES
• Persistent technical limitations constitute an authenticity gap in AI-powered nursing simulations - Persistent technical limitations constitute an authenticity gap in AI-powered nursing simulations
• Persistently high chronic absenteeism rates are associated with slower academic recovery in math and reading after COVID-era disruptions - Persistently high chronic absenteeism rates are associated with slower academic recovery in math and reading after COVID-era disruptions
• Person and item fit statistics were similar across pilot and comparison groups, with items showing overfitting in both - Person and item fit statistics were similar across pilot and comparison groups, with items showing overfitting in both
• Person praise and feedback manner significantly interact on task motivation, such that praise raises trials under ego-involving feedback and lowers them under task-involving feedback - Person praise and feedback manner significantly interact on task motivation, such that praise raises trials under ego-involving feedback and lowers them under task-involving feedback
• Person praise raises state self-esteem (d = 0.40), and under task-involving feedback higher state self-esteem is negatively related to motivation, supporting a distraction mechanism only in the low-threat condition - Person praise raises state self-esteem (d = 0.40), and under task-involving feedback higher state self-esteem is negatively related to motivation, supporting a distraction mechanism only in the low-th
• Person-centered clustering of students on plausible values falls outside the valid use of PVs, while clustering sampling-frame units is valid - Person-centered clustering of students on plausible values falls outside the valid use of PVs, while clustering sampling-frame units is valid
• Person-oriented and dimensional methods each predicted reading achievement significantly better than the categorical method - Person-oriented and dimensional methods each predicted reading achievement significantly better than the categorical method
• Person-oriented classification predicted days absent significantly better than categorical, with no method differences for days tardy - Person-oriented classification predicted days absent significantly better than categorical, with no method differences for days tardy
• Person-oriented classification predicts later GPA significantly better than dimensional or categorical methods - Person-oriented classification predicts later GPA significantly better than dimensional or categorical methods
• Persona-skill distillation encodes substantial private information into skill artifacts, persisting across agent backbones and distillation protocols - Persona-skill distillation encodes substantial private information into skill artifacts, persisting across agent backbones and distillation protocols
• Personal connection to data supports critical data-literacy stance-taking
• Personal experience influenced teachers' visions of AI futures more than organizational culture or societal factors - Personal experience influenced teachers' visions of AI futures more than organizational culture or societal factors
• Personal innovativeness did not significantly influence behavioral intention to use ChatGPT - Personal innovativeness did not significantly influence behavioral intention to use ChatGPT
• Personal innovativeness, technology anxiety, and growth mindset in technology each significantly predict AI literacy after external resources and digital competence are controlled, adding 6% of variance - Personal innovativeness, technology anxiety, and growth mindset in technology each significantly predict AI literacy after external resources and digital competence are controlled, adding 6% of varian
• Personal instructor messages and reflective assignments showed the largest individual associations with online course satisfaction, and personal messages with fewer motivation problems - Personal instructor messages and reflective assignments showed the largest individual associations with online course satisfaction, and personal messages with fewer motivation problems
• Personal resources have a reciprocal relationship with study resources and relate to engagement and achievement - Personal resources have a reciprocal relationship with study resources and relate to engagement and achievement
• Personal, out-of-school experiences serve as real resources for sense making in classroom discussion - Personal, out-of-school experiences serve as real resources for sense making in classroom discussion
• Personalism and academic press each had only small influences on engagement, but their combination elevated student academic engagement substantially - Personalism and academic press each had only small influences on engagement, but their combination elevated student academic engagement substantially
• Personality changes achieved through digital VPC interventions persist, remaining sustained or amplified at three-month and one-year follow-ups - Personality changes achieved through digital VPC interventions persist, remaining sustained or amplified at three-month and one-year follow-ups
• Personality similarity appears to be positively associated with positive adult–child relationships (preliminary evidence) - Personality similarity appears to be positively associated with positive adult–child relationships (preliminary evidence)
• Personality traits change across the lifespan and in response to interventions, with the greatest change in adolescence and early adulthood - Personality traits change across the lifespan and in response to interventions, with the greatest change in adolescence and early adulthood
• Personality traits of both children and teachers may be associated with teacher–child relationships, especially for relational positivity - Personality traits of both children and teachers may be associated with teacher–child relationships, especially for relational positivity
• Personalization and differentiated instruction are rare in blended learning designs - Personalization and differentiated instruction are rare in blended learning designs
• Personalization reduced time spent on hard expression-writing steps, and students who had received it were still faster at writing expressions in a later non-personalized unit - Personalization reduced time spent on hard expression-writing steps, and students who had received it were still faster at writing expressions in a later non-personalized unit
• Personalization to student interests improved accuracy on hard knowledge components involving algebraic expression-writing within the tutoring unit - Personalization to student interests improved accuracy on hard knowledge components involving algebraic expression-writing within the tutoring unit
• Personalized ChatGPT-supported feedback in an augmented-reality quantum physics laboratory improved learning outcomes and directed visual attention - Personalized ChatGPT-supported feedback in an augmented-reality quantum physics laboratory improved learning outcomes and directed visual attention
• Personalized learning effects tended to be larger in elementary grades and were not statistically significant in high school grades - Personalized learning effects tended to be larger in elementary grades and were not statistically significant in high school grades
• Personalized Learning Effects Vary With Fidelity
• Personalized learning functions as a collaborative human–AI model in which teachers and AI systems play complementary roles - Personalized learning functions as a collaborative human–AI model in which teachers and AI systems play complementary roles
• Personalized learning models combining classroom use with student-centered pedagogies (Model C) exert larger effects than fully automated platforms (Model A) - Personalized learning models combining classroom use with student-centered pedagogies (Model C) exert larger effects than fully automated platforms (Model A)
• Personalized learning systems and recommender algorithms support effective AI-powered collaborative learning through tailored content and peer matching - Personalized learning systems and recommender algorithms support effective AI-powered collaborative learning through tailored content and peer matching
• Personalized Normative Feedback Corrects Misperceived Norms
• Personalized paths reduced self-reported cognitive load on all six adapted NASA-TLX dimensions with large effect sizes - Personalized paths reduced self-reported cognitive load on all six adapted NASA-TLX dimensions with large effect sizes
• Personalized refutation text significantly predicts stronger conceptual change among teachers who held both math-gender misconceptions at pre-test - Personalized refutation text significantly predicts stronger conceptual change among teachers who held both math-gender misconceptions at pre-test
• Personalized responses remain semantically grounded in the shared knowledge base while varying in surface-level expression and structure - Personalized responses remain semantically grounded in the shared knowledge base while varying in surface-level expression and structure
• Personalized scaffolds increased frequencies of high cognition and monitoring relative to control, but learning outcomes did not differ between conditions. - Personalized scaffolds increased frequencies of high cognition and monitoring relative to control, but learning outcomes did not differ between conditions.
• Personalized SRL email interventions increased post-course self-regulation scores relative to control in a MOOC, while the general intervention did not - Personalized SRL email interventions increased post-course self-regulation scores relative to control in a MOOC, while the general intervention did not
• Personalized SRL scaffolds showed higher compliance than no and non-personalized scaffolds, linked to better essay scores - Personalized SRL scaffolds showed higher compliance than no and non-personalized scaffolds, linked to better essay scores
• Personalized, practice-focused collaboration around classroom observations was particularly impactful for teachers' practice improvement efforts - Personalized, practice-focused collaboration around classroom observations was particularly impactful for teachers' practice improvement efforts
• Personalizing algebra story problems to student interests improved accuracy on easy knowledge components within the tutoring unit - Personalizing algebra story problems to student interests improved accuracy on easy knowledge components within the tutoring unit
• Personalizing learning (22%) and teacher assistance (25%) dominated project topics, with only 27.5% of solutions on market - Personalizing learning (22%) and teacher assistance (25%) dominated project topics, with only 27.5% of solutions on market
• Personas developed without care and empathy can create stereotypes - Personas developed without care and empathy can create stereotypes
• Perspective taking increases the creativity of dyadic interactions - Perspective taking increases the creativity of dyadic interactions
• Perspective-taking (spatial orientation) shows evidence of uniqueness from mental rotation factors - Perspective-taking (spatial orientation) shows evidence of uniqueness from mental rotation factors
• Perspectives on teacher behavior are not interchangeable: combining observer and student perspectives on agency approximates the teacher perspective for teacher emotions, while students' own perspective is irreplaceable for student emotions - Perspectives on teacher behavior are not interchangeable: combining observer and student perspectives on agency approximates the teacher perspective for teacher emotions, while students' own perspecti
• Perturbation or dissatisfaction with current beliefs, stimulated by reflecting on experiences through the NCTM Standards, was an important stimulus for change in a preservice teacher's philosophy - Perturbation or dissatisfaction with current beliefs, stimulated by reflecting on experiences through the NCTM Standards, was an important stimulus for change in a preservice teacher's philosophy
• Perturbation type determines the interaction types needed: conflicting evidence elicits argumentation - Perturbation type determines the interaction types needed: conflicting evidence elicits argumentation
• Perturbing left VLPFC with rTMS exacerbates the disruptive effect of visual distraction on episodic retrieval, indicating a causal role in resolving interference - Perturbing left VLPFC with rTMS exacerbates the disruptive effect of visual distraction on episodic retrieval, indicating a causal role in resolving interference
• PES is robustly present in kindergarten children and decreases over the course of a task block - PES is robustly present in kindergarten children and decreases over the course of a task block
• Peters (1992) found no statistically significant difference between UCSMP Algebra and Saxon Algebra I on the algebra domain - Peters (1992) found no statistically significant difference between UCSMP Algebra and Saxon Algebra I on the algebra domain
• PETs expand the value of data by enabling sharing where in-the-clear approaches are infeasible - PETs expand the value of data by enabling sharing where in-the-clear approaches are infeasible
• PETs trade utility for privacy, limiting use where accuracy is mandated - PETs trade utility for privacy, limiting use where accuracy is mandated
• Peñasco's high school graduation rate rose above 90% versus 76% statewide, and K-2 students outpaced state peers on formative assessments - Peñasco's high school graduation rate rose above 90% versus 76% statewide, and K-2 students outpaced state peers on formative assessments
• PF and DI groups showed no significant difference in climate declarative knowledge gains - PF and DI groups showed no significant difference in climate declarative knowledge gains
• PF design fidelity predicts larger PS-I effects, with four fidelity criteria showing significant subgroup differences - PF design fidelity predicts larger PS-I effects, with four fidelity criteria showing significant subgroup differences
• PF students did not outperform DI students when learning social science research methods in two quasi-experimental studies with 10th graders, failing to replicate the STEM-domain PF effect - PF students did not outperform DI students when learning social science research methods in two quasi-experimental studies with 10th graders, failing to replicate the STEM-domain PF effect
• PF students outperformed direct-instruction students on conceptual understanding and transfer without compromising procedural fluency - PF students outperformed direct-instruction students on conceptual understanding and transfer without compromising procedural fluency
• PF students reported more awareness of knowledge gaps than example observers, but awareness of knowledge gaps did not correlate with conceptual knowledge acquisition - PF students reported more awareness of knowledge gaps than example observers, but awareness of knowledge gaps did not correlate with conceptual knowledge acquisition
• PF students scored significantly higher than DI students on climate explanatory knowledge - PF students scored significantly higher than DI students on climate explanatory knowledge
• PF students scored significantly higher than DI students on far transfer (robot mining problem), with an independent teacher experience effect - PF students scored significantly higher than DI students on far transfer (robot mining problem), with an independent teacher experience effect
• PF students scored significantly higher than DI students on near transfer (butterfly effect problem) - PF students scored significantly higher than DI students on near transfer (butterfly effect problem)
• PGR students rejected GenAI generation of research ideas, original arguments, or whole papers as violating authorship norms, while accepting surface-level support - PGR students rejected GenAI generation of research ideas, original arguments, or whole papers as violating authorship norms, while accepting surface-level support
• PGR students strongly opposed uploading human-participant or sensitive qualitative data to GenAI platforms or using GenAI to interpret such data - PGR students strongly opposed uploading human-participant or sensitive qualitative data to GenAI platforms or using GenAI to interpret such data
• Pharmaco-epidemiological register studies indicate ADHD medication treatment reduces risk of injuries and emergency ward visits in children with ADHD - Pharmaco-epidemiological register studies indicate ADHD medication treatment reduces risk of injuries and emergency ward visits in children with ADHD
• Phase 1 of the Pennsylvania evaluation pilot produced value-added estimates of teacher and principal contributions to student achievement growth - Phase 1 of the Pennsylvania evaluation pilot produced value-added estimates of teacher and principal contributions to student achievement growth
• Phase 1 of the Pennsylvania pilot examined whether teachers with higher classroom observation scores on specific professional practices tended to have greater value-added impacts on student achievement - Phase 1 of the Pennsylvania pilot examined whether teachers with higher classroom observation scores on specific professional practices tended to have greater value-added impacts on student achievemen
• Phase 4 low-guidance procedure was truncated for children who already demonstrated unconfounded designs - Phase 4 low-guidance procedure was truncated for children who already demonstrated unconfounded designs
• Phase analysis showed Ethan leading the interaction with sameness in Communion and oppositeness in Agency, while Sam led in Communion but followed in Agency - Phase analysis showed Ethan leading the interaction with sameness in Communion and oppositeness in Agency, while Sam led in Communion but followed in Agency
• Phase VI AI-enabled systems face six documented challenges: explainability, hallucination risk, prompt sensitivity, computational cost, validation complexity, and limited large-scale evidence - Phase VI AI-enabled systems face six documented challenges: explainability, hallucination risk, prompt sensitivity, computational cost, validation complexity, and limited large-scale evidence
• Phasic EDA correlated with achievement (r = .66) in a small classroom physics study - Phasic EDA correlated with achievement (r = .66) in a small classroom physics study
• Phasic, not tonic, EDA correlates with cognitive stress in a reported diver study - Phasic, not tonic, EDA correlates with cognitive stress in a reported diver study
• PhD students and Information Technology researchers were selected less often as new collaboration partners, and group awareness support balanced the disciplinary difference, per the editorial's report of Eberle et al. - PhD students and Information Technology researchers were selected less often as new collaboration partners, and group awareness support balanced the disciplinary difference, per the editorial's report
• PhD teachers show significantly higher awareness than BA teachers of decision making through negotiation - PhD teachers show significantly higher awareness than BA teachers of decision making through negotiation
• PhD teachers show significantly higher awareness than both MA and BA teachers of liberatory autonomy - PhD teachers show significantly higher awareness than both MA and BA teachers of liberatory autonomy
• PhD teachers show significantly higher awareness than MA teachers of incorporating dialogue and learners' real life into second language instruction - PhD teachers show significantly higher awareness than MA teachers of incorporating dialogue and learners' real life into second language instruction
• Phi-2's answers to its own generated MCQs align with human experts at least as strongly as the experts agree with each other - Phi-2's answers to its own generated MCQs align with human experts at least as strongly as the experts agree with each other
• Philadelphia charter school students' achievement gains are approximately equal to gains of students attending district-operated public schools - Philadelphia charter school students' achievement gains are approximately equal to gains of students attending district-operated public schools
• Philadelphia schools varied significantly in how they implemented the discipline policy change - Philadelphia schools varied significantly in how they implemented the discipline policy change
• Philadelphia's 2012-2013 discipline reform produced a modest decline in suspensions for nonviolent infractions in the year of reform - Philadelphia's 2012-2013 discipline reform produced a modest decline in suspensions for nonviolent infractions in the year of reform
• Philadelphia's accelerated schools are evaluated for their impacts on enrollees' graduation rates - Philadelphia's accelerated schools are evaluated for their impacts on enrollees' graduation rates
• Philanthropic organizations support basic science by funding scientists, building research capacity, and training new generations of scientists - Philanthropic organizations support basic science by funding scientists, building research capacity, and training new generations of scientists
• Philanthropic Studies case: ePortfolio moved from a capstone-only final project to full curricular integration across four required courses over a decade - Philanthropic Studies case: ePortfolio moved from a capstone-only final project to full curricular integration across four required courses over a decade
• Philosophy teachers are divided on transformative education, with some associating it with indoctrination - Philosophy teachers are divided on transformative education, with some associating it with indoctrination
• Phishing email difficulty varies widely (15–85% correct) while mean confidence varies little (80–90%), leaving some victims unaware they were fooled - Phishing email difficulty varies widely (15–85% correct) while mean confidence varies little (80–90%), leaving some victims unaware they were fooled
• Phone-use behavior under hidden notifications is highly heterogeneous: about half of NH students abstained entirely, and most NR checks were brief glances - Phone-use behavior under hidden notifications is highly heterogeneous: about half of NH students abstained entirely, and most NR checks were brief glances
• Phone-use frequency and duration increase phone-use mental effort, which negatively affects learning performance, mediating the behavior–performance link - Phone-use frequency and duration increase phone-use mental effort, which negatively affects learning performance, mediating the behavior–performance link
• Phoneme awareness is a stronger predictor of reading development than rhyme awareness
• Phonemic awareness effects of Reading Recovery were positive and substantively important but not statistically significant in one trial - Phonemic awareness effects of Reading Recovery were positive and substantively important but not statistically significant in one trial
• Phonemic Awareness Training Improves Reading
• Phonemic segmentation training favored over rhyme/alliteration training on print knowledge, phonological processing, and early reading/writing (Yeh 2003), with substantively important but non-significant differences - Phonemic segmentation training favored over rhyme/alliteration training on print knowledge, phonological processing, and early reading/writing (Yeh 2003), with substantively important but non-signific
• Phonics effects in the Galuschka et al. (2014) meta-analysis were similar in size to several alternative interventions, with no evidence phonics was more effective - Phonics effects in the Galuschka et al.
• Phonics instruction has a large overall effect on the decoding skills of students with intellectual disability (g = 1.42) - Phonics instruction has a large overall effect on the decoding skills of students with intellectual disability (g = 1.42)
• Phonics instruction has a small but statistically confirmed effect for children with reading disabilities, while Orton-Gillingham structured-literacy programs show positive but non-significant effects
• Phonics/word study occupied the largest share of observed resource-room reading instruction (32%) at high-average quality, but a quarter was rated weak - Phonics/word study occupied the largest share of observed resource-room reading instruction (32%) at high-average quality, but a quarter was rated weak
• Phonological awareness (oddity) improved to a greater extent in the groups where rhythm was trained, in children without reading difficulties - Phonological awareness (oddity) improved to a greater extent in the groups where rhythm was trained, in children without reading difficulties
• Phonological awareness accounted for more unique variance in reading accuracy than RAN in the orthographies studied, while English was the only orthography where RAN added substantial unique variance (14.2%) and total explained variance was highest (39%) - Phonological awareness accounted for more unique variance in reading accuracy than RAN in the orthographies studied, while English was the only orthography where RAN added substantial unique variance
• Phonological awareness and alphabet knowledge fluency are each uniquely related to both word reading and spelling in kindergartners - Phonological awareness and alphabet knowledge fluency are each uniquely related to both word reading and spelling in kindergartners
• Phonological awareness and fluency show the largest effect-size relations with reading comprehension among Spanish-speaking children's essential reading components. - Phonological awareness and fluency show the largest effect-size relations with reading comprehension among Spanish-speaking children's essential reading components.
• Phonological awareness and phonological memory are the skills that contributed most to initial reading and writing performance in third-grade students - Phonological awareness and phonological memory are the skills that contributed most to initial reading and writing performance in third-grade students
• Phonological awareness and rapid naming differentiate inadequate responders with word reading deficits from those without - Phonological awareness and rapid naming differentiate inadequate responders with word reading deficits from those without
• Phonological awareness and verbal working memory are the most consistently unique domain general predictors of grade 1 math outcomes - Phonological awareness and verbal working memory are the most consistently unique domain general predictors of grade 1 math outcomes
• Phonological awareness at age 4–5 does not predict later arithmetic skills despite being predicted by early oral language - Phonological awareness at age 4–5 does not predict later arithmetic skills despite being predicted by early oral language
• Phonological awareness has no direct effect on higher-order QNC (Level II and above) or Grade 3 math achievement once QNC skills are modeled, confirming the isolated number-words hypothesis - Phonological awareness has no direct effect on higher-order QNC (Level II and above) or Grade 3 math achievement once QNC skills are modeled, confirming the isolated number-words hypothesis
• Phonological awareness instruction closely tied to word reading (blending and segmenting phonemes) comprised less than 1% of observed resource-room reading time - Phonological awareness instruction closely tied to word reading (blending and segmenting phonemes) comprised less than 1% of observed resource-room reading time
• Phonological awareness instruction shows one of the highest outcome-specific effects (0.57) in Spanish reading programs - Phonological awareness instruction shows one of the highest outcome-specific effects (0.57) in Spanish reading programs
• Phonological awareness is uniquely associated with multiplication fact retrieval frequency, in both dyslexia and control groups - Phonological awareness is uniquely associated with multiplication fact retrieval frequency, in both dyslexia and control groups
• Phonological awareness predicts irregular word spelling from Yr 2 onward but does not predict regular word or pseudoword spelling at any year group - Phonological awareness predicts irregular word spelling from Yr 2 onward but does not predict regular word or pseudoword spelling at any year group
• Phonological awareness significantly predicts Chinese word reading even among children taught without any phonetic coding system - Phonological awareness significantly predicts Chinese word reading even among children taught without any phonetic coding system
• Phonological Awareness Training has positive effects on phonological processing in preschool children, averaging +27 percentile points - Phonological Awareness Training has positive effects on phonological processing in preschool children, averaging +27 percentile points
• Phonological awareness training has potentially positive effects on communication/language competencies for preschool children with learning disabilities, with a small extent of evidence - Phonological awareness training has potentially positive effects on communication/language competencies for preschool children with learning disabilities, with a small extent of evidence
• Phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training has positive effects on preschoolers' print knowledge - Phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training has positive effects on preschoolers' print knowledge
• Phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training has potentially positive effects on preschoolers' early reading/writing - Phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training has potentially positive effects on preschoolers' early reading/writing
• Phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training has potentially positive effects on preschoolers' phonological processing - Phonological awareness training plus letter knowledge training has potentially positive effects on preschoolers' phonological processing
• Phonological decoding, verbal knowledge, visuo-spatial STM/WM, spatial orientation and trail-making performance are robust simultaneous predictors of math in 9-year-olds - Phonological decoding, verbal knowledge, visuo-spatial STM/WM, spatial orientation and trail-making performance are robust simultaneous predictors of math in 9-year-olds
• Phonological instruction (Pinyin/Bopomofo) strengthens the role of phonological awareness but reduces reliance on morphological awareness in Chinese word reading - Phonological instruction (Pinyin/Bopomofo) strengthens the role of phonological awareness but reduces reliance on morphological awareness in Chinese word reading
• Phonological memory gains disappeared when central executive was controlled, but visuospatial memory gains remained substantial, suggesting different underlying mechanisms - Phonological memory gains disappeared when central executive was controlled, but visuospatial memory gains remained substantial, suggesting different underlying mechanisms
• Phonological predictors (phonological awareness and number of phonological competitors) add unique variance to SfV item performance beyond general predictors - Phonological predictors (phonological awareness and number of phonological competitors) add unique variance to SfV item performance beyond general predictors
• Phonological processing and RAN constitute two separate factors that both account for significant unique variance in literacy attainment in all five orthographies - Phonological processing and RAN constitute two separate factors that both account for significant unique variance in literacy attainment in all five orthographies
• Phonological processing is affected by and affects language control in switching, though effects are not uniform across studies - Phonological processing is affected by and affects language control in switching, though effects are not uniform across studies
• Phonological processing skills account for 38.3% of variance in adolescent literacy after controlling for child, family, and implant characteristics - Phonological processing skills account for 38.3% of variance in adolescent literacy after controlling for child, family, and implant characteristics
• Phonological short-term memory (nonword repetition) shows a modest unique contribution to multiplication fact performance, while phonological awareness shows no relation - Phonological short-term memory (nonword repetition) shows a modest unique contribution to multiplication fact performance, while phonological awareness shows no relation
• Phonological short-term memory capacity selectively predicts new vocabulary learning - Phonological short-term memory capacity selectively predicts new vocabulary learning
• Phonological skills and naming speed indirectly predict sixth-grade geometric and fraction skills via arithmetic skills in both DLD and TD children - Phonological skills and naming speed indirectly predict sixth-grade geometric and fraction skills via arithmetic skills in both DLD and TD children
• Phonological skills were not significantly correlated with fraction skills, and verbal reasoning was not significantly correlated with arithmetic skills - Phonological skills were not significantly correlated with fraction skills, and verbal reasoning was not significantly correlated with arithmetic skills
• Photogates do not determine the sign of velocity, cannot show zero velocity with non-zero acceleration at the turning point, and afford the Δv/Δx rather than the Δv/Δt definition of acceleration - Photogates do not determine the sign of velocity, cannot show zero velocity with non-zero acceleration at the turning point, and afford the Δv/Δx rather than the Δv/Δt definition of acceleration
• Photography was the most popular visual art form, theatre the most used performing art form, and poetry the most used literary art form in community-based arts-based research, with 64% of studies combining multiple art genres - Photography was the most popular visual art form, theatre the most used performing art form, and poetry the most used literary art form in community-based arts-based research, with 64% of studies comb
• Physical access to AI-provided material does not automatically produce epistemological access; facilitation converts one into the other - Physical access to AI-provided material does not automatically produce epistemological access; facilitation converts one into the other
• Physical activities combining exercise with character development or mindfulness improved children's EFs more than exercise alone: tae kwon do outperformed standard PE, and a yoga pilot improved planning - Physical activities combining exercise with character development or mindfulness improved children's EFs more than exercise alone: tae kwon do outperformed standard PE, and a yoga pilot improved plann
• Physical activity in the hour before memory retrieval is associated with superior memory retention, while sedentary time in that window is negatively associated - Physical activity in the hour before memory retrieval is associated with superior memory retention, while sedentary time in that window is negatively associated
• Physical activity interventions in childhood improve creativity with a moderate summary effect, based on low-certainty evidence - Physical activity interventions in childhood improve creativity with a moderate summary effect, based on low-certainty evidence
• Physical activity interventions in childhood improve fluid intelligence with a small summary effect, based on moderate-certainty evidence - Physical activity interventions in childhood improve fluid intelligence with a small summary effect, based on moderate-certainty evidence
• Physical activity interventions in childhood improve on-task behaviour with a large summary effect, based on very low-certainty evidence - Physical activity interventions in childhood improve on-task behaviour with a large summary effect, based on very low-certainty evidence
• Physical activity interventions in childhood improve working memory with a small summary effect, based on very low-certainty evidence - Physical activity interventions in childhood improve working memory with a small summary effect, based on very low-certainty evidence
• Physical activity interventions in childhood show no overall benefit for executive functions or academic achievement - Physical activity interventions in childhood show no overall benefit for executive functions or academic achievement
• Physical activity is positively correlated with children's working memory, and integrated exercise with gestures yields the best preschool foreign-language vocabulary learning - Physical activity is positively correlated with children's working memory, and integrated exercise with gestures yields the best preschool foreign-language vocabulary learning
• Physical activity is positively correlated with self-regulation in Chilean children aged 8–12 - Physical activity is positively correlated with self-regulation in Chilean children aged 8–12
• Physical activity, including brief aerobic exercise sessions, improves children's selective attention - Physical activity, including brief aerobic exercise sessions, improves children's selective attention
• Physical and virtual instructional materials are equally effective for teaching fourth- and fifth-graders to design unconfounded experiments when instructional method is controlled - Physical and virtual instructional materials are equally effective for teaching fourth- and fifth-graders to design unconfounded experiments when instructional method is controlled
• Physical environment elements — sunlight, nature views, temperature, and lighting — affect learning - Physical environment elements — sunlight, nature views, temperature, and lighting — affect learning
• Physical exercise has a significant modest positive effect on functional outcomes (executive functions and motor skills) in children with ADHD - Physical exercise has a significant modest positive effect on functional outcomes (executive functions and motor skills) in children with ADHD
• Physical exercise up-regulates neurotrophic factors and enhances neural structure and function in animals and human adults - Physical exercise up-regulates neurotrophic factors and enhances neural structure and function in animals and human adults
• Physical Experience Enhances Science Learning
• Physical fitness measures correlate with selective attention and concentration in adolescents, with VO2max showing moderate correlations - Physical fitness measures correlate with selective attention and concentration in adolescents, with VO2max showing moderate correlations
• Physical guidance reduces pointing error during low-vision navigation in older adults, indicating better spatial learning with a guide - Physical guidance reduces pointing error during low-vision navigation in older adults, indicating better spatial learning with a guide
• Physical neglect exposure is associated with more double errors in the Spatial Working Memory test in healthy adults - Physical neglect exposure is associated with more double errors in the Spatial Working Memory test in healthy adults
• Physical neglect exposure is associated with prolonged latency for correct responses in the Pattern Recognition Memory test in healthy adults - Physical neglect exposure is associated with prolonged latency for correct responses in the Pattern Recognition Memory test in healthy adults
• Physical Strain, reported by 120 participants, comprises visual fatigue and session exhaustion from reading and verifying AI outputs - Physical Strain, reported by 120 participants, comprises visual fatigue and session exhaustion from reading and verifying AI outputs
• Physical well-being — exercise, sleep, and nutrition — impacts learning - Physical well-being — exercise, sleep, and nutrition — impacts learning
• Physically abused children show heightened perceptual and attentional sensitivity to angry facial expressions - Physically abused children show heightened perceptual and attentional sensitivity to angry facial expressions
• Physically or imaginatively manipulating objects during reading improves children's reading comprehension - Physically or imaginatively manipulating objects during reading improves children's reading comprehension
• Physicians revert to basic biomedical knowledge when faced with challenging clinical problems - Physicians revert to basic biomedical knowledge when faced with challenging clinical problems
• Physics interest moderates long-term retention: low- and medium-interest students benefit from non-interactive teaching at eight weeks, high-interest students do not - Physics interest moderates long-term retention: low- and medium-interest students benefit from non-interactive teaching at eight weeks, high-interest students do not
• Physics students can execute Legendre-transform rules but express discomfort with the transform as a general mathematical tool - Physics students can execute Legendre-transform rules but express discomfort with the transform as a general mathematical tool
• Physics studies show no clear-cut advantage for concreteness fading, with some results favoring concrete-only or reversed (concreteness introduction) sequences - Physics studies show no clear-cut advantage for concreteness fading, with some results favoring concrete-only or reversed (concreteness introduction) sequences
• Physics understanding difficulty is a stronger predictor of in-game persistence than game mechanics difficulty in Physics Playground - Physics understanding difficulty is a stronger predictor of in-game persistence than game mechanics difficulty in Physics Playground
• Physiological age, as evidenced by the advent of pubescence or first menstruation, shows wide variations and low correlations with other traits - Physiological age, as evidenced by the advent of pubescence or first menstruation, shows wide variations and low correlations with other traits
• Physiological arousal is higher in sessions where the task is perceived as less difficult at the end - Physiological arousal is higher in sessions where the task is perceived as less difficult at the end
• Physiological measures have limited validity for effort, especially for distinguishing data-driven from goal-driven effort - Physiological measures have limited validity for effort, especially for distinguishing data-driven from goal-driven effort
• Physiological synchrony among collaborating students related only to cognitive regulation, while motivational regulation changes related to achievement - Physiological synchrony among collaborating students related only to cognitive regulation, while motivational regulation changes related to achievement
• Physiological synchrony during collaborative interaction shows initial positive correlations with collaboration quality, task performance, and learning gains - Physiological synchrony during collaborative interaction shows initial positive correlations with collaboration quality, task performance, and learning gains
• Physiological synchrony is detectable among medical resident teams both before and during CRM simulation training, exceeding surrogate-data chance levels - Physiological synchrony is detectable among medical resident teams both before and during CRM simulation training, exceeding surrogate-data chance levels
• Physiologically accelerated children are mentally accelerated: height correlates with mental age +0.53 for 49 girls with age held constant - Physiologically accelerated children are mentally accelerated: height correlates with mental age +0.53 for 49 girls with age held constant
• PIA and TFA clusters differ significantly in both deliberative and regulatory interaction proportions - PIA and TFA clusters differ significantly in both deliberative and regulatory interaction proportions
• PIA and TFA types differ structurally in deliberative networks, with PIA centred on establishing strategy, educating, agreeing and monitoring - PIA and TFA types differ structurally in deliberative networks, with PIA centred on establishing strategy, educating, agreeing and monitoring
• PIA groups follow a strategic generate-options-to-implement cycle with fewer random idea attempts, while TFA groups loop through repeated metacognitive interactions and unproductive idea testing - PIA groups follow a strategic generate-options-to-implement cycle with fewer random idea attempts, while TFA groups loop through repeated metacognitive interactions and unproductive idea testing
• PICO versus PICOS and SPIDER: PICO gave higher sensitivity and lower precision, but with different numbers of search blocks per model - PICO versus PICOS and SPIDER: PICO gave higher sensitivity and lower precision, but with different numbers of search blocks per model
• PICO versus truncated PIC in PubMed: PICO showed higher median sensitivity and precision on the first 40 records, but PIC showed higher sensitivity on the full output - PICO versus truncated PIC in PubMed: PICO showed higher median sensitivity and precision on the first 40 records, but PIC showed higher sensitivity on the full output
• Pico-projector interaction with maps improves task completion time, errors and satisfaction over smart phone screens - Pico-projector interaction with maps improves task completion time, errors and satisfaction over smart phone screens
• Pictorial narratives are comprehended better than textual narratives across all education and age groups - Pictorial narratives are comprehended better than textual narratives across all education and age groups
• Picture and gesture enrichment benefit children's learning of both concrete and abstract L2 words - Picture and gesture enrichment benefit children's learning of both concrete and abstract L2 words
• Picture bias: graphs made students more likely to confirm problem statements, irrespective of whether the statements were true - Picture bias: graphs made students more likely to confirm problem statements, irrespective of whether the statements were true
• Piecemeal educator policymaking overburdens educators and can drive talented educators out of the profession - Piecemeal educator policymaking overburdens educators and can drive talented educators out of the profession
• Pilot CoC schools did not improve faster than non-pilot CoC schools or non-CoC schools on any measure - Pilot CoC schools did not improve faster than non-pilot CoC schools or non-CoC schools on any measure
• Pilot engagement was strong with month-over-month user retention, and teachers used the AI primarily for consumption rather than creation - Pilot engagement was strong with month-over-month user retention, and teachers used the AI primarily for consumption rather than creation
• Pilot participants perceived AmicoMio and AmicoTuo as complementary modes serving different educational purposes rather than alternatives - Pilot participants perceived AmicoMio and AmicoTuo as complementary modes serving different educational purposes rather than alternatives
• Pilot projects serve as a pathway for testing models, gaining organizational footholds, and building political support before scale-up - Pilot projects serve as a pathway for testing models, gaining organizational footholds, and building political support before scale-up
• Pilot quantitative application produced indicative 100-point academic integrity indicator reports for two institutions with sector comparisons - Pilot quantitative application produced indicative 100-point academic integrity indicator reports for two institutions with sector comparisons