Claims: T 9

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• The usefulness of induction and errorful learning varies with the type of terminal task being taught - The usefulness of induction and errorful learning varies with the type of terminal task being taught
• The usefulness of the GAP depends on players being sufficiently challenged in the game - The usefulness of the GAP depends on players being sufficiently challenged in the game
• The UV manipulation check: UV assignments elicit higher-quality utility-value connections than control summaries, and quality rises with more UV essays - The UV manipulation check: UV assignments elicit higher-quality utility-value connections than control summaries, and quality rises with more UV essays
• The v2 synthetic generator was tuned for stricter trace-data realism with more incorrect code, retries, and longer dialogues - The v2 synthetic generator was tuned for stricter trace-data realism with more incorrect code, retries, and longer dialogues
• The v4.1 redesign achieved tool-free serviceability, with disassembly workload reduction consistent across all measures and disassembly rated near-perfectly easy - The v4.1 redesign achieved tool-free serviceability, with disassembly workload reduction consistent across all measures and disassembly rated near-perfectly easy
• The v4.1 redesign reduced mean developer assembly time from 21.4 to 13.7 minutes, but the first-attempt-only mean was 20.4 minutes, with the further reduction reflecting a junior learning effect - The v4.1 redesign reduced mean developer assembly time from 21.4 to 13.7 minutes, but the first-attempt-only mean was 20.4 minutes, with the further reduction reflecting a junior learning effect
• The v6m subscript framework robustly transcribed a wide range of board-written subscript configurations, with stacked-subscript unstacking less reliable - The v6m subscript framework robustly transcribed a wide range of board-written subscript configurations, with stacked-subscript unstacking less reliable
• The v6m workflow produced compilations passing PDF/UA-2 and ISO 32005 validation in 16 of 17 successive transcription tests across 16 videos - The v6m workflow produced compilations passing PDF/UA-2 and ISO 32005 validation in 16 of 17 successive transcription tests across 16 videos
• The validation study sample comprised 81 Chicago ECE sites with high teacher and parent survey response rates - The validation study sample comprised 81 Chicago ECE sites with high teacher and parent survey response rates
• The value of the proposed interventions depends on the stakeholder's vantage point, desired outcomes, youth subpopulation, and available resources - The value of the proposed interventions depends on the stakeholder's vantage point, desired outcomes, youth subpopulation, and available resources
• The value of the same teacher wage differs across states because cost of living differs, so the report adjusts starting salaries using Regional Price Parities - The value of the same teacher wage differs across states because cost of living differs, so the report adjusts starting salaries using Regional Price Parities
• The value of the student-staff collaboration was explored from student, staff, and institutional perspectives, with benefits, limitations, and recommendations presented - The value of the student-staff collaboration was explored from student, staff, and institutional perspectives, with benefits, limitations, and recommendations presented
• The value-added models used for Oklahoma's spring 2016 results were updated relative to prior years - The value-added models used for Oklahoma's spring 2016 results were updated relative to prior years
• The value-conflict taxonomy is applied to student rating of teaching at the University of Salzburg, surfacing conflicts such as bandwidth vs. fidelity - The value-conflict taxonomy is applied to student rating of teaching at the University of Salzburg, surfacing conflicts such as bandwidth vs.
• The variability of feedback-intervention effects, including negative effects, exceeds sampling error and is robust to exclusion of a single prolific lab - The variability of feedback-intervention effects, including negative effects, exceeds sampling error and is robust to exclusion of a single prolific lab
• The variability of the between slope estimate in the multilevel latent covariate model decreases with more classes and students, with higher ICC(1) of the ratings and larger slopes, but increases with higher ICC(1) of the outcome - The variability of the between slope estimate in the multilevel latent covariate model decreases with more classes and students, with higher ICC(1) of the ratings and larger slopes, but increases with
• The variance partition coefficient from the simple intersectional model quantifies how useful intersectional strata are for predicting educational outcomes - The variance partition coefficient from the simple intersectional model quantifies how useful intersectional strata are for predicting educational outcomes
• The variance-bias trade-off for late pretests is addressed both theoretically and empirically for several commonly used impact estimators - The variance-bias trade-off for late pretests is addressed both theoretically and empirically for several commonly used impact estimators
• The variation gap traces to what the generator was disclosed: no released statistic constrains which band and which week are zero together - The variation gap traces to what the generator was disclosed: no released statistic constrains which band and which week are zero together
• The vast majority of Spanish Math (91%) and Reading (98%) items show no misfit across fall, winter, and spring terms - The vast majority of Spanish Math (91%) and Reading (98%) items show no misfit across fall, winter, and spring terms
• The VCP rubric was difficult for teams to use because it lacked standardized calibration and its process and content categories were unclear - The VCP rubric was difficult for teams to use because it lacked standardized calibration and its process and content categories were unclear
• The ventral anterior temporal lobe integrates facial identity with social and conceptual knowledge - The ventral anterior temporal lobe integrates facial identity with social and conceptual knowledge
• The verification threshold trades hallucination reduction against over-refusal, with the default tau of 0.20 providing the best balance - The verification threshold trades hallucination reduction against over-refusal, with the default tau of 0.20 providing the best balance
• The video-task awareness measure did not correlate with misconceptions or conceptual change and is considered exploratory - The video-task awareness measure did not correlate with misconceptions or conceptual change and is considered exploratory
• The VisA instrument and think-aloud measure converge moderately and each contributes unique predictive variance for word problem solving - The VisA instrument and think-aloud measure converge moderately and each contributes unique predictive variance for word problem solving
• The VisA instrument predicts word problem solving performance in grade 5, explaining 23 percent of variance - The VisA instrument predicts word problem solving performance in grade 5, explaining 23 percent of variance
• The visualizations address how student growth changed since school buildings closed in March 2020 - The visualizations address how student growth changed since school buildings closed in March 2020
• The visualizations address how students performed in fall 2020 compared to a typical school year - The visualizations address how students performed in fall 2020 compared to a typical school year
• The visualizations compare observed fall 2020 student achievement to NWEA’s projections - The visualizations compare observed fall 2020 student achievement to NWEA’s projections
• The visualizer's flagging mechanisms flagged all tested logs from cases already known to involve plagiarism while still requiring student-level review - The visualizer's flagging mechanisms flagged all tested logs from cases already known to involve plagiarism while still requiring student-level review
• The visuospatial sketchpad is the best and only unique predictor of kindergarteners' nonsymbolic approximate addition - The visuospatial sketchpad is the best and only unique predictor of kindergarteners' nonsymbolic approximate addition
• The vocational rehabilitation agency and the University of Maryland implemented the Way2Work Maryland model as designed, and participants received the model services as intended - The vocational rehabilitation agency and the University of Maryland implemented the Way2Work Maryland model as designed, and participants received the model services as intended
• The volume addresses criteria for evaluating growth models and how outputs from growth models should be utilized - The volume addresses criteria for evaluating growth models and how outputs from growth models should be utilized
• The voluntary/involuntary attention distinction in the embedded-processes model maps onto signaling, coherence, and split-attention principles - The voluntary/involuntary attention distinction in the embedded-processes model maps onto signaling, coherence, and split-attention principles
• The vPLC-augmented ASSISTments treatment sample comprised 59 teachers and 2,855 students in grades 6-8 from 36 public schools across 24 U.S. states, half in rural areas - The vPLC-augmented ASSISTments treatment sample comprised 59 teachers and 2,855 students in grades 6-8 from 36 public schools across 24 U.S.
• The VR application did not increase students' interest in biodiversity, and only the academic-track control group showed a significant interest increase - The VR application did not increase students' interest in biodiversity, and only the academic-track control group showed a significant interest increase
• The VS correct-greater-than-incorrect response is present for both target and foil trials and is not a motor confound - The VS correct-greater-than-incorrect response is present for both target and foil trials and is not a motor confound
• The way school information is presented to parents affects how that information is understood, perceived, and used, according to the study behind the guide - The way school information is presented to parents affects how that information is understood, perceived, and used, according to the study behind the guide
• The WD statistic is more useful for differentiating between simulated learner types when games are played longer - The WD statistic is more useful for differentiating between simulated learner types when games are played longer
• The Web-based learning literature supports the assumption that interaction is important for a successful online course, while questions remain about its nature, extent, and effects on performance. - The Web-based learning literature supports the assumption that interaction is important for a successful online course, while questions remain about its nature, extent, and effects on performance.
• The webinar examines relationships between poverty and school performance - The webinar examines relationships between poverty and school performance
• The webinar frames pandemic learning impact as a concern particularly for students of color and students living in poverty - The webinar frames pandemic learning impact as a concern particularly for students of color and students living in poverty
• The webinar presents research comparing student academic trends during the pandemic year to a more typical school year - The webinar presents research comparing student academic trends during the pandemic year to a more typical school year
• The weekly closed-book gate was attainable: 80.1% of recorded student-test observations reached the 100-point credit cap - The weekly closed-book gate was attainable: 80.1% of recorded student-test observations reached the 100-point credit cap
• The wellbeing effects of school-led nature interventions show a gender effect, with girls benefiting in PA in some studies, but inconclusive findings for age - The wellbeing effects of school-led nature interventions show a gender effect, with girls benefiting in PA in some studies, but inconclusive findings for age
• The whitepaper reports, citing He et al., that Cursor adoption was associated with a persistent increase in static analysis warnings and code complexity despite short-term velocity gains - The whitepaper reports, citing He et al., that Cursor adoption was associated with a persistent increase in static analysis warnings and code complexity despite short-term velocity gains
• The Who Has More task showed moderate test-retest reliability (r = .46) in preschoolers, and the authors call for more stable ANS measures for this age - The Who Has More task showed moderate test-retest reliability (r = .46) in preschoolers, and the authors call for more stable ANS measures for this age
• The whole-word presentation effect is independent of target reading accuracy and speed during learning. - The whole-word presentation effect is independent of target reading accuracy and speed during learning.
• The whole-word presentation effect on orthographic learning is significant and stable from third to fifth grade. - The whole-word presentation effect on orthographic learning is significant and stable from third to fifth grade.
• The wiki's advantage over vector RAG is roughly three times larger on cross-page questions than on topic-page questions, in both score and groundedness - The wiki's advantage over vector RAG is roughly three times larger on cross-page questions than on topic-page questions, in both score and groundedness
• The Wilson Reading System shows no discernible effects on reading comprehension - The Wilson Reading System shows no discernible effects on reading comprehension
• The Wilson Reading System shows potentially positive effects on alphabetics for beginning readers, based on a single randomized controlled trial - The Wilson Reading System shows potentially positive effects on alphabetics for beginning readers, based on a single randomized controlled trial
• The wisdom-years participants span diverse domains including educational psychology, television news, collegiate coaching, philanthropy, playwriting, and adventure hiking - The wisdom-years participants span diverse domains including educational psychology, television news, collegiate coaching, philanthropy, playwriting, and adventure hiking
• The with/without-tools difficulty gap narrowed as graph size grew, which the authors read as a positive indication of scalability - The with/without-tools difficulty gap narrowed as graph size grew, which the authors read as a positive indication of scalability
• The within-student pre–post valence association holds in the lecture-based group but not in the flipped group, while between-student associations are positive in both - The within-student pre–post valence association holds in the lecture-based group but not in the flipped group, while between-student associations are positive in both
• The within-teacher demand–AI-use association differs sharply across tasks, with only a modest positive planning gradient - The within-teacher demand–AI-use association differs sharply across tasks, with only a modest positive planning gradient
• The WM model is criticised as underspecified in its component interactions, limiting its predictive power - The WM model is criticised as underspecified in its component interactions, limiting its predictive power
• The WM–flexibility factor predicts math composite scores at both Grade 1 and Grade 3 - The WM–flexibility factor predicts math composite scores at both Grade 1 and Grade 3
• The word-reading and comprehension cortical regions are specific to their respective reading level: cross-level correlations were nonsignificant after FDR correction - The word-reading and comprehension cortical regions are specific to their respective reading level: cross-level correlations were nonsignificant after FDR correction
• The Wordometer eye-tracking app estimates the number of words a person reads with an average error rate of 6.5 percent - The Wordometer eye-tracking app estimates the number of words a person reads with an average error rate of 6.5 percent
• The worked example effect failed to replicate for geometry and kinematics problems, and was reinstated when worked examples were restructured to reduce split attention - The worked example effect failed to replicate for geometry and kinematics problems, and was reinstated when worked examples were restructured to reduce split attention
• The worked example effect holds for the schema-acquisition goal, but other instructional goals may be better served by other means - The worked example effect holds for the schema-acquisition goal, but other instructional goals may be better served by other means
• The worked example effect is explained by reduced element interactivity relative to problem solving, and reverses with expertise - The worked example effect is explained by reduced element interactivity relative to problem solving, and reverses with expertise
• The workflow discovers new mistake candidates not explained by prior hand-picked mistakes, such as an exclusive-or-instead-of-negated-conjunction mistake - The workflow discovers new mistake candidates not explained by prior hand-picked mistakes, such as an exclusive-or-instead-of-negated-conjunction mistake
• The workflow generalizes beyond propositional logic, explaining 79.39% of modal logic pairs and 35.89% of CTL pairs - The workflow generalizes beyond propositional logic, explaining 79.39% of modal logic pairs and 35.89% of CTL pairs
• The working paper examines the sensitivity and precision of teacher value-added estimates under specifications differing in student-level, peer-level, and double-lagged achievement controls - The working paper examines the sensitivity and precision of teacher value-added estimates under specifications differing in student-level, peer-level, and double-lagged achievement controls
• The workshop argues AI-resistant assignments are temporary at best, reframing design goals toward tasks whose difficulty survives AI completing part of the work - The workshop argues AI-resistant assignments are temporary at best, reframing design goals toward tasks whose difficulty survives AI completing part of the work
• The WRL rubric transferred unchanged across four industry sectors, with research- and industry-mentored capstones yielding broadly comparable pillar profiles - The WRL rubric transferred unchanged across four industry sectors, with research- and industry-mentored capstones yielding broadly comparable pillar profiles
• The WSCC model explicitly incorporates the five social determinants of health and aligns health and education sector goals - The WSCC model explicitly incorporates the five social determinants of health and aligns health and education sector goals
• The WSCC model was developed in 2013 by ASCD and CDC expert panels to unify the Whole Child and coordinated school health approaches - The WSCC model was developed in 2013 by ASCD and CDC expert panels to unify the Whole Child and coordinated school health approaches
• The WWC Adolescent Literacy review rates PALS as having potentially positive effects on reading comprehension from one trial of students averaging 9.8 years old, with an effect size of 0.48 that is not statistically significant when adjusted for clustering - The WWC Adolescent Literacy review rates PALS as having potentially positive effects on reading comprehension from one trial of students averaging 9.8 years old, with an effect size of 0.48 that is no
• The WWC found no statistically significant pooled difference between multiple UCSMP courses and comparison groups on the Mathematics Level 1 Achievement Test - The WWC found no statistically significant pooled difference between multiple UCSMP courses and comparison groups on the Mathematics Level 1 Achievement Test
• The WWC found Voyager Universal Literacy System® had potentially negative effects on comprehension - The WWC found Voyager Universal Literacy System® had potentially negative effects on comprehension
• The WWC found Voyager Universal Literacy System® had potentially positive effects on alphabetics for kindergarten students - The WWC found Voyager Universal Literacy System® had potentially positive effects on alphabetics for kindergarten students
• The WWC improvement index for Twelve Together is +13 percentile points for staying in school and –6 percentile points for progressing in school - The WWC improvement index for Twelve Together is +13 percentile points for staying in school and –6 percentile points for progressing in school
• The WWC improvement index is +31 percentile points for English language development and +3 percentile points for reading achievement - The WWC improvement index is +31 percentile points for English language development and +3 percentile points for reading achievement
• The WWC improvement indices for Fast ForWord average +2 (alphabetics), +17 (reading fluency), +8 (comprehension), and +3 (general literacy achievement) percentile points - The WWC improvement indices for Fast ForWord average +2 (alphabetics), +17 (reading fluency), +8 (comprehension), and +3 (general literacy achievement) percentile points
• The WWC rated Arthur as having potentially positive effects rather than positive effects because only one study met evidence standards and it lacked a strong design - The WWC rated Arthur as having potentially positive effects rather than positive effects because only one study met evidence standards and it lacked a strong design
• The WWC rated DaisyQuest as having positive effects on phonological processing, its highest applicable rating - The WWC rated DaisyQuest as having positive effects on phonological processing, its highest applicable rating
• The WWC rated DreamBox Learning as having potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement with a small extent of evidence - The WWC rated DreamBox Learning as having potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement with a small extent of evidence
• The WWC rated JOBSTART as having potentially positive effects on completing school, based on a small extent of evidence from a single study - The WWC rated JOBSTART as having potentially positive effects on completing school, based on a small extent of evidence from a single study
• The WWC rated Talent Search as having potentially positive effects on completing school, capped below positive because both studies were quasi-experimental - The WWC rated Talent Search as having potentially positive effects on completing school, capped below positive because both studies were quasi-experimental
• The WWC rated TEEMSS as having potentially positive effects on general science achievement with a small extent of evidence - The WWC rated TEEMSS as having potentially positive effects on general science achievement with a small extent of evidence
• The WWC rated Too Good for Drugs and Violence as having positive effects on knowledge, attitudes, and values, with a cross-study domain-average effect size of 0.42 - The WWC rated Too Good for Drugs and Violence as having positive effects on knowledge, attitudes, and values, with a cross-study domain-average effect size of 0.42
• The WWC rated Waterford Early Reading Program™ as having potentially positive effects on alphabetics, based on a substantively important average effect size with no statistically significant individual outcomes - The WWC rated Waterford Early Reading Program™ as having potentially positive effects on alphabetics, based on a substantively important average effect size with no statistically significant individua
• The WWC rates ALAS as having potentially positive effects on staying in school and progressing in school - The WWC rates ALAS as having potentially positive effects on staying in school and progressing in school
• The WWC rates Connect with Kids as having potentially positive effects on behavior, limited by only one qualifying study - The WWC rates Connect with Kids as having potentially positive effects on behavior, limited by only one qualifying study
• The WWC rates GEMS® Space Science Sequence as having potentially positive effects on general science achievement, with a small extent of evidence - The WWC rates GEMS® Space Science Sequence as having potentially positive effects on general science achievement, with a small extent of evidence
• The WWC rates Instructional Conversations and Literature Logs as having potentially positive effects on reading achievement and English language development - The WWC rates Instructional Conversations and Literature Logs as having potentially positive effects on reading achievement and English language development
• The WWC rates multiple UCSMP courses as having potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for secondary students - The WWC rates multiple UCSMP courses as having potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for secondary students
• The WWC rates PALS as having potentially positive effects on alphabetics, no discernible effects on fluency, and mixed effects on comprehension for beginning readers - The WWC rates PALS as having potentially positive effects on alphabetics, no discernible effects on fluency, and mixed effects on comprehension for beginning readers
• The WWC rates Project CRISS® as having potentially positive effects on comprehension for adolescent learners, with an average improvement index of +20 percentile points - The WWC rates Project CRISS® as having potentially positive effects on comprehension for adolescent learners, with an average improvement index of +20 percentile points
• The WWC rates Reading Apprenticeship® as having potentially positive effects on comprehension for adolescent learners, based on one study - The WWC rates Reading Apprenticeship® as having potentially positive effects on comprehension for adolescent learners, based on one study
• The WWC rates Reading Mastery as having potentially positive effects on the reading achievement of English language learners - The WWC rates Reading Mastery as having potentially positive effects on the reading achievement of English language learners
• The WWC rates The Expert Mathematician as having potentially positive effects on middle school mathematics achievement - The WWC rates The Expert Mathematician as having potentially positive effects on middle school mathematics achievement
• The WWC rates UCSMP Algebra as having potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for secondary students - The WWC rates UCSMP Algebra as having potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for secondary students
• The WWC's extent of evidence for Positive Action is moderate to large for behavior and academic achievement, with no qualifying studies addressing knowledge, attitudes, and values - The WWC's extent of evidence for Positive Action is moderate to large for behavior and academic achievement, with no qualifying studies addressing knowledge, attitudes, and values
• The WWC-computed average effect size for Reading Mastery on ELL reading achievement is 0.76, corresponding to an improvement index of +28 percentile points - The WWC-computed average effect size for Reading Mastery on ELL reading achievement is 0.76, corresponding to an improvement index of +28 percentile points
• The Xie et al. (2018) disfluency meta-analysis contained objective coding errors that reversed the reported direction of two primary studies' effects - The Xie et al.
• The xOrder fairness method proved inapplicable at institutional scale, with runtime scaling of approximately n^2.36 - The xOrder fairness method proved inapplicable at institutional scale, with runtime scaling of approximately n^2.36
• The Year 1 PD effect on achievement growth was similar for low-, average- and high-achieving students, with no evidence of differential effects - The Year 1 PD effect on achievement growth was similar for low-, average- and high-achieving students, with no evidence of differential effects
• The yellow behavioral cluster corresponds to a joking frame in which ambiguous tone protects students who venture risky ideas - The yellow behavioral cluster corresponds to a joking frame in which ambiguous tone protects students who venture risky ideas
• The Yerkes-Bridges Point Scale scoring method fails entirely to accomplish its stated purpose of bringing out the full value of the test material. - The Yerkes-Bridges Point Scale scoring method fails entirely to accomplish its stated purpose of bringing out the full value of the test material.
• The Yolo County needs assessment identifies eight countywide needs for children, youth, and families, led by childcare, mental health access, and transportation - The Yolo County needs assessment identifies eight countywide needs for children, youth, and families, led by childcare, mental health access, and transportation
• The zero point of the scale is located from the zero-scoring pupils, giving a weighted average distance O-MIII of 1.654 P.E. - The zero point of the scale is located from the zero-scoring pupils, giving a weighted average distance O-MIII of 1.654 P.E.
• The “From loss to recovery” brief examines two components of school recovery post-COVID to understand diverging recovery patterns across schools - The “From loss to recovery” brief examines two components of school recovery post-COVID to understand diverging recovery patterns across schools
• Thematic analysis identified three outcomes: AI concepts became explainable and learnable, participants gained enhanced understanding of classification processes, and participants valued the practical applicability of unplugged approaches - Thematic analysis identified three outcomes: AI concepts became explainable and learnable, participants gained enhanced understanding of classification processes, and participants valued the practical
• Thematic analysis of interviews with academics and students about GenAI and assessment yielded three themes: emotions, academic role and identity; assessment must change; and the work and expertise required to change assessment. - Thematic analysis of interviews with academics and students about GenAI and assessment yielded three themes: emotions, academic role and identity; assessment must change; and the work and expertise re
• Thematic analysis of open responses surfaced four themes: immediacy as core value, calibrated trust, pinpointing the mistake, and progress and control - Thematic analysis of open responses surfaced four themes: immediacy as core value, calibrated trust, pinpointing the mistake, and progress and control
• Thematic analysis of student survey responses identified four types of local knowledge students contributed: physical facilities, experiences or feelings, location-specific experiences, and social aspects - Thematic analysis of student survey responses identified four types of local knowledge students contributed: physical facilities, experiences or feelings, location-specific experiences, and social asp
• Thematic analysis of teacher interviews identifies barriers to implementation and factors for success - Thematic analysis of teacher interviews identifies barriers to implementation and factors for success
• Thematic coding of sentence misinterpretations yields three categories: lexical confusion, structure misinterpretation, and partial recognition with wrong sequencing - Thematic coding of sentence misinterpretations yields three categories: lexical confusion, structure misinterpretation, and partial recognition with wrong sequencing
• Thematic coding of student reflections shows peers seen as understanding context and AI feedback seen as actionable, with one quarter of reflections expressing skepticism of AI - Thematic coding of student reflections shows peers seen as understanding context and AI feedback seen as actionable, with one quarter of reflections expressing skepticism of AI
• Theoretical expectation: hybrid metacognitive skill training benefits content knowledge acquisition more in near than in far transfer because far transfer is more cognitively demanding - Theoretical expectation: hybrid metacognitive skill training benefits content knowledge acquisition more in near than in far transfer because far transfer is more cognitively demanding
• Theoretical perspectives support corrective feedback while contentious issues remain about uptake, instruction, and CF's purpose - Theoretical perspectives support corrective feedback while contentious issues remain about uptake, instruction, and CF's purpose
• Theoretical quality of agent outputs strongly correlates with benchmark performance (r = 0.656) - Theoretical quality of agent outputs strongly correlates with benchmark performance (r = 0.656)
• Theoretical quality of both theory-based and non-theory agents remains stable across Easy, Medium, and Hard scenario difficulty levels - Theoretical quality of both theory-based and non-theory agents remains stable across Easy, Medium, and Hard scenario difficulty levels
• Theoretical ranges differ sharply: L with self-transitions removed is bounded below by −1 (individual base rates) or −2 (averaged), while L* is bounded by −k+1 (individual) or has no finite lower bound (averaged) - Theoretical ranges differ sharply: L with self-transitions removed is bounded below by −1 (individual base rates) or −2 (averaged), while L* is bounded by −k+1 (individual) or has no finite lower boun
• Theoretical results establish content fidelity, rendering stability, entropy boundedness, and integrity convergence for the BAVD model - Theoretical results establish content fidelity, rendering stability, entropy boundedness, and integrity convergence for the BAVD model
• Theoretically and in simulations, the Rothstein test often falsifies unbiased VAMs and fails to falsify biased VAMs - Theoretically and in simulations, the Rothstein test often falsifies unbiased VAMs and fails to falsify biased VAMs
• Theoretically augmented game designs produce better learning outcomes than standard game versions (g = 0.34), with enhanced scaffolding designs showing g = 0.41 - Theoretically augmented game designs produce better learning outcomes than standard game versions (g = 0.34), with enhanced scaffolding designs showing g = 0.41
• Theoretically defined test reliability computable from a single administration via parallel-half vector lengths and angle exceeds split-half reliability but falls below Cronbach alpha - Theoretically defined test reliability computable from a single administration via parallel-half vector lengths and angle exceeds split-half reliability but falls below Cronbach alpha
• Theories of learning have historically operated to justify societal hierarchies through reification and ranking - Theories of learning have historically operated to justify societal hierarchies through reification and ranking
• Theories of school belonging situate causes at the individual level and neglect the structural and compositional features of schools, which remain under-theorized - Theories of school belonging situate causes at the individual level and neglect the structural and compositional features of schools, which remain under-theorized
• Theory of mind effect on semantic fluency in preschool children is statistically non-significant but approaches significance - Theory of mind effect on semantic fluency in preschool children is statistically non-significant but approaches significance
• Theory of mind predicts concurrent literacy and numeracy outcomes at school entry among low-income children - Theory of mind predicts concurrent literacy and numeracy outcomes at school entry among low-income children
• Theory of Mind skills differed substantially across the three populations, with German children scoring highest and Ovambo children lowest - Theory of Mind skills differed substantially across the three populations, with German children scoring highest and Ovambo children lowest
• Theory-based agents show significantly better Objective-Assessment alignment (d = 0.32), while Content-Activity alignment favors non-theory agents (d = -0.19) - Theory-based agents show significantly better Objective-Assessment alignment (d = 0.32), while Content-Activity alignment favors non-theory agents (d = -0.19)
• Theory-based agents significantly outperform non-theory agents on Problem-centered design (d = 0.28) and Activation (d = 0.29), but non-theory agents score higher on Demonstration (d = -0.23) - Theory-based agents significantly outperform non-theory agents on Problem-centered design (d = 0.28) and Activation (d = 0.29), but non-theory agents score higher on Demonstration (d = -0.23)
• Theory-based reading motivation interventions have a small significant positive effect on reading comprehension (d = 0.27) - Theory-based reading motivation interventions have a small significant positive effect on reading comprehension (d = 0.27)
• Theory-guided five-step prompting of AI interaction improves open-ended explanation performance in construction education review, while unprompted AI access alone does not - Theory-guided five-step prompting of AI interaction improves open-ended explanation performance in construction education review, while unprompted AI access alone does not
• There is a 98 percent probability that enrolling in Democracy Prep produced positive impacts on both voter registration and voting - There is a 98 percent probability that enrolling in Democracy Prep produced positive impacts on both voter registration and voting
• There is a lack of consensus regarding student-, intervention-, and setting-level variables supporting self-monitoring use in schools - There is a lack of consensus regarding student-, intervention-, and setting-level variables supporting self-monitoring use in schools
• There is a linear relation between CPK timing and performance on most domain-general and quantitative measures - There is a linear relation between CPK timing and performance on most domain-general and quantitative measures
• There is a need for a standardised, validated wellbeing instrument suitable for longitudinal use to evaluate primary-secondary transitions interventions - There is a need for a standardised, validated wellbeing instrument suitable for longitudinal use to evaluate primary-secondary transitions interventions
• There is a notable gap in tailored professional learning interventions addressing late-career teachers' specific needs - There is a notable gap in tailored professional learning interventions addressing late-career teachers' specific needs
• There is a severe shortage of certified computer science teachers, with only 75 college graduates certified in 2016 - There is a severe shortage of certified computer science teachers, with only 75 college graduates certified in 2016
• There is currently no direct empirical connection established between teachers' learning about retrieval practice and their classroom implementation of it - There is currently no direct empirical connection established between teachers' learning about retrieval practice and their classroom implementation of it
• There is little evidence that math and reading specialists, one Turnaround Strategy component in targeted schools, had an impact on academic outcomes - There is little evidence that math and reading specialists, one Turnaround Strategy component in targeted schools, had an impact on academic outcomes
• There is little or no support for the claim that systematic phonics is effective by itself or within a richer literacy curriculum - There is little or no support for the claim that systematic phonics is effective by itself or within a richer literacy curriculum
• There is little prior evidence on the validity of principal evaluation measures, and this is the first study linking practice ratings to credible value-added measures - There is little prior evidence on the validity of principal evaluation measures, and this is the first study linking practice ratings to credible value-added measures
• There is no convincing evidence that loading WM depletes a resource needed for the control of attention - There is no convincing evidence that loading WM depletes a resource needed for the control of attention
• There is no evidence that arming school staff improves school safety, and one study found an armed guard present was associated with more deaths in school shootings - There is no evidence that arming school staff improves school safety, and one study found an armed guard present was associated with more deaths in school shootings
• There is no universal optimal injection position for the collaborative prior; effectiveness is an architecture-sensitive design choice - There is no universal optimal injection position for the collaborative prior; effectiveness is an architecture-sensitive design choice
• There is not yet much rigorous evidence to guide decision making around instructional and support strategies for adult learners - There is not yet much rigorous evidence to guide decision making around instructional and support strategies for adult learners
• There was a significant indirect effect of Gf through Gc onto final learning performance, and the Gf→Gc→Learning model fit better than the reverse causal ordering - There was a significant indirect effect of Gf through Gc onto final learning performance, and the Gf→Gc→Learning model fit better than the reverse causal ordering
• There was no clear pattern to the relationship between student, teacher, and school characteristics and the effectiveness of the interventions. - There was no clear pattern to the relationship between student, teacher, and school characteristics and the effectiveness of the interventions.
• There was no common model for how LEAs planned to structure TK classes, with many planning stand-alone classes and many others combination classes - There was no common model for how LEAs planned to structure TK classes, with many planning stand-alone classes and many others combination classes
• There was substantial variation among charter high schools on test scores, college enrollment, and college selectivity—more variation than among non-charter schools once incoming characteristics were controlled - There was substantial variation among charter high schools on test scores, college enrollment, and college selectivity—more variation than among non-charter schools once incoming characteristics were
• Think sheets counteracted the positive effect of misconceptions on transfer in the control group, though the overall interaction only approached significance - Think sheets counteracted the positive effect of misconceptions on transfer in the control group, though the overall interaction only approached significance
• Think-aloud protocols reveal that self-regulated reading is dynamic across time, responsive to context, and varies by reading purpose - Think-aloud protocols reveal that self-regulated reading is dynamic across time, responsive to context, and varies by reading purpose
• Think-aloud reactivity effects on reading outcomes are inconclusive, moderated by report type, task language, and participant age - Think-aloud reactivity effects on reading outcomes are inconclusive, moderated by report type, task language, and participant age
• Think-aloud reports are incomplete and sometimes nonveridical, particularly for metacognitive processes - Think-aloud reports are incomplete and sometimes nonveridical, particularly for metacognitive processes
• Thinking aloud does not affect teachers' monitoring accuracy - Thinking aloud does not affect teachers' monitoring accuracy
• Thinking-based instruction produces higher AI literacy performance than skills-based instruction in an AIGC image-generation task - Thinking-based instruction produces higher AI literacy performance than skills-based instruction in an AIGC image-generation task
• Third grade is the notable exception where retained students did not make smaller gains, likely due to the ITBS Level 8 to Level 9 test format change - Third grade is the notable exception where retained students did not make smaller gains, likely due to the ITBS Level 8 to Level 9 test format change
• Third graders taught with simultaneous speech and gesture retain math equivalence problems better at a one-day delay than children taught the same strategies sequentially - Third graders taught with simultaneous speech and gesture retain math equivalence problems better at a one-day delay than children taught the same strategies sequentially
• Third-grade ELLs recruit familiar everyday language, including onomatopoeic labels, to talk productively about the sounds produced by strings - Third-grade ELLs recruit familiar everyday language, including onomatopoeic labels, to talk productively about the sounds produced by strings
• Third-grade narrative and expository writing quality are distinct but strongly related factors - Third-grade narrative and expository writing quality are distinct but strongly related factors
• Third-grade reading comprehension is predicted by third-grade word reading and listening comprehension, with no direct attention effect - Third-grade reading comprehension is predicted by third-grade word reading and listening comprehension, with no direct attention effect
• Third-grade retention under the Chicago policy produced no sustained academic benefits or substantial negative effects - Third-grade retention under the Chicago policy produced no sustained academic benefits or substantial negative effects
• Third-grade students whose teachers implemented IMSE's Morphology+ scored significantly higher on NWEA MAP Growth Reading than comparison students (effect size +0.05) - Third-grade students whose teachers implemented IMSE's Morphology+ scored significantly higher on NWEA MAP Growth Reading than comparison students (effect size +0.05)
• Third-graders' language-formatted, Arabic numeral-formatted, and estimation arithmetic outcomes are separable but highly related latent factors - Third-graders' language-formatted, Arabic numeral-formatted, and estimation arithmetic outcomes are separable but highly related latent factors
• Third-person camera perspective games show significant learning benefits while first-person perspective games show no significant benefit - Third-person camera perspective games show significant learning benefits while first-person perspective games show no significant benefit
• Thirteen of 14 reviewed studies of the program fail WWC evidence standards or eligibility screens, most for lacking comparison-group designs or non-equivalent quasi-experimental groups - Thirteen of 14 reviewed studies of the program fail WWC evidence standards or eligibility screens, most for lacking comparison-group designs or non-equivalent quasi-experimental groups
• Thirty percent of PCC teacher education students seeking an associate's degree graduated on time within two years - Thirty percent of PCC teacher education students seeking an associate's degree graduated on time within two years
• Thirty to forty-eight hours of sleep loss produced no greater efficiency loss than the gain due to practice, despite reported feelings of fatigue - Thirty to forty-eight hours of sleep loss produced no greater efficiency loss than the gain due to practice, despite reported feelings of fatigue
• Thirty-seven states provide dual funding for students who are both English learners and from low-income families, with 36 adding the unique weights for each group and New Jersey adjusting the combined weight - Thirty-seven states provide dual funding for students who are both English learners and from low-income families, with 36 adding the unique weights for each group and New Jersey adjusting the combined
• Thirty-two states and DC guarantee base per-pupil funding, and state legislation can add year-to-year funding guarantees such as California's Proposition 98 - Thirty-two states and DC guarantee base per-pupil funding, and state legislation can add year-to-year funding guarantees such as California's Proposition 98
• This issue's Knowledge Forum study is reported to show a clear impact of meta-discourse on collaboration that widened over time - This issue's Knowledge Forum study is reported to show a clear impact of meta-discourse on collaboration that widened over time
• This issue's MOOC study is reported to demonstrate that an intervention delivered outside chat activities promotes student participation in chat-based collaborative activities - This issue's MOOC study is reported to demonstrate that an intervention delivered outside chat activities promotes student participation in chat-based collaborative activities
• This issue's peer-review study is reported to find fine-grained matching by prior performance is needed to yield a significant effect of pairing, unlike coarse-grained matching - This issue's peer-review study is reported to find fine-grained matching by prior performance is needed to yield a significant effect of pairing, unlike coarse-grained matching
• This report provides the first estimates of Upward Bound's effects on postsecondary completion and updates earlier estimates for enrollment and financial aid - This report provides the first estimates of Upward Bound's effects on postsecondary completion and updates earlier estimates for enrollment and financial aid
• Thorndike found correlations between Binet age and language tests higher than those between Binet age and a construction test, and therefore judged the Binet scale inadequate. - Thorndike found correlations between Binet age and language tests higher than those between Binet age and a construction test, and therefore judged the Binet scale inadequate.
• Thorndike reports a conflict between his vocabulary recall results and deductions psychologists made from the law of forward conduction, urging repetition of the experiment - Thorndike reports a conflict between his vocabulary recall results and deductions psychologists made from the law of forward conduction, urging repetition of the experiment
• Thorndike Scale Alpha appears to test comprehension of the questions as much as comprehension of the passage read - Thorndike Scale Alpha appears to test comprehension of the questions as much as comprehension of the passage read
• Thought and language become increasingly interdependent in the first few years, with private speech evolving into inner speech as self-regulation - Thought and language become increasingly interdependent in the first few years, with private speech evolving into inner speech as self-regulation
• Thoughtful, well-supported students distinguish college fit from college match, treating match as one but not the only component of fit - Thoughtful, well-supported students distinguish college fit from college match, treating match as one but not the only component of fit
• Thoughtfully designed expanded learning time and opportunities are associated with positive academic and nonacademic outcomes, with the best-designed studies showing the strongest effects - Thoughtfully designed expanded learning time and opportunities are associated with positive academic and nonacademic outcomes, with the best-designed studies showing the strongest effects
• Thoughtless use of generative AI is negatively associated with undergraduates' self-directed learning in a cross-sectional survey model (β = −0.42) - Thoughtless use of generative AI is negatively associated with undergraduates' self-directed learning in a cross-sectional survey model (β = −0.42)
• Thoughtless use of generative AI significantly and negatively predicts both self-efficacy and motivation - Thoughtless use of generative AI significantly and negatively predicts both self-efficacy and motivation
• Threading — connections between analysis units — proved essential for handling unit fragmentation, reconstructing the response structure, and reliability of coding in small group chat - Threading — connections between analysis units — proved essential for handling unit fragmentation, reconstructing the response structure, and reliability of coding in small group chat
• Threat and deprivation show overlapping effects on PFC-amygdala connectivity and hippocampal volume - Threat and deprivation show overlapping effects on PFC-amygdala connectivity and hippocampal volume
• Threat of an aversive scream lowers verbal working memory accuracy at low and medium load but not at high load in both adolescents and adults - Threat of an aversive scream lowers verbal working memory accuracy at low and medium load but not at high load in both adolescents and adults
• Threat-induced math improvements from attending a threatened elementary school persist at least through the first one to two years of middle school - Threat-induced math improvements from attending a threatened elementary school persist at least through the first one to two years of middle school
• Threat-related psychopathology associations appear more consistently mediated by stress response systems than deprivation-related ones - Threat-related psychopathology associations appear more consistently mediated by stress response systems than deprivation-related ones
• Three academic self-efficacy profiles (low, moderate, high) are identified among university students with motor disabilities using Latent Profile Analysis - Three academic self-efficacy profiles (low, moderate, high) are identified among university students with motor disabilities using Latent Profile Analysis
• Three big data methods—text classification, cluster analysis, and social network analysis—can each yield insights into learning in mass collaboration - Three big data methods—text classification, cluster analysis, and social network analysis—can each yield insights into learning in mass collaboration
• Three concerns about retrieval practice implementation consistently arise during educators' workshop conversations: workload, perceived restriction to basic knowledge, and test anxiety - Three concerns about retrieval practice implementation consistently arise during educators' workshop conversations: workload, perceived restriction to basic knowledge, and test anxiety
• Three contradictions emerged in the SimLab process — individualised emergency response, excluded non-clinical staff, and outdated CPR training — and their collaborative resolution drove organisational change - Three contradictions emerged in the SimLab process — individualised emergency response, excluded non-clinical staff, and outdated CPR training — and their collaborative resolution drove organisational
• Three discourse patterns emerged during collaborative multidisciplinary modeling, differing in the extent to which students merged disciplinary perspectives - Three discourse patterns emerged during collaborative multidisciplinary modeling, differing in the extent to which students merged disciplinary perspectives
• Three distinct learner profiles emerge from function art activities: Repetitivists, Simplists, and Multifunctionists - Three distinct learner profiles emerge from function art activities: Repetitivists, Simplists, and Multifunctionists
• Three education experts rate PsyScore feedback significantly higher than all LLM baselines on every dimension (p < .001), with the No-IRT ablation declining in Adaptivity and Accuracy (p < .05) - Three education experts rate PsyScore feedback significantly higher than all LLM baselines on every dimension (p < .001), with the No-IRT ablation declining in Adaptivity and Accuracy (p < .05)
• Three emergent roles — leader, social mediator, and peripheral explorer — were identified in online PBL discussions from CoI-coded discourse using latent class analysis. - Three emergent roles — leader, social mediator, and peripheral explorer — were identified in online PBL discussions from CoI-coded discourse using latent class analysis.
• Three emotion profiles (positive, neutral, negative) differ in prediction and postdiction magnitude and accuracy, with the positive group most overconfident in predictions and least underconfident in postdictions - Three emotion profiles (positive, neutral, negative) differ in prediction and postdiction magnitude and accuracy, with the positive group most overconfident in predictions and least underconfident in
• Three factors influenced adoption of the SST agenda tool: lack of guided practice, inconsistent routines, and value not visible to teachers - Three factors influenced adoption of the SST agenda tool: lack of guided practice, inconsistent routines, and value not visible to teachers
• Three factors make for overlapping between grades — test unreliability, unimportance of the function tested, and improper classification — and improper classification can be established only when the first two are ruled out - Three factors make for overlapping between grades — test unreliability, unimportance of the function tested, and improper classification — and improper classification can be established only when the
• Three fidelity components—completing Apply It problems, following up on Time-Sensitive Interventions, and having Automated Messages on—differentiate classes with better-vs-poorer-than-expected grades. - Three fidelity components—completing Apply It problems, following up on Time-Sensitive Interventions, and having Automated Messages on—differentiate classes with better-vs-poorer-than-expected grades.
• Three freshman warning indicators—off-track status, any course failure, and attendance below 85 percent—identify 70 percent of eventual non-graduates - Three freshman warning indicators—off-track status, any course failure, and attendance below 85 percent—identify 70 percent of eventual non-graduates
• Three general challenges recur in transdisciplinary learning environments: navigating uneven relationships, managing high time demands, and adapting to unfamiliarity with transdisciplinarity - Three general challenges recur in transdisciplinary learning environments: navigating uneven relationships, managing high time demands, and adapting to unfamiliarity with transdisciplinarity
• Three independent expert instructors reached exceptionally high inter-rater reliability when grading 1200 bash exam responses, establishing a reliable human reference standard - Three independent expert instructors reached exceptionally high inter-rater reliability when grading 1200 bash exam responses, establishing a reliable human reference standard
• Three internal arrangements of Processes and Structures (P→S, S→P, P⇄S) form the basis of scenario differentiation - Three internal arrangements of Processes and Structures (P→S, S→P, P⇄S) form the basis of scenario differentiation
• Three latent profiles of psychological adaptation to AI-assisted Japanese learning (maladaptive, moderate, positive) are identified at each of three waves - Three latent profiles of psychological adaptation to AI-assisted Japanese learning (maladaptive, moderate, positive) are identified at each of three waves
• Three learners who studied only the framework's knowledge base all passed the NVIDIA Certified Professional in Agentic AI exam - Three learners who studied only the framework's knowledge base all passed the NVIDIA Certified Professional in Agentic AI exam
• Three learning profiles emerge among university students: organized-deep, unorganized-deep, and dissonant - Three learning profiles emerge among university students: organized-deep, unorganized-deep, and dissonant
• Three multilingual international students critically evaluated AI feedback, recognized peer-AI agreement, and maintained their voices while revising - Three multilingual international students critically evaluated AI feedback, recognized peer-AI agreement, and maintained their voices while revising
• Three of 16 states require assessment of demographic impact on segregation or desegregation orders, six require programmatic impact assessment, and four require only a general impact assessment - Three of 16 states require assessment of demographic impact on segregation or desegregation orders, six require programmatic impact assessment, and four require only a general impact assessment
• Three of four DCPS high schools mandating AP enrollment had higher AP exam taking and passing rates after the mandate, but passing rates remained generally low - Three of four DCPS high schools mandating AP enrollment had higher AP exam taking and passing rates after the mandate, but passing rates remained generally low
• Three of nine Washington charter schools showed significantly stronger academic progress than local district options in both reading and math - Three of nine Washington charter schools showed significantly stronger academic progress than local district options in both reading and math
• Three of seven knowledge, attitudes, and values outcomes favor Facing History and Ourselves, including relationship maturity (best response) with effect size 0.45, but none remain statistically significant after WWC corrections - Three of seven knowledge, attitudes, and values outcomes favor Facing History and Ourselves, including relationship maturity (best response) with effect size 0.45, but none remain statistically signif
• Three of the five reviewed RCTs found no statistically significant effect of summer counseling on fall college enrollment (indeterminate effects) - Three of the five reviewed RCTs found no statistically significant effect of summer counseling on fall college enrollment (indeterminate effects)
• Three of the inferred norms relate to the mathematical content and its learning, including privileging the table of values and devaluing explanation - Three of the inferred norms relate to the mathematical content and its learning, including privileging the table of values and devaluing explanation
• Three out of four surveyed California districts reported teacher shortages in fall 2016, and most said shortages were worsening - Three out of four surveyed California districts reported teacher shortages in fall 2016, and most said shortages were worsening
• Three practitioner digests report, second-hand, Johnson and Johnson's finding that cooperative learning tends to promote higher achievement than competitive and individualistic learning across ages, subjects, and types of learning - Three practitioner digests report, second-hand, Johnson and Johnson's finding that cooperative learning tends to promote higher achievement than competitive and individualistic learning across ages, s
• Three publicly available LLMs achieve 96% average accuracy on text-only physics problems with no significant differences among models - Three publicly available LLMs achieve 96% average accuracy on text-only physics problems with no significant differences among models
• Three recurring AI failure modes arose in this project-based learning context: plausible-but-incorrect code, missing specialized knowledge, and limited long-term context - Three recurring AI failure modes arose in this project-based learning context: plausible-but-incorrect code, missing specialized knowledge, and limited long-term context
• Three recurring challenges disrupt parent-child math tutoring: cognitive misalignment, emotional escalation, and method mismatch - Three recurring challenges disrupt parent-child math tutoring: cognitive misalignment, emotional escalation, and method mismatch
• Three simultaneous negative-emotion alerts prompted a collective reframing of the task that coincided with branching of multiple students' engagement structures at once - Three simultaneous negative-emotion alerts prompted a collective reframing of the task that coincided with branching of multiple students' engagement structures at once
• Three Sophomores' discrepant records trace to character factors, including over-rating due to verbal fluency - Three Sophomores' discrepant records trace to character factors, including over-rating due to verbal fluency
• Three student-centered practices were associated with lower 2nd-grade math achievement - Three student-centered practices were associated with lower 2nd-grade math achievement
• Three weeks of explicit language-focused strategy instruction produced no significant word-problem gain in this study - Three weeks of explicit language-focused strategy instruction produced no significant word-problem gain in this study
• Three weeks of sycophantic AI use narrows the gap in advice-seeking between AI and close friends and family - Three weeks of sycophantic AI use narrows the gap in advice-seeking between AI and close friends and family
• Three word embedding methods and three classifiers were introduced to predict item quality for accessible math assessments - Three word embedding methods and three classifiers were introduced to predict item quality for accessible math assessments
• Three- to six-year-old children learn novel verbs and nouns from a single exposure following core knowledge violations, including outside the laboratory - Three- to six-year-old children learn novel verbs and nouns from a single exposure following core knowledge violations, including outside the laboratory
• Three-facet MTMM (content × valence × time) supports the SDT 3×2 architecture, with content the stronger separative force and 20 of 21 planned comparisons supported - Three-facet MTMM (content × valence × time) supports the SDT 3×2 architecture, with content the stronger separative force and 20 of 21 planned comparisons supported
• Three-quarters of Chicago teachers viewed retention as improving students' long-term chances of success - Three-quarters of Chicago teachers viewed retention as improving students' long-term chances of success
• Three-year formative assessment training improved teachers' eliciting and interpreting skills, leading to better student learning - Three-year formative assessment training improved teachers' eliciting and interpreting skills, leading to better student learning
• Threshold changes in early alert systems can drastically reshape flagged-student volume and advisor workload and should not occur informally - Threshold changes in early alert systems can drastically reshape flagged-student volume and advisor workload and should not occur informally
• Threshold-setting methods are compared using reading scores from over 728,923 students on a computer-adaptive test of nearly 12,000 items - Threshold-setting methods are compared using reading scores from over 728,923 students on a computer-adaptive test of nearly 12,000 items
• Through Chapelle's CALL evaluation criteria, participants experienced ASR writing as useful, authentic, meaning-focused, and matched to their proficiency level - Through Chapelle's CALL evaluation criteria, participants experienced ASR writing as useful, authentic, meaning-focused, and matched to their proficiency level
• Through experience with real cases, causal knowledge transforms into narrative illness scripts - Through experience with real cases, causal knowledge transforms into narrative illness scripts
• Through Project Cal-Well, SCOE established or renewed 70 community partnerships to improve school-based mental health services - Through Project Cal-Well, SCOE established or renewed 70 community partnerships to improve school-based mental health services
• Thurstone-Brown agreement was closer than Otis-Illinois: median rank changes of 6.7 places (freshmen, r = 0.74) and 10.4 places (sophomores, r = 0.613), with 26 and 32.8 per cent wrongly classed - Thurstone-Brown agreement was closer than Otis-Illinois: median rank changes of 6.7 places (freshmen, r = 0.74) and 10.4 places (sophomores, r = 0.613), with 26 and 32.8 per cent wrongly classed
• TibetCPR training produced depth-accuracy gains that substantially exceeded unguided practice and transferred to an unscaffolded post-test - TibetCPR training produced depth-accuracy gains that substantially exceeded unguided practice and transferred to an unscaffolded post-test
• Tier 2 dosage and scheduling findings are mixed: more frequent kindergarten sessions helped, but first-grade studies found no outcome differences across 16-hour and 32-hour schedules - Tier 2 dosage and scheduling findings are mixed: more frequent kindergarten sessions helped, but first-grade studies found no outcome differences across 16-hour and 32-hour schedules
• TIF districts expected most educators would receive a bonus, inconsistent with guidance for challenging pay-for-performance - TIF districts expected most educators would receive a bonus, inconsistent with guidance for challenging pay-for-performance
• Tightened PLUS credit standards changed both financial aid and enrollment at HBCUs across the first two affected academic years - Tightened PLUS credit standards changed both financial aid and enrollment at HBCUs across the first two affected academic years
• Time (two years) shows no significant effect on children's overall amount of meaning negotiation - Time (two years) shows no significant effect on children's overall amount of meaning negotiation
• Time and gaze-shift evidence are complementary predictors of self-explanation: time alone yields higher sensitivity, gaze shifts alone higher specificity, and the combination the best accuracy - Time and gaze-shift evidence are complementary predictors of self-explanation: time alone yields higher sensitivity, gaze shifts alone higher specificity, and the combination the best accuracy
• Time constraints (47.3%) and course difficulty (27.7%) are the two largest barriers to completing the LC101 coursework phase - Time constraints (47.3%) and course difficulty (27.7%) are the two largest barriers to completing the LC101 coursework phase
• Time constraints, limited capacity, funder expectations, and communication gaps were the most consistent barriers to participation, offset by recurring structures, relational trust, actionable data, and networked channels - Time constraints, limited capacity, funder expectations, and communication gaps were the most consistent barriers to participation, offset by recurring structures, relational trust, actionable data, a
• Time constraints, student attendance, and slow central-office approval of Statements of Work were the major implementation barriers reported by coordinators, principals, and vendors - Time constraints, student attendance, and slow central-office approval of Statements of Work were the major implementation barriers reported by coordinators, principals, and vendors
• Time delay and head pose variations relative to the screen were significant predictors of cheating, yielding 75.6% average detection accuracy - Time delay and head pose variations relative to the screen were significant predictors of cheating, yielding 75.6% average detection accuracy
• Time dependence, cascading events, and distinct player roles added to a redesigned AR engine fostered collaboration between teams in subsequent game iterations - Time dependence, cascading events, and distinct player roles added to a redesigned AR engine fostered collaboration between teams in subsequent game iterations
• Time for teacher learning and collaboration is scarce and fragmented under the standard CPS contract, limiting reform and professional community - Time for teacher learning and collaboration is scarce and fragmented under the standard CPS contract, limiting reform and professional community
• Time frame is a major activity moderator of the screen inferiority effect, with larger effects when reading time is limited - Time frame is a major activity moderator of the screen inferiority effect, with larger effects when reading time is limited
• Time management interventions show conflicting evidence for raising self-efficacy - Time management interventions show conflicting evidence for raising self-efficacy
• Time management may shape motivation: limited longitudinal evidence shows time management predicting later intrinsic motivation - Time management may shape motivation: limited longitudinal evidence shows time management predicting later intrinsic motivation
• Time Management showed a marginally significant post-intervention difference favouring GenAI feedback, while Goal Setting, Help Seeking and Self-Evaluation showed no significant differences - Time Management showed a marginally significant post-intervention difference favouring GenAI feedback, while Goal Setting, Help Seeking and Self-Evaluation showed no significant differences
• Time of day and days since the first scan are robust predictors of within-person variance in grey matter and total cortex volume - Time of day and days since the first scan are robust predictors of within-person variance in grey matter and total cortex volume
• Time of day shows no significant effect on students' situation-specific engagement once subject, teacher, and day of week are controlled - Time of day shows no significant effect on students' situation-specific engagement once subject, teacher, and day of week are controlled
• Time on task does not explain the erroneous-examples delayed learning advantage - Time on task does not explain the erroneous-examples delayed learning advantage
• Time pressure weakens monitoring-based self-regulation of study time: gamma correlations between judgments of learning and study time are stronger in the untimed than the timed condition - Time pressure weakens monitoring-based self-regulation of study time: gamma correlations between judgments of learning and study time are stronger in the untimed than the timed condition
• Time spent between teachers and coaches is one of the most important factors in a successful coaching program - Time spent between teachers and coaches is one of the most important factors in a successful coaching program
• Time spent getting to know each other paradoxically amplifies perceived group heterogeneity in first-language heterogeneous CSCL groups - Time spent getting to know each other paradoxically amplifies perceived group heterogeneity in first-language heterogeneous CSCL groups
• Time spent in inter-group interactions increased substantially over the semester in the advanced laboratory course - Time spent in inter-group interactions increased substantially over the semester in the advanced laboratory course
• Time spent on specific mentoring activities varied widely, with some teachers never observed by mentors and others observed an hour or more a month - Time spent on specific mentoring activities varied widely, with some teachers never observed by mentors and others observed an hour or more a month
• Time spent on very difficult math test items is highly correlated with students' academic motivation and self-efficacy - Time spent on very difficult math test items is highly correlated with students' academic motivation and self-efficacy
• Time spent outdoors in the 24 hours before scanning is positively associated with grey matter volume in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - Time spent outdoors in the 24 hours before scanning is positively associated with grey matter volume in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• Time students spend on math test questions is studied as a potential source of information about motivation and self-efficacy - Time students spend on math test questions is studied as a potential source of information about motivation and self-efficacy
• Time to first fixation of referred-to picture elements during interpretation phases is shorter with an LDI integrated than an LDI separated audio structure - Time to first fixation of referred-to picture elements during interpretation phases is shorter with an LDI integrated than an LDI separated audio structure
• Time to plan, more than tools or training, was the largest reported barrier to implementing LVN strategies - Time to plan, more than tools or training, was the largest reported barrier to implementing LVN strategies
• Time zone differences affected international students' timely participation in asynchronous forums, and a balance of synchronous and asynchronous communication was regarded as beneficial - Time zone differences affected international students' timely participation in asynchronous forums, and a balance of synchronous and asynchronous communication was regarded as beneficial
• Time, funding, competing priorities, culture change, resistance, measurement gaps, and sustainability are the main challenges to implementing RJ in schools - Time, funding, competing priorities, culture change, resistance, measurement gaps, and sustainability are the main challenges to implementing RJ in schools
• Time-based forgetting occurs across presentation methods, with rate determined by consolidation time - Time-based forgetting occurs across presentation methods, with rate determined by consolidation time
• Time-matched unlocking did not reproduce the engagement state that triggered unlocks: most Time-Matched Unlock participants received access before meeting the discourse criteria - Time-matched unlocking did not reproduce the engagement state that triggered unlocks: most Time-Matched Unlock participants received access before meeting the discourse criteria
• Time-on-task during practice was significantly higher for correct and erroneous examples than for contrasting examples and practice problems - Time-on-task during practice was significantly higher for correct and erroneous examples than for contrasting examples and practice problems
• Time-on-task is frequently unequal across compared conditions, with active learning conditions typically requiring more home time - Time-on-task is frequently unequal across compared conditions, with active learning conditions typically requiring more home time
• Time-reversed analysis of simulated data suggests a decreasing rather than increasing effect of self-concept on achievement, yielding inconsistent conclusions from the same data - Time-reversed analysis of simulated data suggests a decreasing rather than increasing effect of self-concept on achievement, yielding inconsistent conclusions from the same data
• Time-series forecasting with TabPFN-TS markedly improves prediction of next-episode emotions and perceived proficiency over a static model (e.g., anxiety R² 0.458→0.866; boredom 0.596→0.953) - Time-series forecasting with TabPFN-TS markedly improves prediction of next-episode emotions and perceived proficiency over a static model (e.g., anxiety R² 0.458→0.866; boredom 0.596→0.953)
• Time-varying educational ChatGPT exposure shows no significant effect on high school test scores in the balanced panel; significant unbalanced-panel results are not robust - Time-varying educational ChatGPT exposure shows no significant effect on high school test scores in the balanced panel; significant unbalanced-panel results are not robust
• Timely feedback on homework increases learning, and computer platforms providing immediate feedback help teachers adapt - Timely feedback on homework increases learning, and computer platforms providing immediate feedback help teachers adapt
• Timing interventions significantly decrease monitoring accuracy in problem-solving tasks and differ from all other intervention types - Timing interventions significantly decrease monitoring accuracy in problem-solving tasks and differ from all other intervention types
• Timing of a single UV essay is moderated by prior performance: early UV essays help low performers, late UV essays help high performers - Timing of a single UV essay is moderated by prior performance: early UV essays help low performers, late UV essays help high performers
• Timing of English exposure moderates how vocabulary growth predicts reading: English vocabulary growth predicted HEC children's English passage comprehension while Spanish vocabulary growth predicted SEC children's English reading - Timing of English exposure moderates how vocabulary growth predicts reading: English vocabulary growth predicted HEC children's English passage comprehension while Spanish vocabulary growth predicted
• Timing of English learner reclassification is associated with later outcomes such as high school graduation - Timing of English learner reclassification is associated with later outcomes such as high school graduation
• Timing of instructional input (before vs. after case comparison) did not significantly affect conceptual knowledge acquisition - Timing of instructional input (before vs.
• Timing of tutoring was significantly associated with tutor qualifications and with student grade level and baseline risk - Timing of tutoring was significantly associated with tutor qualifications and with student grade level and baseline risk
• TIMSS framework descriptions show minimal direct alignment between mathematics reasoning and science reasoning, alongside structural commonalities among reasoning and applying components - TIMSS framework descriptions show minimal direct alignment between mathematics reasoning and science reasoning, alongside structural commonalities among reasoning and applying components
• Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is limited in ensuring nondiscrimination in public schools for three stated reasons - Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is limited in ensuring nondiscrimination in public schools for three stated reasons
• Titles and thumbnails mirror transcript framing: learning-oriented language and imagery dominate G1/G2 while productivity and urgency language dominate G3 - Titles and thumbnails mirror transcript framing: learning-oriented language and imagery dominate G1/G2 while productivity and urgency language dominate G3
• Titration of storage task difficulty reduces the age difference in dual task costs to a non-significant level - Titration of storage task difficulty reduces the age difference in dual task costs to a non-significant level
• Titration of storage task difficulty substantially reduces age differences in both single-task and dual-task memory accuracy - Titration of storage task difficulty substantially reduces age differences in both single-task and dual-task memory accuracy
• TK classrooms used a wide range of curricula, with most LEAs using one to four approaches and nearly 1 in 5 still using kindergarten curriculum - TK classrooms used a wide range of curricula, with most LEAs using one to four approaches and nearly 1 in 5 still using kindergarten curriculum
• TK enrollment grew from 88,883 children in 2019–20 to 151,491 in 2023–24, while the share of eligible 4-year-olds enrolled declined to 59% - TK enrollment grew from 88,883 children in 2019–20 to 151,491 in 2023–24, while the share of eligible 4-year-olds enrolled declined to 59%
• TK enrollment in California grew substantially during expansion while the share of eligible 4-year-olds enrolled declined from 65% to 55% - TK enrollment in California grew substantially during expansion while the share of eligible 4-year-olds enrolled declined from 65% to 55%
• TK enrollment in California is projected to reach between 291,000 and 358,000 children by 2025–26 under three modeled uptake scenarios - TK enrollment in California is projected to reach between 291,000 and 358,000 children by 2025–26 under three modeled uptake scenarios
• TK staffing needs grew with expansion while vacancy rates held steady, but LEAs projected nearly 2,400 additional assistant teachers for 2025–26 - TK staffing needs grew with expansion while vacancy rates held steady, but LEAs projected nearly 2,400 additional assistant teachers for 2025–26
• TK staffing shortages improved: TK assistant teacher vacancies fell from 12% to 3%, and 91% of LEAs reported enough lead teachers meeting 2025–26 requirements - TK staffing shortages improved: TK assistant teacher vacancies fell from 12% to 3%, and 91% of LEAs reported enough lead teachers meeting 2025–26 requirements
• TLTS showed no detectable effect on science achievement after two years - TLTS showed no detectable effect on science achievement after two years
• TNTP achieved fidelity for TLTS's two key program components across Cohorts 2 and 3 - TNTP achieved fidelity for TLTS's two key program components across Cohorts 2 and 3
• TOEFL-materials instruction did not change learners' views toward TBLT - TOEFL-materials instruction did not change learners' views toward TBLT
• Token consumption is uncorrelated with task quality across models (r = −0.03), suggesting agents lack mechanisms for knowing when to stop - Token consumption is uncorrelated with task quality across models (r = −0.03), suggesting agents lack mechanisms for knowing when to stop
• Too few studies exist to draw robust conclusions on moderating factors (age, gender, screen size, dosage, SAMR-based activities) or on whether benefits persist beyond the post-test - Too few studies exist to draw robust conclusions on moderating factors (age, gender, screen size, dosage, SAMR-based activities) or on whether benefits persist beyond the post-test
• Too Good for Drugs has potentially positive effects on student behavior, with a WWC-computed domain average effect size of 0.25 that is not statistically significant - Too Good for Drugs has potentially positive effects on student behavior, with a WWC-computed domain average effect size of 0.25 that is not statistically significant
• Too Good for Drugs shows no discernible effects on student knowledge, attitudes, and values across two randomized controlled trials - Too Good for Drugs shows no discernible effects on student knowledge, attitudes, and values across two randomized controlled trials
• Too Good for Violence produces statistically significant positive effects on elementary students' behavior 20 weeks after the program ends - Too Good for Violence produces statistically significant positive effects on elementary students' behavior 20 weeks after the program ends
• Too Good for Violence shows a substantively important but not statistically significant effect on students' knowledge, attitudes, and values - Too Good for Violence shows a substantively important but not statistically significant effect on students' knowledge, attitudes, and values
• Tool-using individuals show advantages on conceptual knowledge while collaborative learners spend less time-on-task - Tool-using individuals show advantages on conceptual knowledge while collaborative learners spend less time-on-task
• Toolkit implementation requires modest physical and technological infrastructure: one meeting space, one computer per participant, and 12 to 18 hours of internet connection - Toolkit implementation requires modest physical and technological infrastructure: one meeting space, one computer per participant, and 12 to 18 hours of internet connection
• Tools of the Mind and Montessori curricula improve children's EFs, with Tools children outperforming controls especially on more EF-demanding conditions - Tools of the Mind and Montessori curricula improve children's EFs, with Tools children outperforming controls especially on more EF-demanding conditions
• Tools of the Mind curriculum effects are mixed across evaluations: null in prekindergarten, substantial in high-poverty kindergarten schools - Tools of the Mind curriculum effects are mixed across evaluations: null in prekindergarten, substantial in high-poverty kindergarten schools
• Top-ranked program choices differed by student background: low-performing students were nearly three times as likely as high-performing students to rank a charter program first, and IB programs were most popular among high-performing students - Top-ranked program choices differed by student background: low-performing students were nearly three times as likely as high-performing students to rank a charter program first, and IB programs were m
• Top-scoring teachers in highest-poverty schools have higher value-added scores than their counterparts in lower-poverty schools - Top-scoring teachers in highest-poverty schools have higher value-added scores than their counterparts in lower-poverty schools
• Top-tier nonselective schools improve college enrollment, persistence, and selectivity, while selective schools show no college advantage - Top-tier nonselective schools improve college enrollment, persistence, and selectivity, while selective schools show no college advantage
• Topic communities form a network in which education research draws on learning-environment and language research, which draw on cognitive-processes research - Topic communities form a network in which education research draws on learning-environment and language research, which draw on cognitive-processes research
• Topic complexity moderates the simulation advantage: the multidimensional Baltic Sea topic showed a much larger simulation benefit than the one-dimensional ocean acidification topic - Topic complexity moderates the simulation advantage: the multidimensional Baltic Sea topic showed a much larger simulation benefit than the one-dimensional ocean acidification topic
• Topic counts in the review's coding could exceed the listed overarching topics because misconceptions separated into individual texts were counted as multiple topics - Topic counts in the review's coding could exceed the listed overarching topics because misconceptions separated into individual texts were counted as multiple topics
• Topic coverage was bimodal: about a third of teachers received moderate or substantial guidance on all 10 topics while another third received guidance on three or fewer - Topic coverage was bimodal: about a third of teachers received moderate or substantial guidance on all 10 topics while another third received guidance on three or fewer
• Topic modeling of open-ended responses revealed five themes centered on ChatGPT's simplicity, speed, and role as a support tool - Topic modeling of open-ended responses revealed five themes centered on ChatGPT's simplicity, speed, and role as a support tool
• Topic modeling reveals 20 topics in six communities, with special education and collaborative knowledge construction thematically isolated - Topic modeling reveals 20 topics in six communities, with special education and collaborative knowledge construction thematically isolated
• Topic modelling yielded 16 topics dominated by four: AI in Education & Pedagogy (39.43%), Applied ML & Data Science (21.33%), AI Ethics Risk & Governance (20.83%), and ChatGPT for Teaching, Writing & Coding (7.13%) - Topic modelling yielded 16 topics dominated by four: AI in Education & Pedagogy (39.43%), Applied ML & Data Science (21.33%), AI Ethics Risk & Governance (20.83%), and ChatGPT for Teaching, Writing &
• Topic valence is proposed to relate linearly to perceived cognitive conflict and interest in contributing - Topic valence is proposed to relate linearly to perceived cognitive conflict and interest in contributing
• Topic-final sentences show higher harmonic centrality than topic-medial sentences and lower local clustering coefficient than other sentence types - Topic-final sentences show higher harmonic centrality than topic-medial sentences and lower local clustering coefficient than other sentence types
• Topic-level assistant question volume correlates significantly with student self-reported topic difficulty (Spearman ρ = 0.491, p = 0.008, 28 matched topics) - Topic-level assistant question volume correlates significantly with student self-reported topic difficulty (Spearman ρ = 0.491, p = 0.008, 28 matched topics)
• Topic-medial sentences have higher strength than topic-initial and topic-final sentences - Topic-medial sentences have higher strength than topic-initial and topic-final sentences
• Topic-related interest, but not importance, utility, or self-efficacy, predicted task-related enjoyment while secondary students learned with an ITS - Topic-related interest, but not importance, utility, or self-efficacy, predicted task-related enjoyment while secondary students learned with an ITS
• Topic-specificity of reflection modules is not essential for developing strategic approach, unlike for conceptual understanding - Topic-specificity of reflection modules is not essential for developing strategic approach, unlike for conceptual understanding
• Topic-wise gains were heterogeneous, with some topics showing no meaningful change - Topic-wise gains were heterogeneous, with some topics showing no meaningful change
• Topical vocabulary knowledge is positively associated with adolescents' multiple-source integration, evaluation, and synthesis performance - Topical vocabulary knowledge is positively associated with adolescents' multiple-source integration, evaluation, and synthesis performance
• Total academic burnout is significantly negatively related to academic achievement (rc+ = −.24) - Total academic burnout is significantly negatively related to academic achievement (rc+ = −.24)
• Total adherence to instructional design principles does not correlate with learning outcomes, mental effort, or motivational variables - Total adherence to instructional design principles does not correlate with learning outcomes, mental effort, or motivational variables
• Total anxiety predicts later fluency for girls only, via a significant gender-by-anxiety interaction - Total anxiety predicts later fluency for girls only, via a significant gender-by-anxiety interaction
• Total behavior problems show a moderate negative correlation with self-concept in children with ADHD - Total behavior problems show a moderate negative correlation with self-concept in children with ADHD
• Total childhood ADHD symptoms predict longer adolescent SSRT, but neither symptom domain shows specificity and early precursors do not predict SSRT - Total childhood ADHD symptoms predict longer adolescent SSRT, but neither symptom domain shows specificity and early precursors do not predict SSRT
• Total effects of oral language, cognition, transcription, and reading comprehension vary largely across the three dimensions of written composition - Total effects of oral language, cognition, transcription, and reading comprehension vary largely across the three dimensions of written composition
• Total effects on writing quality are largest for discourse-level oral language (.46), working memory (.43), and spelling (.37) - Total effects on writing quality are largest for discourse-level oral language (.46), working memory (.43), and spelling (.37)
• Total ESA program cost reached about $587 million in 2022–23, a 211% increase over the prior year, equal to 8.8% of Basic Student Aid funding - Total ESA program cost reached about $587 million in 2022–23, a 211% increase over the prior year, equal to 8.8% of Basic Student Aid funding
• Total exposure time per session was significantly lower in the relearn condition than in the restudy condition, ruling out an exposure confound - Total exposure time per session was significantly lower in the relearn condition than in the restudy condition, ruling out an exposure confound
• Total learning time did not differ, but the worked-example group tended to spend more time on the most relevant quality-criteria content - Total learning time did not differ, but the worked-example group tended to spend more time on the most relevant quality-criteria content
• Total percentage of time spent sedentary or in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during the day is unrelated to long-term memory retention in young adults - Total percentage of time spent sedentary or in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during the day is unrelated to long-term memory retention in young adults
• Total reading time independently contributed to the learning of word meaning - Total reading time independently contributed to the learning of word meaning
• Total retrieval spacing improved one-week vocabulary recall while relative schedules were not distinguished - One learn-to-criterion word-pair experiment separated total intervening trials from the expanding, equal, or contracting arrangement of those trials.
• Total suspensions in Philadelphia remained unchanged following the discipline policy reform - Total suspensions in Philadelphia remained unchanged following the discipline policy reform
• Total time on task in the DLP positively predicts both math and ELA outcomes - Total time on task in the DLP positively predicts both math and ELA outcomes
• Total training hours significantly moderate MBI effects on negative behaviour across all RCTs, with more hours associated with larger reductions - Total training hours significantly moderate MBI effects on negative behaviour across all RCTs, with more hours associated with larger reductions
• Touching objects heightens negative affect during exhibition visit - Touching objects heightens negative affect during exhibition visit
• Touching or seeing real objects improves immediate free recall of those objects compared with no objects - Touching or seeing real objects improves immediate free recall of those objects compared with no objects
• Tough's 1971 study found nearly all adults had undertaken a learning project in the past year, 68% self-planned and under 1% for credit, with women's categories logging fewer hours - Tough's 1971 study found nearly all adults had undertaken a learning project in the past year, 68% self-planned and under 1% for credit, with women's categories logging fewer hours
• Toxicity of stories generated by the fine-tuned 8B LLMs is very close to zero, with only a minimal number of stories posing potential safety risk - Toxicity of stories generated by the fine-tuned 8B LLMs is very close to zero, with only a minimal number of stories posing potential safety risk
• TPB constructs indirectly link GenAI use to lower GenAI-assisted learning procrastination, accounting for about 30.9% of the total association - TPB constructs indirectly link GenAI use to lower GenAI-assisted learning procrastination, accounting for about 30.9% of the total association
• Trace data can capture the temporal progress of regulation as learners engage in learning tasks over time - Trace data can capture the temporal progress of regulation as learners engage in learning tasks over time
• Trace data is the dominant data type LA uses to support feedback in higher education (36% of coded data types) - Trace data is the dominant data type LA uses to support feedback in higher education (36% of coded data types)
• Trace data tend to predict achievement better than self-reports, but self-reports of global SRL intensity can outperform traces - Trace data tend to predict achievement better than self-reports, but self-reports of global SRL intensity can outperform traces
• TRACE outperforms LSTM, GNN and XGBoost baselines on grade prediction - TRACE outperforms LSTM, GNN and XGBoost baselines on grade prediction
• Trace-data cognitive learning strategy codes show no correlation with highlighted key words or auxiliary words, while key-word and auxiliary-word highlighting correlate highly - Trace-data cognitive learning strategy codes show no correlation with highlighted key words or auxiliary words, while key-word and auxiliary-word highlighting correlate highly
• Tracey and Young (2004): grade 5 students using differentiated KidBiz3000® outscored comparison students on the SRI (effect size 0.29) - Tracey and Young (2004): grade 5 students using differentiated KidBiz3000® outscored comparison students on the SRI (effect size 0.29)
• Tracing along a poster displaying a cycle reduced extraneous cognitive load and improved learning outcomes - Tracing along a poster displaying a cycle reduced extraneous cognitive load and improved learning outcomes
• Tracing and pointing does not significantly raise intrinsic motivation, though the point estimate resembles prior meta-analytic estimates - Tracing and pointing does not significantly raise intrinsic motivation, though the point estimate resembles prior meta-analytic estimates
• Tracing and pointing does not significantly reduce self-reported intrinsic cognitive load - Tracing and pointing does not significantly reduce self-reported intrinsic cognitive load
• Tracing and pointing during a paper-based multimedia lesson improves comprehension test performance in Chinese-speaking adults - Tracing and pointing during a paper-based multimedia lesson improves comprehension test performance in Chinese-speaking adults
• Tracing and pointing lowers extraneous cognitive load under a floor-effect-adjusted test, but not in the unadjusted comparison - Tracing and pointing lowers extraneous cognitive load under a floor-effect-adjusted test, but not in the unadjusted comparison
• Track level did not predict students' self-beliefs or school disengagement at the end of schooling - Track level did not predict students' self-beliefs or school disengagement at the end of schooling
• Tracking based on lagged student achievement is usually accounted for in value-added models, which is why the falsification test can mislead - Tracking based on lagged student achievement is usually accounted for in value-added models, which is why the falsification test can mislead
• Tracking intensified concentration of behavioral and absentee problems in double-dose algebra classes, explained by declines in peer ability - Tracking intensified concentration of behavioral and absentee problems in double-dose algebra classes, explained by declines in peer ability
• Traditional annual state assessment growth measures typically cover only reading and math in grades 4-8, limiting their use in teacher evaluation - Traditional annual state assessment growth measures typically cover only reading and math in grades 4-8, limiting their use in teacher evaluation
• Traditional assessments are commonly perceived to suffer from student motivation deficits that gameful assessments propose to address - Traditional assessments are commonly perceived to suffer from student motivation deficits that gameful assessments propose to address
• Traditional challenge-navigation measures (level choice, replays, careful retries, hint reading, coding time) did not relate to learning outcomes - Traditional challenge-navigation measures (level choice, replays, careful retries, hint reading, coding time) did not relate to learning outcomes
• Traditional dance class structure offers insufficient opportunity for students to develop a sensitized relationship with their body - Traditional dance class structure offers insufficient opportunity for students to develop a sensitized relationship with their body
• Traditional end-of-passage assessment formats may inadvertently measure extraneous constructs such as working memory, attention, and language - Traditional end-of-passage assessment formats may inadvertently measure extraneous constructs such as working memory, attention, and language
• Traditional form-focused instruction produces significant gains in production but not in comprehension - Traditional form-focused instruction produces significant gains in production but not in comprehension
• Traditional gifted identification tests cannot fully determine learning potential and omit classroom-learning components - Traditional gifted identification tests cannot fully determine learning potential and omit classroom-learning components
• Traditional instruction is more effective than PBL for short-term retention as measured by standardized board exams - Traditional instruction is more effective than PBL for short-term retention as measured by standardized board exams
• Traditional on-demand standardized tests pose problems when used to assess the achievement of young children in preschool program evaluations. - Traditional on-demand standardized tests pose problems when used to assess the achievement of young children in preschool program evaluations.
• Traditional salary schedules may not reward effective teaching or give the most effective teachers incentives to work in high-need schools, motivating performance-based compensation - Traditional salary schedules may not reward effective teaching or give the most effective teachers incentives to work in high-need schools, motivating performance-based compensation
• Traditional student participation mechanisms in Spain have been shown to be inefficient for promoting civic commitment - Traditional student participation mechanisms in Spain have been shown to be inefficient for promoting civic commitment
• Traditional Tae-Kwon-Do training produces greater gains than standard physical education on all studied dimensions of EFs, with gains greatest for older children and boys - Traditional Tae-Kwon-Do training produces greater gains than standard physical education on all studied dimensions of EFs, with gains greatest for older children and boys
• Trained human evaluators provided higher-quality formative feedback than ChatGPT on four of five components, while ChatGPT outperformed humans on criteria-based feedback - Trained human evaluators provided higher-quality formative feedback than ChatGPT on four of five components, while ChatGPT outperformed humans on criteria-based feedback
• Trained ninth-graders became more critical toward less reliable links than controls, with the effect persisting three weeks for the least reliable (bad) links - Trained ninth-graders became more critical toward less reliable links than controls, with the effect persisting three weeks for the least reliable (bad) links
• Trained scorers applied the historical thinking skills rubrics with good overall inter-rater consistency - Trained scorers applied the historical thinking skills rubrics with good overall inter-rater consistency
• Trained students engage in more conversational turns with the GenAI tool - Trained students engage in more conversational turns with the GenAI tool
• Trained students increased references to the more reliable source in justifications, specifically for the more reliable source - Trained students increased references to the more reliable source in justifications, specifically for the more reliable source
• Trained students more often identify and remediate GenAI deficiencies such as visual errors and reasoning flaws - Trained students more often identify and remediate GenAI deficiencies such as visual errors and reasoning flaws
• Trained students outperformed controls at selecting the more reliable of two contradictory texts, at both post-tests - Trained students outperformed controls at selecting the more reliable of two contradictory texts, at both post-tests
• Trained students use more diverse higher-order prompting strategies, including generating new questions absent among controls - Trained students use more diverse higher-order prompting strategies, including generating new questions absent among controls
• Trained teachers allocated about 20 percent of class time to the feedback-corrective/enrichment loop after staff development, having devoted virtually none before - Trained teachers allocated about 20 percent of class time to the feedback-corrective/enrichment loop after staff development, having devoted virtually none before
• Trained teachers position AI as supportive across instructional stages: planning, lesson introduction, implementation, assessment and feedback, and out-of-class learning - Trained teachers position AI as supportive across instructional stages: planning, lesson introduction, implementation, assessment and feedback, and out-of-class learning
• Trainee and trainer responses contradicted each other on ten questionnaire items (4, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25), suggesting a lack of coordination among trainers - Trainee and trainer responses contradicted each other on ten questionnaire items (4, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25), suggesting a lack of coordination among trainers
• Trainees learn more from simulation games when they have unlimited access to the game - Trainees learn more from simulation games when they have unlimited access to the game
• Training activity scores in cognitive, metacognitive, and behavioral/environmental regulation each significantly related to subsequent exam performance after controlling for prior knowledge - Training activity scores in cognitive, metacognitive, and behavioral/environmental regulation each significantly related to subsequent exam performance after controlling for prior knowledge
• Training and interventions improve teachers' cognitive appraisal (d = 0.63), emotional appraisal (d = 0.63), and self-efficacy toward inclusive practices (d = 0.93) - Training and interventions improve teachers' cognitive appraisal (d = 0.63), emotional appraisal (d = 0.63), and self-efficacy toward inclusive practices (d = 0.93)
• Training and technical assistance is most engaging when it is grounded in clear expectations, designed around recipient needs, developed with ongoing recipient input, accessible, delivered by equipped providers, and framed as a partnership - Training and technical assistance is most engaging when it is grounded in clear expectations, designed around recipient needs, developed with ongoing recipient input, accessible, delivered by equipped
• Training benefits did not extend to processing speed tasks, indicating specificity to cognitive control processes - Training benefits did not extend to processing speed tasks, indicating specificity to cognitive control processes
• Training children to explicitly use finger strategies improves calculation performance in most studies, though results are not uniform - Training children to explicitly use finger strategies improves calculation performance in most studies, though results are not uniform
• Training effects concentrated in portrait images (+39.8 percentage points, significant), with directional non-significant negative estimates for full-body and posed-group images - Training effects concentrated in portrait images (+39.8 percentage points, significant), with directional non-significant negative estimates for full-body and posed-group images
• Training effects on flexibility and word problem solving are delayed, appearing at four-week follow-up but not directly after the training - Training effects on flexibility and word problem solving are delayed, appearing at four-week follow-up but not directly after the training
• Training effects on flexibility and word problem solving do not differ between students with low and high language skills - Training effects on flexibility and word problem solving do not differ between students with low and high language skills
• Training effects on spatial language comprehension and verbal number skills tended to appear in younger rather than older children - Training effects on spatial language comprehension and verbal number skills tended to appear in younger rather than older children
• Training effects on the non-symbolic number line are size-specific: non-symbolic training improves large numerosities, symbolic training small numerosities - Training effects on the non-symbolic number line are size-specific: non-symbolic training improves large numerosities, symbolic training small numerosities
• Training effects varied by inductive reasoning process: all processes except Cross classification developed significantly, with the largest effects in Recognizing and Differentiating relationships - Training effects varied by inductive reasoning process: all processes except Cross classification developed significantly, with the largest effects in Recognizing and Differentiating relationships
• Training effects vary across specific SRL strategies, ranging from .23 (rehearsal) to .61 (attention and concentration) - Training effects vary across specific SRL strategies, ranging from .23 (rehearsal) to .61 (attention and concentration)
• Training effects were larger on outcome measures aligned with the trained skill (blending, segmenting) than on less aligned measures - Training effects were larger on outcome measures aligned with the trained skill (blending, segmenting) than on less aligned measures
• Training facilitates belief change particularly when it encourages reflection of beliefs and teachers gain practical experience in inclusive classrooms - Training facilitates belief change particularly when it encourages reflection of beliefs and teachers gain practical experience in inclusive classrooms
• Training for speed in handwriting may be secured without considerable sacrifice of quality - Training for speed in handwriting may be secured without considerable sacrifice of quality
• Training gains were distributed broadly across the 97 stimulus images rather than concentrated in a small subset, though stimulus-level effects were heterogeneous - Training gains were distributed broadly across the 97 stimulus images rather than concentrated in a small subset, though stimulus-level effects were heterogeneous
• Training improved 5th graders' answer construction and evaluation within the experimental group, but not significantly relative to controls at post-test - Training improved 5th graders' answer construction and evaluation within the experimental group, but not significantly relative to controls at post-test
• Training improved accuracy in every digital-forensics experience group and most generative-AI familiarity groups, with the largest estimated gains among analysts with no forensics experience and frequent generative-AI users - Training improved accuracy in every digital-forensics experience group and most generative-AI familiarity groups, with the largest estimated gains among analysts with no forensics experience and frequ
• Training improved discrimination sensitivity (d′) with only a small, non-significant criterion shift toward labeling images as AI-generated - Training improved discrimination sensitivity (d′) with only a small, non-significant criterion shift toward labeling images as AI-generated
• Training improved inference drawing by increasing the efficiency of transforming pooled information into inferences rather than by increasing how often information was pooled - Training improved inference drawing by increasing the efficiency of transforming pooled information into inferences rather than by increasing how often information was pooled
• Training improved the predictiveness of AS and NS JOSs but not S JOSs, indicating training increased solving during the JOS task rather than JOS predictiveness - Training improved the predictiveness of AS and NS JOSs but not S JOSs, indicating training increased solving during the JOS task rather than JOS predictiveness